Genus Phenacoccus Cockerell, 1893

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Genus Phenacoccus Cockerell, 1893

Phenacoccus Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. Note on the genus Pseudococcus Westwood. Entomological News 4: 317-318 [318].
Type species:
Pseudococcus aceris Signoret, 1875 by original designation.
Paroudablis Cockerell, T.D.A. 1900. A new genus of Coccidae, injuring the roots of the grapevine in South Africa. The Entomologist 33: 85-87 [87] [as a subgenus of Phenacoccus].
Type species:
Boisduvalia piceae Low, 1883 by subsequent designation, see Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360.
Phaenacoccus Lindinger, L. 1935. Die nunmehr gültigen Namen der Arten in meinem 'Schildläusebuch' und in den 'Schildläusen der Mitteleuropäischen Gewächshäuser'. (In German). Arbeiten über Physiologische und Angewandte Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 44: 127-149 [142] [unjustified emendation].
Phaenococcus Lindinger, L. 1937. Verzeichnis der Schildläus-Gattungen. (Homoptera - Coccoidea Handlirsch, 1903). Entomologisches Jahrbuch 46: 178-198 [192] [unjustified emendation, see Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1–206 (152)].
Secondary source:
Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206.
Peukinococcus Šulc, K. 1944. Antoninella n. gn. synon. Antonina sulci Green 1934. (Coccoidea, Homoptera). (In Czech). Ceskoslovensko Zool. Spolec. Vestnik (Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae) 1944: 148-170 [2].
Type species:
Boisduvalia piceae Low, 1883 by monotypy.
Paroudablis Borchsenius, N.S. 1949. Insects Homoptera. suborders mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Family mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Vol. VII. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR 38: 1-382 [88] [junior subjective synonym of Phenacoccus Cockerell, 1893].
Type species:
Boisduvalia piceae Low, 1883 by subsequent designation, see Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360.
Caulococcus Borchsenius, N.S. 1960. New genus of mealybugs from Tadzhikistan (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea). Doklady Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR. Dushanbe 3: 47-49 [47].
Type species:
Phenacoccus angustatus Borchsenius, 1949 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Ferris, G.F. 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Series 5, v. 5. The Pseudococcidae. (Part 1). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press Vol. 5(2) 278 pp. [120] (synonymy of Peukinococcus Šulc, 1944 by community of type-species)
Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Andover, UK : Intercept Limited 686 pp. [74] (synonymy of Caulococcus Borchsenius, 1960; p. 287 synonymy of Paroudablis Borchsenius, 1949)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA and IMCRA regions (map not available)

IBRA

NSW: Sydney Basin (SB) ; NSW, NT, Qld, WA: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ) ; Vic: South East Coastal Plain (SCP)

ID Keys

(Marotta, S., Russo, A. & Matile-Ferrero, D., 1997) [438] (female; Italy); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [152-153] (female; northeastern North America); (Tang, F.T., 1992) [528] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [347-349] (female; Central and South America); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [43] (female; Central and South America); (Danzig, E.M., 1988) [697] (female; Far East of Russia); (Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F., 1988) [63] (female; Central Europe); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1988) [19] (female; tropical South Pacific region); (Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A., 1987) [2] (female; India); (Cox, J.M., 1987) [13] (female; New Zealand); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [266] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [36, 37] (female; Australia); (Wang, T.C., 1982) [21] (female; China); (Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig], 1980) [124] (female; Far East Russia); (Kawai, S., 1980) [92] (female; Japan); (Bazarov, B.B. & Nurmamatov, A.M., 1975) [54] (female; Tajikistan); (Tereznikova, E.M., 1975) [160, 211] (female; Ukraine); (Tereznikova, E.M., 1975) [160] (female; Ukraine & Palaearctic Region); (Ter-Grigorian, M.A., 1973) [38, 135] (female; Armenia); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [46] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [214-216] (female; North America); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [405] (female; Federated States of Micronesia); (McKenzie, H.L., 1964) [238] (female; North America); (Williams, D.J., 1962) [34] (female; Britain); (McKenzie, H.L., 1961) [26] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1960) [713] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [395-396] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [282] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1950) [21] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1950) [120-122] (female; North America); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1949) [88] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1949) [210-211] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [161] (female; Hawaii); (Kanda, S., 1943) [42] (female; Japan)

GENERAL

Good definition and characetrs given by Kanda, S. 1943. On the Phenacoccus species (Coccidae) in the Palaeartic region of Nippon. Transactions of the Kansai Entomological Society 12: 42–49, Ferris in Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., Borchsenius, N.S. 1949. Insects Homoptera. suborders mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Family mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Vol. VII. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR 38: 1–382, Ferris, G.F. 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. (Ser. 5, vol. 5). The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press 278 pp., McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp., Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1973. Soft and armored scales (Coccoidea) mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). In Fauna of Armenian SSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armianskoi SSR. Erevan [1973]: 1–246, Tereznikova, E.M. 1975. [Coccids. In, The Fauna of Ukraine.]. Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koi SSR Instituta Zoologicheskogo 20(18): 295, Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1–343; Danzig, E.M. 1988. Suborder Coccinea. In, Lehr, P.A. (ed). Keys to insects of the Far East of the USSR. Leningrad : Nauka; Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp., Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp., Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 1. The armoured scales (Diaspididae). London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 290 pp., Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp., Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp. and by Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp.. Borchsenius, N.S. 1960. Contribution to the coccid fauna KNR [Chinese Peoples' Republic]. 4. Hard and soft scales, harmful fruit and grape culture in northeast and east KNR. Acta Entomologica Sinica 10: 214–218 assigned eight species to Caulococcus. Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp. accepted Caulococcus as valid and placed in it a total of 24 species. Other students, e.g. Williams, D.J. & Miller, D.R. 1985. Phenacoccus avenae Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from the Netherlands and Turkey, intercepted at quarantine on bulbs, corms and rhizomes of ornamental plants. Bulletin of Entomological Research 75: 671–674, Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp., did not accept its separation from Phenacoccus. Until the characters upon which these genera have been distinguished will be critically evaluated in a comprehensive revision, Caulococcus is regarded a subjective synonym of Phenacoccus (Ben-Dov, 1994).