Genus Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810

Hippocampus Rafinesque, C.S. 1810. Caratteri di alcuni Nouvi Generi e Nouve Specie di Animali e Piante della Sicilia con varie Osservazioni sopra i Medesimi. Sanfilippo, Palermo. 105, pl. 1-20 [18].
Type species:
Syngnathus heptagonus Rafinesque, 1810 (Hippocampus heptagonus Rafinesque 1810 = Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus 1758) by monotypy.
Farlapiscis Whitley, G.P. 1931. New names for Australian fishes. The Australian Zoologist 6(4): 310-334 1 fig. pls 25-27 [313].
Type species:
Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1931 by original designation.
Hippohystrix Whitley, G.P. 1940. Illustrations of some Australian fishes. The Australian Zoologist 9(4): 397-428 figs 1-45 pls 30-31 [414].
Type species:
Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 by original designation.
Macleayina Fowler, H.W. 1907. A collection of fishes from Victoria Australia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 59: 419-432 [426].
Type species:
Hippocampus bleekeri Fowler, 1907 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Introduction

There is considerable disagreement in the literature over the appropriate names and number of species found in Australia. Kuiter (2001) revised Australian species in the genus, recognising 24 species in the region. Subsequently 3 additional species have been described and additional species found with 29 or 30 described species known from Australia (Kuiter 2009). Lourie et al. (2016) reduced the number to 20 species. In many cases genetic work has not been published on Australian species. Lourie et al. (2016) stressed that the species were their concept as they understood the species and accepted at least a 2% difference in DNA sequences to recognise species differences. Often they did not address the characters used by Kuiter (2001) and did not present detailed statistical analyses of their data. Consequently we have not been able to confirm their synonymies in all cases. We accept those synonymies where there is genetic evidence for synonymy, where Australian studies support the syonymies, or where the complexity prevents adequate separation of species at the present time. However, we retain species with apparently geographically isolated populations, or where the arguments for synonymy are considered unconvincing. Workers spending considerable time in the field, such as Allen & Erdmann (2012) have generally supported most of the species recognised by Kuiter (2001, 2009). Clearly additional work is needed before Australian species name stabilise.

Excluded Taxa

Misidentifications: SYNGNATHIDAE: Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 — Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [53] (regarded as an uncertain species); Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [42] (designated lectotype and indicated that distribution extended from Japan to Indonesia)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Circumglobal.

IBRA

NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Ben Lomond (BEL), Carnarvon (CAR), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), NSW North Coast (NNC), Pilbara (PIL), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Norfolk Island Province (21), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Transition (3), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands, Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

General References

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp.

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [17]

Lourie, S.A. 2016. Seahorses. A life-size guide to every species. Chicago : The Unversity of Chicago Press 160 pp.

Lourie, S.A., Foster, S.J., Cooper, E.W.T. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2004. A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses. Project Seahorse and TRAFFIC North America. Washington, D.C. Vancouver : University of British Columbia and World Wildlife Fund 114 pp.

Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66

Scales, H. 2010. Advances in the ecology, biogeography and conservation of seahorses (genus Hippocampus). Progress in Physical Geography April 2010: 1-19 [1]

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	12-Jan-2024	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	12-Jan-2024	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		12-Jan-2024	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827

CAAB: 37282120

Bigbelly Seahorse, Australian Pot-belly Seahorse, Big-bellied Sea-horse, Big-bellied Seahorse, Big-belly Seahorse, Eastern Potbelly Seahorse, Manaia, Pot-bellied Seahorse, Potbelly Seahorse

Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, R.P. 1827. Espèce nouvelle d'Hippocampe. Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie 11: 127-128 [127] [also described as new in Lesson, R.P. 1828. Description du nouveau genre Ichthyophis et de plusieurs espèces inédites ou peu connues de poissons, recueillis dans le voyage autour du monde de la Corvette "La Coquille.". Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris 4: 397-412 [Abstract in Bull. Sci. Nat. (Ferussac) 17:299-301, and Isis (Oken) v. 25, 1832:487-488] [411]].
Type data:

Syntype(s) MNHP 0000-6090 skin, New Zealand; MNHP 0000-9207 (2), New Zealand.
Hippocampus (Macleayina) bleekeri Fowler, H.W. 1908. A collection of fishes from Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 59(3): 419-444 figs 1-10 [dated 1907] [426, fig.4].
Type data:
Holotype ANSP 33122 (in 2 pieces), Victoria, Australia.
Paratype(s) ANSP 33184-87 (6, 1 with head missing, in jar with holotype), Victoria, Australia.
Hippocampus (Macleayina) agnesae Fowler, H.W. 1908. A collection of fishes from Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 59(3): 419-444 figs 1-10 [dated 1907] [429].
Type data:
Holotype ANSP 33123, Victoria, Australia.
Paratype(s) ANSP 33162 (1, in jar with holotype), Victoria, Australia.
Hippocampus graciliformis McCulloch, A.R. 1911. Report on the fishes obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour on the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. Part 1. Zoological (Biological) Results. Endeavour 1(1): 1-87 figs 1-20 pls 1-16 [29, Pl.6 (fig.2)].
Type data:
Holotype AMSA E.429, Near Bass Strait, Australia.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Generic Combinations

Macleayina abdominalis (Lesson, 1827). —
Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (changed combination cited)

Introduction

There has been considerable disagreement relating to synonymy within this species. Some authors (Kuiter 2001, 2008, Edgar 2008) treated the southern Australian species as H. bleekeri, distinct from the New Zealand and eastern Australian H. abdominalis. Subsequently Kuiter (2009) suggested that H. abdominalis was probably endemic to New Zealand and treated the eastern Australian form as cf. abdominalis. However, several genetic studies have not found major differences between these three forms (see Lourie et al 2016).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Newcastle, NSW (32°52'S) to Ceduna, SA (133°30'E), and south to Lune River, TAS (43°26'S); temperate, south-west Pacific (New Zealand).

IMCRA

Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, estuary, inshore, rock reef.

Extra Ecological Information

0-100m

General References

Armstrong, P. 2001. Genetic and Morphological Variation in Pot-bellied Seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis): Is there evidence for two species? Unpublished B.Sc. (Hons.) thesis, University of Tasmania.

Dawson, C.E. 1994. Family Syngnathidae. pp. 440-475 figs 391-426 in Gomon, M.F., Glover, C.J.M. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds). The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. Adelaide : State Printer 992 pp. 810 figs. [447]

Edgar, G.J. 2008. Australian Marine Life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. Sydney : Reed New Holland 2nd edn, 624 pp. [482] (as Hippocampus abdominalis and H. bleekeri)

Foster, S.J. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2004. Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology 65: 1-61

Gomon, M.F. 1997. A remarkable new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae Hippocampus) from south-eastern Australia, with a redescription of H. bargibanti Whitley from New Caledonia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 56(1): 245-253 [246]

Kuiter, R.H. 1993. Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Bathurst : Crawford House Press 437 pp. [97]

Kuiter, R.H. 1996. Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia. A comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen. Sydney, NSW, Australia : New Holland Publishers xvii, 434 pp. [74]

Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [322, 323] (as Hippocampus abdominalis and H. bleekeri)

Kuiter, R.H. 2008. Syngnathidae. pp. 448-479 in Gomon, M.F., Bray, D.J. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds). Fishes of Australia's Southern Coast. Sydney : Reed New Holland 928 pp. (as H. abdominalis and H. bleekeri)

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. (as H. abdominalis and H. bleekeri)

Last, P.R., Scott, E.O.G. & Talbot, F.H. 1983. Fishes of Tasmania. Hobart : Tasmanian Fisheries Development Authority 563 pp. figs.

Lourie, S.A. 2016. Seahorses. A life-size guide to every species. Chicago : The Unversity of Chicago Press 160 pp. [84]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [69]

Martin-Smith, K.M. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2006. Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae). Oryx 40: 141-151

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [97] (as Hippocampus abdominalis, H. bleekeri and H. (Macleayina) agnesae)

Neira, F.J., Miskiewicz, A.G. & Trnski, T. 1998. Larvae of temperate Australian fishes: laboratory guide for larval fish identification. Nedlands, Western Australia : University of Western Australia press 474 pp.

Nickel, J. & Cursons, R. 2012. Genetic diversity and population structure of the pot-belly seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 46(2): 207-218

Paxton, J.R., Gates, J.E., Hoese, D.F. & Bray, D.J. 2006. Syngnathidae. pp. 810-846 in Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. & Allen, G.R. Fishes. In, Beesley, P.L. & Wells, A. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35. Volume 35 Australia : ABRS & CSIRO Publishing Parts 1-3, 2178 pp. [825, 826] (as Hippocampus abdominalis and H. bleekeri)

Paxton, J.R., Hoese, D.F., Allen, G.R. & Hanley, J.E. (eds) 1989. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Pisces: Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service Vol. 7 665 pp. [421]

Pognoski, J.J., Pollard, D.A. & Paxton, J.R. 2002. Conservation Overview and Action Plan for Australian Threatened and Potentially Threatened Marine and Estuarine Fishes. Canberra : Environment Australia 375 pp.

Poortenaar, C.W., Woods, C.M.C., James, P.J., Giambartolomei, F.M. & Lokman, P.M. 2004. Reproductive biology of female big-bellied seahorses. Journal of Fish Biology 64: 717-725 [717]

Stewart, A.L. 2015. Families Syngnathidae, Aulostomidae, Fistulariidae, Macroramphosidae. pp. 1050-1072 in Roberts, C.D., Stewart, A.L. & Struthers, C.D. The Fishes of New Zealand. Wellington : Te Papa Press Vol. 3 pp. 577-1152. [1055] (treated as endemic to New Zealand)

Wilson, A.B. & Martin-Smith, K.M. 2007. Genetic monogamy despite social promiscuity in the pot-bellied seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis). Molecular Ecology 16(11): 2345-2352 [2345]

Woods, C.M.C. 2000. Preliminary observations on breeding and rearing the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in captivity. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34: 475-485 [475]

Woods, C.M.C. 2002. Natural diet of the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36: 655-660 [655]

Woods, C.M.C. 2005. Reproductive output of male seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis, from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand: implications for conservation. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39(4): 811-888 [811]

Woods, C.M.C., Morgan, S.K., Martin-Smith, K., Pogonoski, J.J., Paxton, J.R., Pollard, D.A. & Morgan, A.J. 2006. Hippocampus abdominalis. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/10057/0

Woods, C.M.C. & Martin-Smith, K.M. 2004. Visible Implant fluorescent Elastomer tagging of the big-bellied seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis. Fisheries Research 66(3): 363-371 [363]

Common Name References

Gomon, M.F., Glover, C.J.M. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds) 1994. The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. Adelaide : State Printer 992 pp. 810 figs. [447] (Bigbelly Seahorse)

Grant, E.M. 2002. Guide to Fishes. Redcliffe : EM Grant Pty Ltd 880 pp. [178] (Pot-bellied Seahorse)

Kuiter, R.H. 1993. Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Bathurst : Crawford House Press 437 pp. [97] (Big-belly Seahorse)

Parish, S. 1974. Australia's Ocean of Life. Newport, Victoria : Wedneil Publications 128 pp. [55] (Big-bellied Sea-horse)

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Bigbelly Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	08-Oct-2015	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870

CAAB: 37282077

Western Spiny Seahorse, Big-head Seahorse, Bighead Seahorse, Eastern Spiny Seahorse, Northern Spiny Seahorse, Western Australian Seahorse

Hippocampus angustus Günther, A. 1870. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Gymnotidae, Symbranchidae, Muraenidae, Pegasidae, and of the Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, [thru] Leptocardii, in the British Museum. London : British Museum Vol. 8 549 pp. [200].
Type data:
Syntype(s) BMNH 1858.12.27.97-103, Freycinet Harbour, Shark Bay, WA.
Hippocampus erinaceus Günther, A. 1870. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Gymnotidae, Symbranchidae, Muraenidae, Pegasidae, and of the Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, [thru] Leptocardii, in the British Museum. London : British Museum Vol. 8 549 pp. [206].
Type data:
Holotype BMNH 1855.9.19.1385 (Possibly northeastern or northwestern Australia, see Kuiter 2001), no locality given.
Hippocampus hendriki Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [333, fig. 48].
Type data:
Holotype AM I.20923-002 (male), Cape York, QLD, 16-18m [10°39´S, 142°30´E].
Paratype(s) QM I.15837, west of Adolphus Passage, QLD, 9-10m [10°38'S 142°28'E]; CSIRO H.3639-03, E Newcastle Bay, QLD, 20m [10°52.8'S 142°58.6'E]; AM IA.6752 (juvenile), off Lindeman Island, QLD [20°27'S 149°02'E]; QM I.11772 (2: 1 female, 1 male), off Cairns, QLD.
Hippocampus grandiceps Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [336, fig. 52].
Type data:
Holotype NTM S.13273-019 (male), west Booby Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 10m [10°44´S, 141°53´E].
Paratype(s) NTM S.13274-007 (1 male, 2 females), N Booby I., Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 10.4m [10°26'S 141°45'E]; QM I.30583 (female), Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 18m [11°29'S 141°38'E]; QM I.12287 (female), Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 6 fathoms [16°40'30"S 140°58'30"E]; AM I.15557-075 (3 (2 females)), Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 10m [17°24'S 140°09'E]; QM I.126319 (female), Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD.
Hippocampus multispinus Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [331, fig. 45].
Type data:
Holotype NTM S.12955-009 (female), Arafura Sea, NT, 54m [10°49´S, 135°07´E].
Paratype(s) NTM S.12611-012 (female), Arafura Sea, NT, 56-57m [10°26'S 136°24'E]; NTM S.13917-001, Elizabeth River, Darwin Harbour, NT, 12m [12°32.0'S 130°56.3'E]; NTM S.13257-001 (female), Gulf of Carpentaria, NT, 22m [13°03'S 136°45.'E]; NTM S.13326-003 (female), west of Shepparton Shoal, Timor Sea, NT, 46m [12°13'S 129°43'E]; NTM S.13974-006 (female), north of Dampier Archipelago, NT [20°13'S 116°18'E]; NTM S.13541-001 (juvenile), Arafura Sea, NT, 59-60m [10°28.9'S 134°11.1'E]; CSIRO B.3594, NW of Dampier Archipelago, WA [20°26.7–25.9'S 116°19.1–20.1'E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Introduction

Lourie et al. (2016) synonymised several, previously recognised, species under this name. They indicated that genetic studies did not support multiple species, but then suggested names that might be used if some were shown to be distinct. While they noted no significant morphological differences with species described by Kuiter (2001), they did not address some of the characters used by Kuiter (2001), such as ridges on the trunk rings and various spines. Kuiter (2001) regarded H. angustus restricted to Western Australia between the Dampier Archipelago and Shark Bay. He described three species as new: Hippocampus grandiceps from the Queensland coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Hippocampus hendriki ranging from Cape York to the Capricorn region of Queensland and Hippocampus multispinus from the Dampier Archipelago to the Northern Territory and Papua New Guinea. Larson et al. (2013) subsequently recorded H hendriki from Darwin. Lourie et al. (2016) indicated that only minor genetic differences were detected in some of the forms examined. They also suggested that if more than one species was involved, that H. erinaceus would have priority over Kuiter's species, but gave no reason to support that. Tentatively we follow Lourie et al. (2016), but note that additional work is needed on this complex.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Shark Bay, WA (25°57`S) to E of Agnes Water (24º11'S), QLD; tropical, New Guinea

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Distribution References

Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [16]

Ecological Descriptors

Algal beds, inshore.

Extra Ecological Information

0-60m

General References

Allen, G.R. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-east Asia. Perth : Western Australian Museum 292 pp. 106 pls. [72]

Allen, G.R. & Swainston, R. 1988. The Marine Fishes of North-Western Australia. A field guide for anglers and divers. Perth, WA : Western Australian Museum vi 201 pp., 70 pls. [46] (as angustatus)

Coleman, N. 1980. Australian Sea Fishes South of 30ºS. Lane Cove, NSW : Doubleday Australia Pty Ltd 309 pp. [89]

Foster, S.J. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2004. Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology 65: 1-61

Fritzsche, R., Matsuura, K., Collette, B., Nelson, J., Dooley, J., Carpenter, K., Bartnik, S., Robinson, E., Sorensen, M. & Morgan, S.K. 2010. Hippocampus hendriki. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/155100/0

Hutchins, J.B. 2001. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 63: 9-50 [27]

Hutchins, J.B. & Swainston, R. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete field guide for anglers and divers. Perth : Swainston Publishing 180 pp. [40]

IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org

Jones, A.G., Kvarnemo, C., Moore, G.I., Simmons, L.W.& Avise, J.C. 1998. Microsatellite evidence for monogamy and sex-biased recombination in the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus angustus. Molecular Ecology 7(11): 1497-1505 [1497]

Kuiter, R.H. 1996. Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia. A comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen. Sydney, NSW, Australia : New Holland Publishers xvii, 434 pp. [72]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [34]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [96] (and as H. grandiceps, H. hendriki and H. multispinus)

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [73]

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [96]

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [91] (635, in part)

Paulus, T. 1999. Family Syngnathidae. pp. 2264-2276 in Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, T.H. (eds). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fisheries Purposes. Rome : FAO Vol. 4 pp. 2069-2790. [2269]

Paxton, J.R., Gates, J.E., Hoese, D.F. & Bray, D.J. 2006. Syngnathidae. pp. 810-846 in Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. & Allen, G.R. Fishes. In, Beesley, P.L. & Wells, A. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35. Volume 35 Australia : ABRS & CSIRO Publishing Parts 1-3, 2178 pp. [825] (and as H. grandiceps, H. hendriki and H. multispinus)

Project Seahorse 2002. Hippocampus angustus. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41004/0

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (540, in part)

Common Name References

Hutchins, J.B. & Swainston, R. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete field guide for anglers and divers. Perth : Swainston Publishing 180 pp. [125] (Western Australian Seahorse)

Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [333] (Big-head Seahorse, Eastern Spiny Seahorse, Northern Spiny Seahorse)

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing pp. 240. [34]) (Western Spiny Seahorse, Bighead Seahorse, Eastern Spiny Seahorse, Northern Spiny Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	19-Jun-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	19-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, 1970

CAAB: 37282106

Pygmy Seahorse, Gorgonian Seahorse

Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, G.P. 1970. Bargibant's Sea-horse from New Caledonia. In, Abstracts of Proceedings. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 94(3): 294 [294].
Type data:
Lectotype AM I.15418-001, Nouméa, New Caledonia, 30m.
Paralectotype(s) AM 15418-002, Nouméa, New Caledonia, 30m.
Subsequent designation references:
Gomon, M.F. 1997. A remarkable new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae Hippocampus) from south-eastern Australia, with a redescription of H. bargibanti Whitley from New Caledonia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 56(1): 245-253 [249].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Cape York region to Swains Reefs (21°42'S) QLD; tropical, west Pacific.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [17]

Ecological Descriptors

Coral reef, inshore.

Extra Ecological Information

Living on gorgonians. 10-60m

General References

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [200]

Fricke, R., Kulbicki, M. & Wantiez, L. 2011. Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie) Neue Serie 4: 341-463 [375]

Gomon, M.F. & R.H. Kuiter 2009. Two new pygmy seahorses (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Indo-West Pacific. Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology [formerly Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology] 15(1): 37-44 [Date published January] [38]

Horne, M.L. 2001. A new seahorse species (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Great Barrier Reef. Records of the Australian Museum 53(2): 243-246 [245]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [60]

Kuiter, R.H. 2003. A new pygmy seahorse (Pisces: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Lord Howe Island. Records of the Australian Museum 55: 113-116 [116]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [138]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [77]

Project Seahorse 2003. Hippocampus bargibanti. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/10060/0

Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. & Steene, R. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Bathurst : Crawford House Press 557 pp. figs. [501]

Common Name References

Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. & Steene, R. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Bathurst : Crawford House Press 557 pp. figs. [501] (Gorgonian Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	19-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus biocellatus Kuiter, 2001

CAAB: 37282115

False-eye Seahorse, False-eyed Seahorse

Hippocampus biocellatus Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [311, fig. 15].
Type data:
Holotype WAM P.9398 (male), Kok Island to Quobba Point, Shark Bay, WA.
Paratype(s) WAM P.28611-005, Shark Bay, WA [25°25'S 113°30'E]; WAM P.30081-002, Shark Bay, WA, 1-1.5m [26°09'S 113°13'E]; WAM P.14584, Shark Bay, WA; WAM P.9402, Shark Bay, WA; WAM P.30998-001, off Quoin Bluff, Shark Bay, WA, 12m.

Introduction

Lourie et al. (2016) regarded this species as a junior synonym of H. planifrons. Kuiter (2001) noted differences in coloration and body depth separating the two species, which Lourie et al. (2016) dismissed as possibly due to sexual dimorphism and/or ontogeny. We see little reason to synonymise the two species until further material becomes available.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Shark Bay region (26°09'S - 24°32'S) and Exmouth Gulf, WA; tropical.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Province (29)

Ecological Descriptors

Algal beds, benthic, seagrass.

Extra Ecological Information

0-20m

General References

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [126]

Common Name References

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (False-eye Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	02-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	04-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869

CAAB: 37282026

Shorthead Seahorse, Short Snouted Seahorse, Short-head Seahorse, Short-headed Seahorse, Short-snouted Seahorse, Shortsnout Seahorse

Hippocampus breviceps Peters, W.C.H. 1869. Über neue oder weniger bekannte Fische des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1869: 703-711 [710].
Type data:
Holotype ZMB 7082 (Missing in 2001), Adelaide, SA.

Generic Combinations

Farlapiscis breviceps (Peters, 1869) [changed combination; Whitley (1931) erected a new genus with H. breviceps as type species but this was synonymised with Hippocampus by Ginsburg (1937)]. —
Whitley, G.P. 1931. New names for Australian fishes. The Australian Zoologist 6(4): 310-334 1 fig. pls 25-27 [313]

Introduction

Lourie et al. (2016) regarded Hippocampus tuberculatus from Western Australia as a junior synonym based on similarity of meristic features. Kuiter (2001), however, separated the two species, primarily based on the coronet spines and body tubercles. Lourie et al. (2016) did not address these characters and suggested further work was needed to determine if the two are distinct species. We see little reason so treat the species as the same species, given that the arguments of Lourie et al. (2016) appear tentative and they did not address all the characters used by Kuiter (2001). There are numerous examples of species pairs, with the Western Australian species distinct from the species in south-eastern Australia.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Port Welshpool, VIC (146°28'E) to Venus Bay, SA (134°40'E) and eastern TAS (to 43°S); temperate.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, inshore, weed beds.

Extra Ecological Information

0-15m

General References

Coleman, N. 1980. Australian Sea Fishes South of 30ºS. Lane Cove, NSW : Doubleday Australia Pty Ltd 309 pp. [91]

Edgar, G.J. 2008. Australian Marine Life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. Sydney : Reed New Holland 2nd edn, 624 pp. [482]

Foster, S.J. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2004. Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology 65: 1-61

Ginsburg, I. 1937. Review of the seahorses (Hippocampus) found on the coasts of the American continents and of Europe. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83(2997): 497-594

IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org

Kuiter, R.H. 1993. Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Bathurst : Crawford House Press 437 pp. [97]

Kuiter, R.H. 1996. Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia. A comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen. Sydney, NSW, Australia : New Holland Publishers xvii, 434 pp. [72]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [16]

Kuiter, R.H. 2008. Syngnathidae. pp. 448-479 in Gomon, M.F., Bray, D.J. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds). Fishes of Australia's Southern Coast. Sydney : Reed New Holland 928 pp. [455]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [46]

Last, P.R., Scott, E.O.G. & Talbot, F.H. 1983. Fishes of Tasmania. Hobart : Tasmanian Fisheries Development Authority 563 pp. figs. [300]

Lourie, S.A. 2016. Seahorses. A life-size guide to every species. Chicago : The Unversity of Chicago Press 160 pp. [86] (in part)

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [75] (as Hippocampus breviceps but including Hippocampus tuberculatus as a synonym)

Martin-Smith, K.M. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2006. Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae). Oryx 40: 141-151

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [95] (in part)

Moreau, M-A. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2004. Social structure and space use in a wild population of the Australian short-headed seahorse, Hippocampus breviceps Peters 1869. Marine and Freshwater Research 55: 231-239

Morgan, S.K., Pogonoski, J.J., Pollard, D.A. & Paxton, J.R. 2006. Hippocampus breviceps. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/10063/0

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [92] (638)

Scott, T.D. in Scott, T.D., Glover, C.J.M. & Southcott, R.V. 1974. The Marine and Freshwater Fishes of South Australia. Adelaide : Government Printer 392 pp. figs. [140]

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (539)

Common Name References

Coleman, N. 1980. Australian Sea Fishes South of 30ºS. Lane Cove, NSW : Doubleday Australia Pty Ltd 309 pp. [91] (Short-snouted Seahorse)

Gomon, M.F., Glover, C.J.M. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds) 1994. The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. Adelaide : State Printer 992 pp. 810 figs. [448] (Short-headed Seahorse, Shortsnout Seahorse)

Hutchins, J.B. & Swainston, R. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete field guide for anglers and divers. Perth : Swainston Publishing 180 pp. [125] (Short Snouted Seahorse)

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [16] (Short-head Seahorse)

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Shorthead Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	22-Jun-2016	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus colemani Kuiter, 2003

CAAB: 37282111

Coleman's Seahorse

Hippocampus colemani Kuiter, R.H. 2003. A new pygmy seahorse (Pisces: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Lord Howe Island. Records of the Australian Museum 55: 113-116 [113, figs 1-2].
Type data:
Holotype AM I.41181-001 (female), near Erscott's Hole, lagoon, Lord Howe Island, 5m [~ 32°32.950'S, 159°05.080'E].
Paratype(s) AM I.41181-002 (female), near Erscott's Hole, lagoon, Lord Howe Island, 5m [~ 32°32.950'S, 159°05.080'E].

Introduction

Allen & Erdmann (2012) recorded this species from New Guinea and Japan. However, Lourie et al. (2016) suggested that the species was restricted to Lord Howe Island and that records from New Guinea belong to a different species, but did not exclude the possibility that H. colemani is a widely distributed species.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Lord Howe Island; subtropical

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, sand bottom marine, seagrass.

Extra Ecological Information

Coarse sand with sparse Zostera and Halophila with fine filamentous algae on their leaves matching filaments on seahorse; in 5 m.

General References

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [201]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [135]

Lourie, S.A. & R.H. Kuiter 2008. Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Zootaxa 1963: 54-68 [Date published 7 Nov] [54]

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	04-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus dahli Ogilby, 1908

CAAB: 37282114

Lowcrown Seahorse, Low-crown Seahorse

Hippocampus dahli Ogilby, J.D. 1908. New or little known fishes in the Queensland Museum. Annals of the Queensland Museum 9(1): 3-41 [17].
Type data:
Holotype QM I.788, Moreton Bay, Noosa, QLD.
Paratype(s) QM Missing.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 [misidentification, based on considering the species to be a junior synonym of H. trimaculatus]. —
Larson, H.K. & Williams, R.S. 1997. Darwin Harbour fishes: a survey and annotated checklist. pp. 339-380 in Hanley, H.R., Caswell, G., Megirian, D. & Larson, H.K. (eds). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biology Workshop. Darwin : Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory 466 pp. [352]
Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [125]
Hippocampus planifrons Paters, 1877 [misidentification of species confined to Western Australia]. —
Paxton, J.R., Hoese, D.F., Allen, G.R. & Hanley, J.E. (eds) 1989. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Pisces: Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service Vol. 7 665 pp. [422] (in part)
Larson, H.K. & Williams, R.S. 1997. Darwin Harbour fishes: a survey and annotated checklist. pp. 339-380 in Hanley, H.R., Caswell, G., Megirian, D. & Larson, H.K. (eds). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biology Workshop. Darwin : Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory 466 pp. [352]
Hippocampus lenis De Vis, 1908 [not available, name only. From Kuiter (2001), unpublished museum name based on specimen label of QM I.788 which later became the holotype of Hippocampus dahli Ogilby 1908]. —
Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [308]

Introduction

Kuiter (2009) considered Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach in Leach & Nodder 1814, to be a complex of species that includes H. dahli Ogilby 1908. Lourie et al. (1999) considered Hippocampus dahli to be a syonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus. Subsequently Lourie et al. (2016) recognised the species as distinct.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Bathurst Is, NT (130º12'E) to Moreton Bay, QLD (27º32'S); tropical

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, estuary, inshore, soft bottom.

Extra Ecological Information

0-56m

General References

Horne, M.L. 2001. A new seahorse species (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Great Barrier Reef. Records of the Australian Museum 53(2): 243-246 [245]

Johnson, J.W. 1999. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43(2): 709-762

Johnson, J.W. 2010. Fishes of the Moreton Bay Marine Park and adjacent continental shelf waters, Queensland, Australia. pp. 299-353 in Davie, P.J.F. & Phillips, J.A. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 54(3) [312]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [50]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [124]

Larson, H.K., Williams, R.S. & Hammer, M.P. 2013. An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Northern Territory, Australia. Zootaxa 3696(1): 1-293 [77]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [125] (as Hippocampus trimaculatus)

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [96]

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [92] (640, as H. planifrons, in part)

Whitley, G.P. 1952. Some noteworthy fishes from eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 1950–51: 27-32 figs 1-5

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (545, as H. planifrons, in part)

Whitley, G.P. & Allan, J. 1958. The Sea-horse and its Relatives. Melbourne : Georgian House 84 pp. 25 figs. [40] (as H. planifrons, in part)

Common Name References

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Lowcrown Seahorse)

Whitley, G.P. & Allan, J. 1958. The Sea-horse and its Relatives. Melbourne : Georgian House 84 pp. 25 figs. [50] (Low-crown Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-Apr-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	20-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall, 2003

CAAB: 37282136

Denise' Pygmy Seahorse

Compiler and date details

13 December 2011 - Dianne J. Bray

Hippocampus denise Lourie, S.A. & Randall, J.E. 2003. A new pygmy seahorse, Hippocampus denise (Teleostei: Syngnathidae), from the Indo-Pacific. Zoological Studies 42(2): 284-291 [286, Figs. 2, 4a, 4b, 5, 6-10].
Type data:
Holotype MZB 10920, Banta Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, depth 26 m, on the gorgonian Annella reticulata [8°24'S, 119°17'E].
Paratype(s) BPBM 38955 (3), Ulong Rock, W. Barrier Reef, Palau, 220-260 ft (67-79 m) [07°07.43'N 134°14.48'E]; MZB 10921, Banta Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, depth 26 m, on the gorgonian Annella reticulata [8°24'S, 119°17'E]; USNM 368872, Ulong Rock, 0.5 mile (0.8 km) north of Ulong Channel, Palau, 275 ft (84 m) depth on the gorgonian ?Echinogorgia [07°07.42'N, 134°14.48'E]; USNM 368873 (3), Latnu I., Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 200 ft (61 m) depth on gorgonian Muricella [15°06.71'S, 167°07.33'E]; USNM 370526, Tsias Tunnel, W. Barrier Reef, Palau, 220 ft (67 m) depth, on the gorgonian ?Echinogorgia [07°18.72'N, 134°13.58'E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Holmes Reef East (16°25´S, 147°59´E) and Osprey Reef, Coral Sea; tropical west-central Pacific

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Distribution References

Brennan, E. May 2011. Pygmy seahorse and corals found at new depths. Australian Geographic Online. http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/pygmy-sea-horse-and-coral-found-a-new-depths.htm

Ecological Descriptors

Coral reef.

Extra Ecological Information

~100 m in Australia on the gorgonian coral Villogorgia; elsewhere, 13-102m, in association with gorgonian seafans.

General References

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [202]

Brennan, E. May 2011. Pygmy seahorse and corals found at new depths. Australian Geographic Online. http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/pygmy-sea-horse-and-coral-found-a-new-depths.htm

Foster, R., Bridge, T.C.L., Bongaerts, P. 2012. The first record of Hippocampus denise (Syngnathidae) from Australia. Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology [formerly Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology] 18(1): 55-57 [55]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [140]

Project Seahorse 2003. Hippocampus denise. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41716/0

Common Name References

Lourie, S.A. & Randall, J.E. 2003. A new pygmy seahorse, Hippocampus denise (Teleostei: Syngnathidae), from the Indo-Pacific. Zoological Studies 42(2): 284-291 [286] (Denise' Pygmy Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
	SYNGNATHIFORMES	17-Jun-2011	ADDED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)

Species Hippocampus histrix Kaup, 1856

CAAB: 37282134

Thorny Seahorse

Hippocampus histrix Kaup, J.J. 1856. Catalogue of the Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British Museum. London : British Museum 76 pp. 4 pls. [17, Pl.2 (fig.5)].
Type data:

Syntype(s) MNHP A-0906, Japan; RMNH ?, Japan.
Hippocampus histrix Kaup, J.J. 1853. Uebersicht der Lophobranchier. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 19(1): 226-234 [229] [nomen nudum; name appeared without distinguishing features].

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus hystrix Kaup, 1856 [unjustified emmendation]. —
Günther, A. 1870. Catalogue of the (Acanthopterygian) Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : British Museum Vol. 1–8. [1859–1870] [206]
Allen, G.R. & Swainston, R. 1988. The Marine Fishes of North-Western Australia. A field guide for anglers and divers. Perth, WA : Western Australian Museum vi 201 pp., 70 pls. [46]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Ashmore Reef, Timor Sea (12º27'S), off Dampier Archipelago, WA, and off Cape York, QLD to Port Stephens, NSW (32°43'S), records from the NT based on misidentified H. angustus and records from the Gulf of Carpentaria require confirmation; tropical, Indo-west-central Pacific

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Harasti, D. 2015. Range extension and first occurrence of the thorny seahorse Hippocampus histrix in New South Wales, Australia. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: 1-3

Ecological Descriptors

Algae, continental shelf, coral reef, soft bottom, sponge associate.

Extra Ecological Information

Areas exposed to strong tidal currents. 10-60m

General References

Allen, G.R. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-east Asia. Perth : Western Australian Museum 292 pp. 106 pls. [72]

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [202]

Hutchins, J.B. 2001. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 63: 9-50 [27]

IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org

Kaup, J.J. 1853. Uebersicht der Lophobranchier. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 19(1): 226-234 [229]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [88]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [101]

Randall, J.E. 2005. Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press 707 pp. [110]

Wiswedel, S. 2012. Hippocampus histrix. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/10070/0

Common Name References

FAO-FIES 2015. Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. 13/04/2015. http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (Thorny Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
	SYNGNATHIFORMES	10-Oct-2011	ADDED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)

Species Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter, 2001

CAAB: 37282112

Collar Seahorse

Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [306, fig. 9].
Type data:
Holotype AM IA.2424 (female (?)), Lord Howe Island [31°31'S 159°05'E].

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus sp. B. —
Allen, G.R., Hoese, D.F., Paxton, J.R., Randall, J.E., Russell, B.C., Starck, W.A., Talbot, F.H. & Whitley, G.P. 1976. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Lord Howe Island. Records of the Australian Museum 30(15): 365-454 figs 1-2 [390]
Hippocampus histrix Kaup, 1856 [misidentification of Lord Howe Island specimen]. —
Whitley, G.P. & Allan, J. 1958. The Sea-horse and its Relatives. Melbourne : Georgian House 84 pp. 25 figs. [fig. 6 (3)]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from two specimens from Lord Howe Island, Tasman Sea; subtropical

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

Extra Ecological Information

Specific habitat unknown.

General References

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [93] (suggested the species is also found in New Zealand)

Common Name References

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Collar Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	07-May-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus kampylotrachelos Bleeker, 1854

CAAB: 37282113

Smooth Seahorse

Hippocampus kampylotrachelos Bleeker, P. 1854. Overzigt der ichthyologische fauna van Sumatra, met beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 7: 49-108 [107] [regarded as a synonym of H. trimaculatus by Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp.].
Type data:
Holotype RMNH 7257, Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 [Kuiter (2009) considers Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach in Leach & Nodder 1814, to be a complex of species that includes H. kampylotrachelos Bleeker 1854].

Introduction

Lourie et al. (2016) presented a confused discussion relating to Australian material. They treated this species as a synonym of H. trimaculatus and designated a lectotype for that species from China. They considered that the specimen from Ashmore Reef used by Kuiter (2001) for this species is also H. trimaculatus (NTM S.12060-001), but then excluded H. trimaculatus from Australia. They also indicated that specimens from west of Wallace's Line differed in DNA sequences of 2.9% from specimens to the east. However, they state elsewhere in the publication that they recognised species as distinct when there was a 2% or more difference. Because the type locality for H. kampylotrachelos is Sumatra, west of Wallace's Line, we retain the name here, but recognise that the species might be a synonym of H. mannulus Cantor, 1849 from Malaysia.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Ashmore Reef, Timor Sea; tropical, east-Indo-west Pacific.

IMCRA

Timor Province (2)

Other Regions

Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, estuary, inshore.

Extra Ecological Information

0-50m

General References

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [49]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [122]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [125] (as Hippocampus trimaculatus, in part)

Common Name References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	02-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	07-May-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901

Kellogg’s Seahorse

Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan, D.S. & Snyder, J.O. 1901. A review of the hypostomida and lophobranchiate fishes of Japan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 24(1241): 1-20 pls 1-12 [14, pl. 8].
Type data:
Holotype CAS(SU) 6521, Kagoshima, Japan.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus tristis Castelnau, 1872 [Lourie et al 2016 regarded several records as misidentifications]. —
Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340
Hippocampus alatus Kuiter, 2001 [in part, Lourie et al. 2016 regarded Queensland paratype as this species].

Introduction

There is a major dispute over the identity of this species from Australia. Kuiter (2001) argued that Hippocampus kelloggi was restricted to Japan, with records from eastern Australia in Lourie et al (1999) based on H. tristis. Lourie et al. (2006) argued that some records of Hippocampus alatus and H. tristis were based on H. kelloggi. However their distribution map does not include New South Wales from where Kuiter (2001) reported the H. tristis. We accept H. kelloggi here based on genetic evidence presented by Harasti (2017), who reported specimens from Sydney. The map in Lourie et al. (2016) showed H. kelloggi extending off the east coast of Queensland, but only mention a paratype of H. alatus, which was from the Gulf of Carpentaria. Lourie et al. (2016) regarded H. tristis as a junior synonym of H. kuda adding to the confusion. We are unable to resolve the dispute and include both species here (H. tristis and H. kelloggi), but recognise that only one species may be involved and further studies may be required to determine the correct identification of Australian material.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Precise distribution unknown, based in part on map and information provided in Lourie et al (2016) and specimens from Sydney; tropical, Indo-west Pacific

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Harasti, D. 2017. Southwards range extension of the great seahorse (Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901) in Australia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 2017(00): 1-3 [online version 1 June 2017]

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, soft bottom.

Extra Ecological Information

Usually over 20 m

General References

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [47] (restricted to Japan)

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [116] (restricted to Japan)

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp.

Common Name References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
	SYNGNATHIFORMES	10-May-2017	ADDED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett

Species Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852

CAAB: 37282033

Common Seahorse

Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, P. 1852. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Singapore. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 3: 51-86 [82].
Type data:
Holotype BMNH 1867.11.28.360, Singapore.
Paratype(s) RMNH 5167, Singapore.
Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker, P. 1852. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Moluksche eilanden. Visschen van Amboina en Ceram. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 3: 229-309 [306].
Type data:
Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown, Ambon Island, Moluccas Islands, Indonesia.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [31]

Introduction

Kuiter (2001) considered H. taeniopterus to be the correct name for the species previously called H. kuda in Australia and exlcluded H. kuda from Australia. Allen & Erdmann (2012) also recognised both as distinct species, sympatric over part of their range. Lourie et al. (2016) treated Hippocampus taeniopterus as a junior synonym of H. kuda, but gave little reason for the synonymy other than reference to previous works. Lourie et al (2016). suggested that H. kuda might be a clade of several forms, but indicated that they could not separate any into distinct species. Tentatively we follow that work with considerable reservation, and note that further work is needed on Australia material of this complex. We do not recognise H. tristis as a synonym as did Lourie et al. (2016).

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Indian Island, NT (130º32'E) to Moreton Bay, QLD (27ºS); tropical, Indo-west Pacific.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, inshore, seagrass.

Extra Ecological Information

0-15m

General References

Allen, G.R. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-east Asia. Perth : Western Australian Museum 292 pp. 106 pls. [72] (as H. kuda)

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [206] (as Hippocampus taeniopterus for Australian material)

Horne, M.L. 2001. A new seahorse species (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Great Barrier Reef. Records of the Australian Museum 53(2): 243-246 [245]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [45] (as Hippocampus taeniopterus for Australian records)

Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [314] (as Hippocampus taeniopterus for Australian records)

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [112] (as Hippocampus taeniopterus for Australian records)

Larson, H.K., Williams, R.S. & Hammer, M.P. 2013. An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Northern Territory, Australia. Zootaxa 3696(1): 1-293 [77] (as Hippocampus taeniopterus)

Larson, H.K. & Williams, R.S. 1997. Darwin Harbour fishes: a survey and annotated checklist. pp. 339-380 in Hanley, H.R., Caswell, G., Megirian, D. & Larson, H.K. (eds). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biology Workshop. Darwin : Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory 466 pp. [352] (as H. kuda)

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [109] (as H. kuda)

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [96] (as Hippocampus kuda)

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [91] (636, as H. kuda)

Paxton, J.R., Gates, J.E., Hoese, D.F. & Bray, D.J. 2006. Syngnathidae. pp. 810-846 in Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. & Allen, G.R. Fishes. In, Beesley, P.L. & Wells, A. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35. Volume 35 Australia : ABRS & CSIRO Publishing Parts 1-3, 2178 pp. [628] (as Hippocampus taeniopterus for Australian records)

Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. & Steene, R. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Bathurst : Crawford House Press 557 pp. figs. [75] (as H. kuda)

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (543, as H. kuda)

Common Name References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus minotaur Gomon, 1997

CAAB: 37282105

Bullneck Seahorse

Hippocampus minotaur Gomon, M.F. 1997. A remarkable new pygmy seahorse (Syngnathidae Hippocampus) from south-eastern Australia, with a redescription of H. bargibanti Whitley from New Caledonia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 56(1): 245-253 [246, figs. 1, 2a, 3a-2].
Type data:
Holotype NMV A.192 (female), off Eden, NSW, 35-40 fathoms (64-73m).
Paratype(s) AM IA.3509 (female), NSW coast; AM IA.3560 (female), 8 miles East of Eden, NSW, 50-60m; NMV A.14161 (juvenile), 38km SW Cape Patterson, Bass Strait, 70m [38°56.4'S 145°16.6'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Off Eden, NSW (37°S) and off Cape Patterson, VIC (38°56´S, 145°16.6´E), also reported from off Wollongong, NSW; temperate.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf.

Extra Ecological Information

Over 60 m depth: 70-110m

General References

Foster, R. & Gomon. M.F. 2010. A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-western Australia. Zootaxa 2613: 61-68 [61]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [53]

Kuiter, R.H. 2008. Syngnathidae. pp. 448-479 in Gomon, M.F., Bray, D.J. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds). Fishes of Australia's Southern Coast. Sydney : Reed New Holland 928 pp. [456]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [141]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [113]

Lourie, S.A. & R.H. Kuiter 2008. Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Zootaxa 1963: 54-68 [Date published 7 Nov] [54]

Lourie, S.A. & Randall, J.E. 2003. A new pygmy seahorse, Hippocampus denise (Teleostei: Syngnathidae), from the Indo-Pacific. Zoological Studies 42(2): 284-291 [284]

Pogonoski, J.J., Pollard, D.A. & Paxton, J.R. 2006. Hippocampus minotaur. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/10077/0

Common Name References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	07-Apr-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	19-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon, 2010

CAAB: 37282135

Paradoxical Seahorse

Compiler and date details

27 June 2011 - Dianne J. Bray

Hippocampus paradoxus Foster, R. & Gomon. M.F. 2010. A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-western Australia. Zootaxa 2613: 61-68 [62, Figs. 1, 2A, 3] [original spelling].
Type data:
Holotype SAMA F.10490, Southwest of Esperance, WA, 102m [~34°29'S, 121°32'E].

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus sp. D. —
Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [141]

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

SW of Esperance, WA (ca 34°29’ S, 121°32’ E); known only from the holotype.

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, sand bottom marine.

Extra Ecological Information

102m, from a coarse calcareous sand substrate with a highly diverse assemblage of bryozoans and some sponges.

Common Name References

Foster, R. & Gomon. M.F. 2010. A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-western Australia. Zootaxa 2613: 61-68 [62] (Paradoxical Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	07-Apr-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
	SYNGNATHIFORMES	06-Jul-2011	ADDED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)

Species Hippocampus planifrons Peters, 1877

CAAB: 37282078

Flatface Seahorse, Flat-face Seahorse, Low-crowned Sea-horse

Hippocampus planifrons Peters, W.C.H. 1877. Übersicht der während der von 1874 bis 1876 unter dem Kommando des Hrn. Kapitän z. S. Freiherrn von Schleinitz ausgeführten Reise S.M.S. Gazelle gesammelten und von der Kaiserlichen Admiralität der Königlichen Akadamie der Wissenschaften äbersandte Fische. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1876: 831-854 [851].
Type data:
Holotype ZMB 9387, 'Naturalist's Channel', NW Australia, 10 fathoms.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 [Kuiter (2009) considers Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach in Leach & Nodder 1814, to be a complex of species that includes H. planifrons Peters 1877. Lourie et al. (1999) considered H. planifrons as a questionable syonym of H. trimaculatus.]. —
Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [171]
Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [122]

Introduction

Lurie et al (2016). treated Hippocampus biocellatus Kuiter, 2001 as a junior synonym, but we tentatively retain the two species here, pending further studies.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Dirk Hartog Is. (26º08´S) to Broome (18°01'S, 122°12'E) WA; tropical.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, inshore.

Extra Ecological Information

Algae and rubble reefs. 0-10m.

General References

Hutchins, J.B. 2001. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 63: 9-50 [27]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [50]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [126]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [171] (Questionably a synonym of H. trimaculatus)

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [97, in part]

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [92] (639, in part)

Whitley, G.P. 1940. Illustrations of some Australian fishes. The Australian Zoologist 9(4): 397-428 figs 1-45 pls 30-31 [fig 21] (Figure of holotype)

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (545, in part)

Common Name References

Grant, E.M. 2002. Guide to Fishes. Redcliffe : EM Grant Pty Ltd 880 pp. [177] (Low-crowned Sea-horse)

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [50] (Flat-face Seahorse)

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Flatface Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	17-Nov-2015	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter, 2008

Pontoh`s Pygmy Seahorse

Hippocampus pontohi Lourie, S.A. & R.H. Kuiter 2008. Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Zootaxa 1963: 54-68 [Date published 7 Nov] [59, figs. 1A, 2A, 3A].
Type data:
Holotype MZB 13593, Lekuan II, Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia [1°36'05"N, 124°45'56"E].
Paratype(s) MZB 13596-13597.
Hippocampus severnsi Lourie, S.A. & R.H. Kuiter 2008. Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Zootaxa 1963: 54-68 [Date published 7 Nov] [61, fig. 2B, 3B, 4B].
Type data:
Holotype MZB 13594, between Alung Banua and Cela Point, Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia [13°7’07” to 1°36’47” N 124°45’30” to 124°46.03” E].
Paratype(s) MZB 13595; NMV A.24980-001.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Milln Reef, off Cairns QLD, based on photo; tropical, west Pacific

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, coral reef, marine.

Extra Ecological Information

12-15 m

General References

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [134] (as Hippocampus pontohi & H. severnsi)

Reijnen, B.T., Meij, S.E.T. van der & Ofwegen, L.P. van 2011. Fish, fans and hydroids: host species of pygmy seahorses. ZooKeys 103: 1-26

Common Name References

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [204] (Pontoh`s Pygmy Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
	SYNGNATHIFORMES	07-Apr-2017	ADDED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett

Species Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913

CAAB: 37282110

Half-spined Seahorse, Halfspine Seahorse, Hedgehog Seahorse, Queensland Seahorse, White-spined Seahorse, Winged Seahorse

Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, M. 1913. Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 57: 1-710 123 figs 12 pls [120, Fig. 44].
Type data:

Syntype(s) ZMA 114.473, Thursday Island, Queensland; ZMA 104.665, Sapeh Strait, Indonesia.
Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne, M.L. 2001. A new seahorse species (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Great Barrier Reef. Records of the Australian Museum 53(2): 243-246 [244, fig. 1].
Type data:
Holotype QM I.24445, off John Brewer Reef, QLD [18°37´S, 147°03´E].
Paratype(s) QM I.24446; AM I.40832-001 male; AM I.40833-001; NMV A.21578; NMV A.21579.
Hippocampus alatus Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [317, fig. 25].
Type data:
Holotype AM I.20771-102 (female), east coast of Cape York, QLD, 16-18m [11°37´S, 142°56´E].
Paratype(s) AM I.15557-077 (male), Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 10m [17°25'S 140°10'E]; QM I.30556 (juvenile), Gulf of Carpentaria, NT, 42m [10°03.2'S 137°11.2'E]; QM I.27965 (juvenile), Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 25m [15°57.6'S 138°41.8'E]; NTM S.13267-004 (female), Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD, 17m [11°18'S 141°38'E]; NTM S.11580-003 (juvenile), off Dampier Archipelago, WA, 50-53m [20°03'S 115°48'E]; NTM S.10959-001 (female), off Port Hedland, WA, 80m [18°55'S 119°37'E]; WAM P.28003-001 (female), off Monte Bello Island, WA, 55-64m [20°17'S, 116°01'E].
Hippocampus semispinosus Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [320, fig. 29].
Type data:
Holotype NTM S10749-006 (female), east Alas Strait, Indonesia, 40-60m [08°20´S, 116°50´E].
Paratype(s) NTM S.11920-002 (male), Timor Sea, southern Indonesia or northern Australia
Comment: From Kuiter 2001: "A discrepancy exists between data presented in Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola (1984), their station TGT 1813 and that accompanying the holotype, NTM S10749-006, although longitudes and latitudes are close, Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola (1984) state that this species occurs in Areas B, C, where C is off northwestern Australia. The registration information for NTM S10749-006 is considered here as the correct type locality description. It is possible that the locality provided by Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola (1984) may be that of the paratype. Still, a description of this species is presented here as there is a chance that the paratype was collected on the northwest shelf of Australia.".
Type locality references:
Gloerfelt-Tarp, T. & Kailola, P.J. 1984. Trawled Fishes of Southern Indonesia and Northwest Australia. Jakarta : Dir. Gen. Fish. (Indonesia), German Tech. Coop., Aust. Dev. Ass. Bur. 406 pp.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [40]

Introduction

The IUCN Red List Status is listed as Vulnerable.

Tentatively we follow the synonymy Lourie et al. (2016), although they did not present a detailed analysis supporting their full synonymy. They treated several species recognised by Kuiter (2001) as junior synonyms (H. alatus, H. queenslandicus and H. semispinosus). Teske et al. (2007) presented genetic evidence that material from Queensland was not separable from material from Asia. However, they did not treat material of H. alatus or H. semispinosus. Lourie et al. (2016) indicated that they tentatively regarded H. alatus as a junior synonym of H. spinosissimus, and indicated that H. semispinosus was not separable based on genetic evidence and morphology. They indicated that the synonymy was based on their concept of the species. Kuiter (2001, 2009) regarded H. spinosissimus as a rare deep water species, known from 50-70 m. Hippocampus alatus has been reported from 12-30 m (Allen & Erdmann 2012). Kuiter (2001) suggested that the syntype from Thursday Island was probably based on H. grandiceps, which would suggest the type series might contain two species. Lourie et al (2016) noted some discrepancies between the two Indonesian syntypes and their concept of the species H. spinosissimus. Weber (1913) figured syntypes from Indonesia and Thursday Island. If Kuiter (2001) was correct, then this species ultimately will undergo a name change. We retain it here in the interests of stability.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

ENE of Montebello Islands, WA (20°17'E) to E of North Stradbroke Is. (27°37'S), QLD; tropical, east-Indo-west-Pacific

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Fricke, R., Kulbicki, M. & Wantiez, L. 2011. Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie) Neue Serie 4: 341-463 [376] (as Hippocampus semispinosus)
Larson, H.K., Williams, R.S. & Hammer, M.P. 2013. An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Northern Territory, Australia. Zootaxa 3696(1): 1-293 [77] (Hippocampus alatus and H. semispinosus)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, rubble bottom, seagrass.

Extra Ecological Information

12-70 m

General References

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [205] (and as H. semispinosus and p. 199 as H. alatus)

Czembor, C.A. 2012. Hippocampus alatus. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/199858/0

Gloerfelt-Tarp, T. & Kailola, P.J. 1984. Trawled Fishes of Southern Indonesia and Northwest Australia. Jakarta : Dir. Gen. Fish. (Indonesia), German Tech. Coop., Aust. Dev. Ass. Bur. 406 pp. [107] (as H. kuda)

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. (as Hippocampus sp 4)

Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [319] (as H. queenslandicus, H. spinosissimus, H. alatus and H. semispinosus)

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [100, 104, 105] (as H. queenslandicus, H. spinosissimus, H. alatus and H. semispinosus)

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [121]

Paxton, J.R., Gates, J.E., Hoese, D.F. & Bray, D.J. 2006. Syngnathidae. pp. 810-846 in Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. & Allen, G.R. Fishes. In, Beesley, P.L. & Wells, A. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35. Volume 35 Australia : ABRS & CSIRO Publishing Parts 1-3, 2178 pp. [828] (as H. queenslandicus and H. semispinosus, p. 825 as H. alatus and)

Pogonoski, J.J., Pollard, D.A. & Paxton, J.R. 2002. Conservation Overview and Action Plan for Australian Threatened and Potentially Threatened Marine and Estuarine Fishes,. Canberra : Environment Australia. 355 pp. (as Hippocampus alatus and H. semispinosus)

Teske, P.R., Lourie, S.A., Matthee, C.A. & Green, D. 2007. Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne, 2001 — a new seahorse species or yet another synonym? Australian Journal of Zoology 55: 139-145 [139]

Wiswedel, S. 2012. Hippocampus spinosissimus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2.. www.iucnredlist.org

Common Name References

Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. 2012. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth : Tropical Reef Research 3 vols, 1260 pp. [205] (Hedgehog Seahorse, White-spined Seahorse)

Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [320] (as Hippocampus semispinosus) (Half-spined Seahorse, Queensland Seahorse, Winged Seahorse)

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (as standard name for H. semispinosus) (Halfspine Seahorse, Queensland Seahorse, Winged Seahorse)

Yearsley, G.K., Last, P.R. & Hoese, D.F. 2006. Standard names of Australian fishes. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper 9: 1-64 [33] (for H. queenslandicus) (Halfspine Seahorse, Queensland Seahorse, Winged Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	31-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-Jun-2014	ADDED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)

Species Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau, 1873

CAAB: 37282123

Introduction

Kuiter (2001) slected the name elongatus over subelongatus. Both species were described in the same paper, and under the International Code of Zoologiucal Nomenclature, which name has priority is determined by the first reviser to clear select one name over the other. Lourie et al. (1999) appear to be the first revisers and selected subelongatus over elongatus. Previously both names were considered junior synonyms of.H angustus following Whitley (1940).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Rockingham (32°18`S) to the Houtman Abrohlos Islands (28°38`S), WA; subtropical

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Estuary, inshore, weed beds.

Extra Ecological Information

0-20m

General References

Edgar, G.J. 2008. Australian Marine Life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. Sydney : Reed New Holland 2nd edn, 624 pp. [483]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [32] (as H. elongatus)

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [94]

Kvarnemo, C., Moore, G.I., Jones, A.G., Nelson, W. S. & Avise, J. C. 2000. Monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus subelongatus. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13: 882-888

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [123]

Martin-Smith, K.M. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2006. Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae). Oryx 40: 141-151

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [96] (also as H. subelongatus)

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [91] (635, as H. angustatus, in part)

Payne, M.F. & Rippingale, R.J. 2000. Rearing West Australian seahorse, Hippocampus subelongatus, juveniles on copepod nauplii and enriched Artemia. Aquaculture 188: 353-361

Project Seahorse 2002. Hippocampus subelongatus. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/40773/0

Whitley, G.P. 1940. Illustrations of some Australian fishes. The Australian Zoologist 9(4): 397-428 figs 1-45 pls 30-31 [413] (synonymy with H. angustus)

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (540, as H. angustatus, in part)

Wilson, A.B., Ahnesjo, I, Vincent, A.C.J. & Meyer, A. 2003. The dynamics of male brooding, mating patterns, and sex roles in pipefishes and seahorses (family syngnathidae). Evolution 57(6): 1374-1386

Common Name References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	19-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus tristis Castelnau, 1872

CAAB: 37282117

Sad Seahorse, Dull Seahorse

Hippocampus tristis Castelnau, F.L. de 1872. Contribution to the ichthyology of Australia. 1. The Melbourne fish market. Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria 1: 29-242 1 pl. [197].
Type data:

Syntype(s) MNHP A.4538, Melbourne markets, VIC; MNHP A.4537, Melbourne markets, VIC.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. —
Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [109] (considered H. tristis to be a junior synonym of H. kuda)
Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855. —
Paxton, J.R., Hoese, D.F., Allen, G.R. & Hanley, J.E. (eds) 1989. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Pisces: Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service Vol. 7 665 pp. [422] (in part, considered H. tristis to be a junior synonym)
Dawson, C.E. 1994. Family Syngnathidae. pp. 440-475 figs 391-426 in Gomon, M.F., Glover, C.J.M. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds). The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. Adelaide : State Printer 992 pp. 810 figs. [449] (in part, SA record and considered H. tristis as a possible junior synonym)

Introduction

Lourie et al. (2016) treated the species as a junior synonym of H. kuda. They noted that the species was described from one specimen, but now two are labelled types, apparently from the Swan River, rather than the Melbourne Fish Market. Kuiter (2001) suggested they may have come from northern NSW. It is unlikely that fishes from the Melbourne Fish Market would have come from localities far from Melbourne. Whether the original specimen actually came from another locality is unknown. Consequently, there is some uncertainty about whether the specimens currently labelled types are actually the types. Kuiter (2001) suggested that the species was found in subtropical or temperate waters of NSW. Lourie et al (2016). suggested that H. kuda might be a clade of several forms. They suggested that several of the specimens identified by Kuiter (2001) as H. tristis belonged to H. kelloggi, but the distribution map for that species and the map for H. kuda do not show specimens records from NSW, but does include a specimen from South Australia, identified by Kuiter as H. tristis. Until further studies are carried out, we retain the name here for this apparently isolated population. No genetic work has been published relating to this species.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

ENE of Pt Cartwright, QLD (26°40'S) to off Sandon Bluff, NSW (29°38'S) and off Adelaide, SA, also Lord Howe Island, records from farther north are probable misidentifications of other species; Subtropical, south-west Pacific.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf.

Extra Ecological Information

Normally trawled in 18-53 m

General References

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [107]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [109] (as H. kuda)

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [96] (as Hippocampus tristis)

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [92]

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (542, as Hippocampus tristis)

Common Name References

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [92] (Dull Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-May-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	20-Jun-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus tuberculatus Castelnau, 1875

CAAB: 37282116

Knobby Seahorse

Hippocampus tuberculatus Castelnau, F.L. de 1875. Researches on the fishes of Australia. Intercolonial Exhibition Essays. 2. pp. 1–52 in, Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876 : Official Record. Melbourne. [48].
Type data:
Holotype MNHP A.4539, Swan River, WA.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869 [H. tuberculatus was considered as a synonym of H. breviceps. Kuiter (2001) argued that western records of H. breviceps should be called H. tuberculatus]. —
McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [95] (regarded H. tuberculatus as a junior synonym of H. breviceps)

Introduction

Lourie et al. (2016) regarded the Hippocampus tuberculatus from Western Australia as a junior synonym of the eastern H. breviceps based on similarity of meristic features. Kuiter (2001), however, separated the two species, primarily based on the coronet spines and body tubercles. Lourie et al. (2016) did not address these characters and suggested further work was needed to determine if the two are distinct species. We see little reason to treat the species as the same species, given that the arguments of Lourie et al. (2016) appear tentative and they did not address all the characters used by Kuiter (2001).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

King George Sound (ca. 118°E), to Onslow (21°38'S) WA; subtropical.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Inshore, sargassum, sponges.

Extra Ecological Information

0-20m

General References

Hutchins, J.B. 2001. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 63: 9-50 [27]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [17]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [51]

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [81] (as H. breviceps, in part)

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [95] (as Hippocampus breviceps, in part; regarded H. tuberculatus as a junior synonym of H. breviceps)

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [92] (638, as Hippocampus breviceps, in part)

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (539,as Farlapiscis breviceps, in part)

Common Name References

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [17] (Knobby Seahorse)

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Knobby Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	30-Aug-2016	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-Aug-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855

CAAB: 37282027

White's Seahorse, Common Sea-horse, High-crown Seahorse, Highcrown Seahorse, Whites Seahorse

Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, P. 1855. Over eenige visschen van Van Diemensland. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen [Verh. Akad. Amsterdam] 2: 1-31 fig. 1 [17] [as Hippocampus Whitei; based on fig. 2, plate opposite p. 264 in White, J. 1790. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales with sixty-five plates of non-descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. London : Debrett 299 pp. 65 pls].
Type data:
Neotype AM I.40831-018 (original locality Sydney), Sydney, Harbour, NSW.
Subsequent designation references:
Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [43].
Hippocampus novaehollandiae Steindachner, F. 1866. Zur Fischfauna von Port Jackson in Australien. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 53(1): 424-480 figs 1-7 [474(51), pl. 1 (fig.2a-b)] [as Hippocampus novae Hollandiae].
Type data:
Syntype(s) NHMW 59312, Port Jackson, NSW.
Hippocampus procerus Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [328, fig. 40].
Type data:
Holotype AM E.2914, Fairway Buoy, Hervey Bay, QLD [24°S 152°E].
Paratype(s) QM I.2208 (juvenile), Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria, QLD; QM I.8792 (male), off Redcliffe, SE QLD, N. Phillips; QM I.11000 (7), Moreton Bay, QLD; QM I.13012 (male), off Redcliffe, SE QLD, 5 fathoms; QM I.29963 (female), Newport Canal mouth, Deception Bay, Moreton Bay, QLD [27°12'S 153°06'E]; QM I.30772 (male and female), off Chain Banks, Moreton Bay, 3-7m; AM I.492 (female), Moreton Bay, QLD [27°25'S 153°20'E]; AM I.12554 (male), Moreton Bay, QLD [27°00'S 153°00'E]; AM IA.4205 (juvenile), Port Curtis, QLD [23°55'S 151°23'E]; AM IB.1011 (female), east of Burnett River, QLD [24°S 152°E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Whitley, G.P. 1931. New names for Australian fishes. The Australian Zoologist 6(4): 310-334 1 fig. pls 25-27 [313]
Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [43]
Short, G., Harasti, D. & Hamilton, H. 2019. Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855, a senior synonym of the southern Queensland seahorse H. procerus Kuiter, 2001: molecular and morphological evidence (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 824: 109-133 [115] (with redescription of Hippocampus whitei)

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus novae Hollandiae Steindachner, 1866 [original description spelling].

Introduction

IUCN Red List Status: Data Deficient. Work is currently underway by others on the status and distribution of this species. Apparently numerous records of this species are in error, with the species endemic to subtropical eastern Australia. Information treated here is based on information provided by J. Leis and D. Harasti.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

North of Mackay, QLD (20º06'S) to Wollongong (34º31´S), NSW; temperate; records from SA, VIC, New Guinea, western Indian Ocean and Vanuatu apparently based on misidentifications, record from Gulf of Carpentaria also probably in error.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Distribution References

Johnson, J.W. 2010. Fishes of the Moreton Bay Marine Park and adjacent continental shelf waters, Queensland, Australia. pp. 299-353 in Davie, P.J.F. & Phillips, J.A. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 54(3) [312] (as H. procerus)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, estuary, inshore, rock reef, seagrass.

Extra Ecological Information

0-20m

General References

Dawson, C.E. 1986. Family No.145: Syngnathidae. pp. 445-458 in Smith, M.M. & Heemstra, P.C. (eds). Smith's Sea Fishes. Johannesburg : Macmillan South Africa xx + 1047 pp. 144 pls. [454]

Edgar, G.J. 2008. Australian Marine Life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. Sydney : Reed New Holland 2nd edn, 624 pp. [483]

Harasti, D., Martin-Smith, K. & Gladstone, W. 2012. Population dynamics and life history of a geographically restricted seahorse, Hippocampus whitei. Journal of Fish Biology 81: 1297–1314

Kuiter, R.H. 1993. Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Bathurst : Crawford House Press 437 pp. [98]

Kuiter, R.H. 1996. Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia. A comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen. Sydney, NSW, Australia : New Holland Publishers xvii, 434 pp. [72]

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Relatives. Chorleywood, UK : TMC Publishing 240 pp. [14]

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [19, 42] (and p. 43 as H. procerus)

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [127]

Martin-Smith, K.M. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2006. Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae). Oryx 40: 141-151

McCulloch, A.R. 1929. A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part I. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 5: 1–144 [96] (as Hippocampus novaehollandiae)

Munro, I.S.R. 1961. Handbook of Australian fishes. Nos 1–42. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 15–17, 19, 20: 1-172 [published as separates 1956–1961] [91] (634)

Project Seahorse 2003. Hippocampus whitei. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2.. www.iucnredlist.org

Vincent, A.C.J., Evans, K.L. & Marsden, A.D. 2005. Home range behaviour of the monogamous Australian seahorse, Hippocampus whitei. Environmental Biology of Fishes 72(1): 1-12 [1]

Vincent, A.C.J., Marsden, A.D., Evans, K.L. & Sadler, L.M. 2004. Temporal and spatial opportunities for polygamy in a monogamous seahorse, Hippocampus whitei. Behaviour 141: 141-156 [141]

Vincent, A.C.J. & Giles, B.G. 2003. Correlates of reproductive success in a wild population of Hippocampus whitei. Journal of Fish Biology 63: 344-355 [344]

Vincent, A.C.J. & Sadler, R.M. 1995. Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses, Hippocampus whitei. Animal Behaviour 50: 1557-1569 [1557]

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (541)

Common Name References

Gomon, M.F., Glover, C.J.M. & Kuiter, R.H. (eds) 1994. The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. Adelaide : State Printer 992 pp. 810 figs. [449] (Whites Seahorse)

Grant, E.M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. Brisbane : Queensland Government, Co-ordinator General’s Department 640 pp. [133] (Common Sea-horse)

Kuiter, R.H. 1992. Tropical Reef-Fishes of the Western Pacific, Indonesia and Adjacent Waters. Jakarta : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama 314 pp. pls. [18] (White's Seahorse)

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (White's Seahorse, Highcrown Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	15-Mar-2023	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	08-Aug-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Species Hippocampus zebra Whitley, 1964

CAAB: 37282080

Zebra Seahorse

Hippocampus zebra Whitley, G.P. 1964. Fishes from the Coral Sea and the Swain Reefs. Records of the Australian Museum 26(5): 145-195 figs 1-15 pls 8-10 [164, pl. 8].
Type data:
Holotype AM IB.6015, Gillett Cay, Swain Reefs, QLD, 38 fathoms.
Paratype(s) AM IB.2819 (= H. dahli), Moreton Bay, QLD.
Hippocampus montebelloensis Kuiter, R.H. 2001. Revision of the Australian Seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53: 293-340 [326, fig. 36].
Type data:
Holotype NTM S.10804 (juvenile), off Trimoulle Island, Monte Bello Islands, WA [20°24'S, 115°34'E].
Paratype(s) WAM P.29078-001 (female), Exmouth Gulf, WA [22°00'S 114°20'E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Lourie, S.A., Pollom, R.A. & Foster, S.J. 2016. A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1): 1–66 [44]

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 [Kuiter (2009) considers Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach in Leach & Nodder 1814, to be a complex of species that includes H. zebra Whitley 1964]. —
Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [122]

Introduction

IUCN Red List Status: Data Deficient. Kuiter (2001) separated the Western Australian species, H. montebelloensis, from the eastern species H. zebra only on the basis of the lack of stripes on the body in H. montebelloensis. Lourie et al. (2016) pointed out that underwater photos from Western Australia show distinct zebra-stripes and that other species are variable in the presence of stripes. Tentatively we follow Lourie et al. (2016).

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Exmouth Gulf (22°00`S) to Port Hedland (20°18'S), WA and E of Cape Grenville (11°55'S) to Northwest Is, Capricorn Group (23°18'S) QLD; tropical, New Guinea.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, inshore.

Extra Ecological Information

Trawled 20–70 m.

General References

Horne, M.L. 2001. A new seahorse species (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from the Great Barrier Reef. Records of the Australian Museum 53(2): 243-246 [245]

Johnson, J.W. 1999. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43(2): 709-762 [726] (Inclusion based on the paratype that is H. dahli)

Kuiter, R.H. 2009. Seahorses and their relatives. Seaford, Australia : Aquatic Photographics pp. 331. [127] (and p. 126, as H. montebelloensis)

Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. 1999. Seahorses. An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. x 214 pp. [129]

Project Seahorse 2002. Hippocampus zebra. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2.. www.iucnredlist.org

Whitley, G.P. 1964. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 89(1): 11-127 [38] (544)

Whitley, G.P. & Allan, J. 1958. The Sea-horse and its Relatives. Melbourne : Georgian House 84 pp. 25 figs. [51]

Common Name References

Seafood Services Australia 2008. Australian Fish Names Standard. http://www.fishnames.com.au/. (Zebra Seahorse)

Whitley, G.P. & Allan, J. 1958. The Sea-horse and its Relatives. Melbourne : Georgian House 84 pp. 25 figs. [51] (Zebra Seahorse)

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
27-Jul-2017	SYNGNATHIFORMES	02-Jul-2017	MODIFIED	Dr Doug Hoese Dr Matthew Lockett
25-Jun-2015	SYNGNATHIFORMES	05-Aug-2014	MODIFIED	Dr Dianne Bray (NMV) Dr Doug Hoese (AM) Dr Matthew Lockett (AM)
		27-Jul-2010	MODIFIED

Genus Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810

Type species:

Type species:

Type species:

Type species:

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Introduction

Excluded Taxa

Distribution

States

Extra Distribution Information

IBRA

IMCRA

Other Regions

General References

History of changes

Species Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827

Bigbelly Seahorse, Australian Pot-belly Seahorse, Big-bellied Sea-horse, Big-bellied Seahorse, Big-belly Seahorse, Eastern Potbelly Seahorse, Manaia, Pot-bellied Seahorse, Potbelly Seahorse

Type data:

Type data:

Type data:

Type data:

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Generic Combinations

Introduction

Distribution

States

Extra Distribution Information

IMCRA

Ecological Descriptors

Extra Ecological Information

General References

Common Name References

History of changes

Species Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870

Western Spiny Seahorse, Big-head Seahorse, Bighead Seahorse, Eastern Spiny Seahorse, Northern Spiny Seahorse, Western Australian Seahorse

Type data:

Type data:

Type data:

Type data:

Type data:

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Introduction

Distribution

States

Extra Distribution Information

IMCRA

Other Regions

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Extra Ecological Information

General References

Common Name References

History of changes

Species Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, 1970

Pygmy Seahorse, Gorgonian Seahorse

Type data:

Subsequent designation references:

Distribution

States

Extra Distribution Information

IMCRA

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Extra Ecological Information

General References

Common Name References

History of changes

Species Hippocampus biocellatus Kuiter, 2001

False-eye Seahorse, False-eyed Seahorse

Type data:

Introduction

Distribution

States

Extra Distribution Information

IMCRA

Ecological Descriptors

Extra Ecological Information

General References

Common Name References