Species Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908)
Generic Combinations
- Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908). —
Nicolle, C. & Manceaux, L. 1909. Sur un protozoaire nouveau du gondi. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 148: 369–372
Distribution
Extra Distribution Information
USA; zoo USA, UK, EUR, Aust.
IBRA
Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)
IMCRA
Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)
Ecological Descriptors
Parasitic (host(s): Macropus agilis (Gould, 1842) [MACROPODIDAE] Agile Wallaby (heart); Neophoca cinerea (Péron, 1816) [OTARIIDAE] Australian Sea-lion (heart); Vombatus ursinus (Shaw, 1800) [VOMBATIDAE] Bare-nosed Wombat (syn. Phascolom mitchelli; various organs (+ PCR), antibodies (DAT)); Onychogalea fraenata (Gould, 1841) [MACROPODIDAE] Bridled Nailtail Wallaby (antibodies (LAT)); Antechinus stuartii Macleay, 1841 [DASYURIDAE] Brown Antechinus (= A. agilis; tissue cysts); Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) [MURIDAE] Brown Rat (syn. Rattus decumanus Pallus, 1778, Mus decumanus; brain, antibodies (CFT, DT)); Bettongia penicillata Gray, 1837 [POTOROIDAE] Brush-tailed Bettong (brain, heart (PCR)); Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw, 1805) [PSITTACIDAE] Budgerigar (brain, intestines, kidney, liver, lung, muscles (exptl. infection)); Rattus fuscipes (Waterhouse, 1839) [MURIDAE] Bush Rat (various organs, antibodies (CFT)); Serinus canaria (Linnaeus, 1758) [FRINGILLIDAE] Canary (central nervous system); Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 [FELIDAE] Cat (faeces, various tissues (+ PCR), antibodies (LAT, HAT, DAT, IHAT, IFAT, ELISA)); Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792) [PHALANGERIDAE] Common Brushtail Possum; Macropus robustus Gould, 1841 [MACROPODIDAE] Common Wallaroo (lungs, antibodies (IHAT, CSFA)); Dasycercus cristicauda (Krefft, 1867) [DASYURIDAE] Crest-tailed Mulgara (tissue cysts); Platycercus elegans (Gmelin, 1788) [PLATYCERCIDAE] Crimson Rosella (lung); Parantechinus apicalis (Gray, 1842) [DASYURIDAE] Dibbler (syn. Antechinus apicalis; tissue cysts); Canis familiaris dingo Linnaeus, 1758 [CANIDAE] Dingo (= Canis lupus dingo; antibodies (DAT)); Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758 [PHASIANIDAE] Domestic Chicken (muscles); Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 [CANIDAE] Domestic Dog (various tissues (brain, heart, kidney, lung, liver, adrenal gland), antibodies (CFT, HAT)); Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 [COLUMBIDAE] Domestic Pigeon, Feral Pigeon; Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, 1843 [LUMBRICIDAE] Earthworm ((paratenic host)); Perionyn excavatus (Perrier, 1872) [TUBIFICIDAE] Earthworm ((paratenic host)); Perameles gunnii Gray, 1838 [PERAMELIDAE] Eastern Barred Bandicoot (various tissues, central nervous system, antibodies (DAT, MAT)(+ exptl. infection)); Macropus giganteus Shaw, 1790 [MACROPODIDAE] Eastern Grey Kangaroo (syn. M. canguru; various tissues, antibodies (IHAT)); Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis (Spencer, 1896) [DASYURIDAE] Fat-tailed Antechinus (syn. Antechinus macdonnellensis; tissue cysts); Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould, 1844) [DASYURIDAE] Fat-tailed Dunnart (tissue cysts); Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Goat (various tissues (+ PCR), antibodies (IFAT, IHAT)); Equus (Equus) caballus Linnaeus, 1758 [EQUIDAE] Horse (muscle, antibodies (CFT)); Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 [MURIDAE] House Mouse (syn. M. domesticus; brain, tissues, liver, peritoneum (+ exptl.), antibodies (DT)); Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (brain, lymph nodes, antibodies (CFT, DT, IHAT, DAT, LAT, IFAT, ELISA)); Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) [DELPHINIDAE] Indo-pacific Hump-backed Dolphin (brain, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, adrenal gland (+ immunohistochemistry, + EM)); Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss, 1817) [PHASCOLARCTIDAE] Koala (various tissues (heart, brain, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bladder, kidney, adrenal glands)); Dasyuroides byrnei Spencer, 1896 [DASYURIDAE] Kowari (as Dasycercus byrnei; tissue cysts); Dasycercus byrnei Spencer, 1896 [DASYURIDAE] Kowari (tissue cysts); Sminthopsis laniger (Gould, 1856) [DASYURIDAE] Kultarr (syn. Antechinomys laniger; tissue cysts); Eudyptula minor (J.R. Forster, 1781) [SPHENISCIDAE] Little Penguin (liver, spleen); Corvus mellori Mathews, 1912 [CORVIDAE] Little Raven; Perameles nasuta Geoffroy, 1804 [PERAMELIDAE] Long-nosed Bandicoot (brain, antibodies (CFT)); Potorous tridactylus (Kerr, 1792) [POTOROIDAE] Long-nosed Potoroo (= P. gilberti; lungs, liver, muscle, antibodies (IHAT)); Dendrolagus lumholtzi Collett, 1884 [MACROPODIDAE] Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroo; Suricata suricatta (Schreber, 1776) [VIVERRIDAE] Meerkat (brain (PCR)); Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Ox (neural tissues, muscles, antibodies (DT, CFT, IFAT)); Macropus parma Waterhouse, 1845 [MACROPODIDAE] Parma Wallaby (various organs); Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 [SUIDAE] Pig (muscles, antibodies (IFAT, DT)); Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) [MACROPODIDAE] Quokka (muscle, brain, kidney, antibodies (DT)); Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) [LEPORIDAE] Rabbit (antibodies (DT)); Macropus rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817) [MACROPODIDAE] Red-necked Wallaby (syn. M. bennetti; various tissues (+ PCR)(+ culture), antibodies (DAT, MAT, ELISA)); Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) [PYCNONOTIDAE] Red-whiskered Bulbul (liver, spleen, muscle); Sericulus chrysocephalus (Lewin, 1808) [PTILONORHYNCHIDAE] Regent Bowerbird (liver, spleen, intestine); Polytelis anthopeplus (Lear, 1831) [PSITTACIDAE] Regent Parrot (lung, liver, spleen); Ptilorhynchus violaceus (Vieillot, 1816) [PTILONORHYNCHIDAE] Satin Bowerbird (liver, spleen, intestine); Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Sheep (various tissues, antibodies (DT, CFT, IFAT, IHAT, ELISA)); Isoodon obesulus (Shaw, 1797) [PERAMELIDAE] Southern Brown Bandicoot (syn. Thylacis obesulus; lung, brain, antibodies (CFT)); Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758) [CASUARIIDAE] Southern Cassowary (brain, antibodies (MAT)); Lasiorhinus latifrons (Owen, 1845) [VOMBATIDAE] Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat; Sminthopsis macroura (Gould, 1845) [DASYURIDAE] Stripe-faced Dunnart (tissue cysts); Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) [MACROPODIDAE] Swamp Wallaby (various organs); Macropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817) [MACROPODIDAE] Tammar Wallaby (various tissues (+ PCR)(+ culture), antibodies (IHAT, DAT, MAT)); Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest, 1822) [MACROPODIDAE] Tasmanian Pademelon (various tissues, antibodies (DT, DAT, MAT, ELISA)); Ducula spilorrhoa Gray, 1858 [COLUMBIDAE] Torres Strait Pigeon (lung, spleen, brain); [MACROPODIDAE] Unidentified kangaroo species (muscles (PCR)); Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy, 1804 [MURIDAE] Water-rat (brain kidney, muscle, heart, antibodies (CFT)); Macropus fuliginosus (Desmarest, 1817) [MACROPODIDAE] Western Grey Kangaroo (various tissues (+ PCR), antibodies (IHA, LAT, MAT, DT, ELISA)); Macropus parryi (Bennett, 1835) [MACROPODIDAE] Whiptail Wallaby; Sminthopsis leucopus (Gray, 1842) [DASYURIDAE] White-footed Dunnart (tissue cysts); Petrogale xanthopus Gray, 1855 [MACROPODIDAE] Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby; Rattus sp. [MURIDAE] (diaphragm, brain)).
Associated Fauna References
Adams, P.J., Elliot, A.D., Algar, D. & Brazell, R.I. 2008. Gastrointestinal parasites of feral cats from Christmas Island. Australian Veterinary Journal 86: 60-63 (Felis catus)
Arundel, J.H., Barker, I.K. & Beveridge, I. 1977. Diseases of marsupials. pp. 141-154 in Stonehouse, B. & Gilmore, D. (eds). The Biology of Marsupials. London : Macmillan. (Vombatus ursinus)
Ashton N. 1979. Ocular toxoplasmosis in wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). American Journal of Ophthalmology 88: 322-332 (Macropus rufogriseus)
Attwood, H.D. & Woolley, P.A. 1975. Toxoplasmosis in dasyurid marsupials: a final chapter. Pathology 7: 50 (Dasycercus byrnei)
Attwood, H.D. & Woolley, P.A. 1982. Histopathology of captive dasyurid marsupials. pp. 27-30 in Evans, D.D. (ed.). The Management of Australian Mammals in Captivity. Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting of the Australian Mammal Society, Healesville, Victoria, February 1979. Melbourne : Zoological Board of Victoria 194 pp. (Dasycercus byrnei; Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis; Dasycercus cristicauda; Sminthopsis laniger; Sminthopsis macroura; Sminthopsis crassicaudata; Parantechinus apicalis; Sminthopsis leucopus)
Attwood H.D., Woolley P.A. & Rickard M.D. 1975. Toxoplasmosis in dasyurid marsupials. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11: 543-551 (Dasycercus byrnei; Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis; Dasycercus cristicauda; Sminthopsis laniger; Sminthopsis macroura; Sminthopsis crassicaudata; Parantechinus apicalis; Sminthopsis leucopus; Antechinus stuartii)
Babbage N.F. 1965. An epidemic of miscarriage in humans possibly caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 485-488 (Homo sapiens)
Beatty, J. & Barrs, V. 2003. Acute toxoplasmosis in two cats on cyclosporin therapy. Australian Veterinary Journal 81: 339 (Felis catus)
Bettiol, S.S., Obendorf, D.L., Nowarkowski, M., Milstein, T. & Goldsmid, J.M. 2000. Earthworms as paratenic hosts of toxoplasmosis in eastern barred bandicoots in Tasmania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 145-148 (Perionyn excavatus; Lumbricus rubellus; Perameles gunnii)
Bettiol, S.S., Obendorf, D.L., Nowarkowski, M. & Goldsmid, J.M. 2000. Pathology of experimental toxoplasmosis in eastern barred bandicoots in Tasmania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 141-144 (Perameles gunnii)
Binas, M. & Johnson, A.M. 1988. A polymorphism in a DNA polymerase a gene intron differentiates between murine virulent and avirulent strains in Toxoplasma gondii. International Journal for Parasitology 28: 1033-1040 (Mus musculus)
Boorman, G.A., Kollias, G.V. & Taylor, R.F. 1977. An outbreak of toxoplasmosis in wallaroos (Macropus robustus) in a California Zoo. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 13: 64-68 (Macropus robustus)
Bowater, R.O., Norton, J., Johnson, S., Hill, B., O'Donoghue, P. & Prior, H. 2003. Toxoplasmosis in Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins (Sousa chinensis), from Queensland. Australian Veterinary Journal 81: 627-632 (Sousa chinensis)
Callow, L.L. 1984. Animal Health in Australia. Volume 5. Protozoal and Rickettsial Diseases. Canberra : Aust. Govt. Publ. Service. (Corvus mellori; Dendrolagus lumholtzi; Macropus parma; Rattus fuscipes; Setonix brachyurus; Thylogale billardierii; Macropus eugenii; Macropus rufogriseus; Hydromys chrysogaster; Columba livia; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Equus (Equus) caballus; Sus scrofa; Bos taurus; Capra hircus; Ovis aries; Gallus gallus; Serinus canaria)
Canfield, P.J., Hartley, W.J. & Dubey, J.P. 1990. Lesions of toxoplasmosis in Australian marsupials. Journal of Comparative Pathology 103: 159-167 (Phascolarctos cinereus; Vombatus ursinus)
Canfield, P.J. & Hartley, W.J. 1992. A survey and review of hepatobiliary lesions in Australian macropods. Journal of Comparative Pathology 107: 147-167 (Macropus parma; Bettongia penicillata; Setonix brachyurus; Thylogale billardierii; Macropus eugenii; Macropus fuliginosus; Macropus rufogriseus; Wallabia bicolor; Macropus giganteus)
Coman, B.J., Jones, E.H. & Westbury, H.A. 1981. Protozoan and viral infections of feral cats. Australian Veterinary Journal 57: 319-323 (Felis catus)
Cook, I. 1959. Toxoplasma in Queensland. IV. Serological surveys of the human population. Australian Journal of Experimantal Biology and Medical Science 37: 581-592 (Homo sapiens)
Cook, I. 1961. Ovine toxoplasmosis. Australian Veterinary Journal 37: 451-456 (Ovis aries; Mus musculus)
Cook, I. & Pope, J.H. 1959. Toxoplasma in Queensland. III. A preliminary survey of animal hosts. Australian Journal of Experimantal Biology 37: 253-262 (Rattus fuscipes; Hydromys chrysogaster; Perameles nasuta; Isoodon obesulus; Rattus norvegicus; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Equus (Equus) caballus; Bos taurus)
Dahl, R.J., Woods, W.H. & Johnson, A.M. 1987. Recognition by the human immune system of candidate vaccine epitopes of Toxoplasma gondii measured by a competitive ELISA. Vaccine 5: 187-191 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)
Dahl, R.J. & Johnson, A.M. 1983. Purification of Toxoplasma gondii from host cells. Journal of Clinical Pathology 36: 602-604 (Mus musculus)
Dahl, R.J. & Johnson, A.M. 1984. Specificity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Toxoplasma IgG antibody. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78: 661-662 (Homo sapiens)
Dennis, S.M. 1974. Perinatal lamb mortality in Western Australia. 3. Congenital infections. Australian Veterinary Journal 50: 507-510 (Ovis aries)
Dickens, R.K. 1978. The koala in health and disease. in Fauna Part B. Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney. pp. 105-117 (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Dobos-Kovacs, M., Meszaros, J., Pellerdy, L. & Balsai, A. 1974. Studies on source of Toxoplasma infecton in captive kangaroos. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 24: 293-301 (Macropus eugenii; Felis catus; Mus musculus)
Dobos-Kovacs, M., Meszaros, J., Pellerdy, L. & Balsai, A. 1974. Toxoplasmose bei Kanguruhs (Thylogale eugenii) verursacht durch Toxoplasma-Oozysten enthaltendes Futter. Parasitologia Hungarica 7: 85-89 (Macropus eugenii)
Dore, G.J., Li, Y., McDonald, A. & Kaldor, J.M. 2001. Spectrum of AIDS-defining illnesses in Australia, 1992 to 1998: influence of country/region of birth. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 26: 283-290 (Homo sapiens)
Doube, L.J. 1981. Diseases of wombats. pp. 63-75 in Fowler, M.E. Wildlife diseases of the Pacific Basin and other countries. Sydney : Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Wildlife Diseases Associations. (Lasiorhinus latifrons; Vombatus ursinus)
Dubey, J.P. 1986. A review of toxoplasmosis in cattle. Veterinary Microbiology 22: 177-202 (Bos taurus)
Dubey, J.P. 1986. A review of toxoplasmosis in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 19: 181-223 (Sus scrofa)
Dubey, J.P. 2002. A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds. Veterinary Microbiology 106: 121-153 (Ducula spilorrhoa; Ptilorhynchus violaceus; Sericulus chrysocephalus; Platycercus elegans; Pycnonotus jocosus; Serinus canaria)
Dubey, J.P., Hedstrom, O., Machado, C.R. & Osborn, K.G. 1991. Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a captive koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22: 348-350 (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Dubey, J.P., Hughes, H.P.A., Lillehoj, H.S., Gamble, H.R. & Munday, B.L. 1987. Placental transfer of specific antibodies during ovine congenital toxoplasmosis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 48: 474-476 (Ovis aries)
Dubey, J.P., Ott-Joslin, J., Torgerson, R.W., Topper, M.J. & Sundberg, J.P. 1988. Toxoplasmosis in black-faced kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus melanops). Veterinary Microbiology 30: 97-105 (Macropus fuliginosus)
Dubey, J.P., Ross, A.D. & Fritz, D. 2003. Clinical Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia heydorni, and Sarcocystis spp. infections in dogs. Parassitologia 45: 141-146 (Canis familiaris)
Dubey, J.P. & Beattie, C.P. 1988. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man. Boca Raton : CRC Press. (Petrogale xanthopus; Macropus parma; Macropus robustus; Setonix brachyurus; Macropus fuliginosus; Macropus rufogriseus; Wallabia bicolor; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Equus (Equus) caballus; Sus scrofa; Bos taurus; Ovis aries)
Dubey, J.P. & Crutchley, C. 2008. Toxoplasmosis in wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus and Macropus eugenii): blindness, treatment with atovaquone, and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Parasitology 94: 929-933 (Macropus eugenii; Macropus rufogriseus)
Dubey, J.P. & Hamir, A.N. 2002. Experimental toxoplasmosis in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Journal of Parasitology 88: 514-519 (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Edmonds, A.R. 1949. Human toxoplasmosis, with report of a case. Medical Journal of Australia 1: 456-457 (Homo sapiens)
Ellis, J., Luton, K., Baverstock, P.R., Brindley, P.J., Nimmo, K.A. & Johnson, A.M. 1994. The phylogeny of Neospora caninum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 64: 303-311 (Mus musculus)
Fay, F.R. 1989. Toxoplasmosis in seals. Australian Advances in Veterinary Science 1989: 109-110 (Neophoca cinerea)
Ford, G.E. & Beveridge, I. 1980. Clinical Parasitology for the diagnosis of the cyst-forming sporozoa at the vector stage in companion animals. Australian Advances in Veterinary Science 1980: 66-67 (Felis catus)
Fowler, M.E. 1981. Wildlife diseases of the Pacific Basin and other countries. Sydney : Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Wildlife Diseases Associations. (Thylogale billardierii; Macropus rufogriseus; Phascolarctos cinereus; Vombatus ursinus)
Garven, A. 1957. Toxoplasmosis: the diagnosis of clinical and latent infection in Australia. Australasian Annals of Medicine 6: 141-144 (Homo sapiens)
Gibb, D.G.A., Kakulas, B.A., Perret, D.H. & Jenkyn, D.J. 1966. Toxoplasmosis in the Rottnest quokka (Setonix brachyurus). Australian Journal of Experimantal Biology and Medical Science 44: 665-672 (Setonix brachyurus)
Glazebrook, J.S., Campbell, R.S.F., Hutchinson, G.W. & Stallman, N.D. 1978. Rodent zoonoses in north Queensland. The occurrence and distribution of zoonotic infections in north Queensland rodents. Australian Journal of Experimantal Biology and Medical Science 56: 147-156 (Hydromys chrysogaster)
Glazebrook, J.S., Campbell, R.S.F. & Hutchinson, G.W. 1977. The pathology of feral rodents in north Queensland. II. Studies on zoonotic infections. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 28: 545-551 (Hydromys chrysogaster; Rattus sp.)
Gregory, G.C. & Munday, B.L. 1976. Internal parasites of feral cats from the Tasmanian Midlands and King Island. Australian Veterinary Journal 52: 317-320 (Felis catus)
Grunberg, W. 1953. Toxoplasmose beim Bennett-Kanguruh (Makropus bennetti Gould) und einem Klippschliefer (Hyrax syriacus Schreb.). Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift 46: 586-593 (Macropus rufogriseus)
Guo, Z.G., Gross, U. & Johnson, A.M. 1997. Toxoplasma gondii virulence markers identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology Research 83: 458-463 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)
Guo, Z.G. & Johnson, A.M. 1995. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains by random amplified ploymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology 111: 127-132 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)
Guo, Z.-G. & Johnson, A.M. 1995. Genetic comparison of Neospora caninum with Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology Research 81: 365-370 (Mus musculus)
Hartley, W.J., Dubey, J.P. & Spielman, D.S. 1990. Fatal toxoplasmosis in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Journal of Parasitology 76: 271-272 (Phascolarctos cinereus)
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Hartley, W.J. & Dubey, J.P. 1991. Fatal toxoplasmosis in some native Australian birds. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 3: 167-169 (Ducula spilorrhoa; Polytelis anthopeplus; Ptilorhynchus violaceus; Sericulus chrysocephalus; Platycercus elegans; Pycnonotus jocosus)
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Hartley, W.J. & Moyle, G. 1968. Observations on an outbreak of ovine congenital toxoplasmosis. Australian Veterinary Journal 44: 105-107 (Ovis aries)
Hartley, W.J. & Moyle, G.G. 1974. Further observations on the epidemiology of ovine Toxoplasma infection. Australian Journal of Experimantal Biology and Medical Science 52: 647-653 (Ovis aries)
Hartley, W.J. & Munday, B.L. 1974. Felidae in the dissemination of toxoplasmosis to man and other animals. Australian Veterinary Journal 50: 224-228 (Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Bos taurus)
Henderson, W.R. 2009. Pathogens in Vertebrate Pests in Australia. Canberra, Australia : Invasive Animnals Cooperative Research Centre 30 pp. (Felis catus; Sus scrofa)
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History of changes
| Published | As part of group | Action Date | Action Type | Compiler(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 03-Dec-2014 | APICOMPLEXA Levine, 1970 | 10-Apr-2024 | MODIFIED | |
| 26-Jul-2012 | 10-Apr-2024 | MODIFIED | ||
| 24-Aug-2011 | ADDED |