Introduction

The Crinoidea, commonly called feather stars and sea lilies, are the smallest of the major extant echinoderm classes, with some 24 families, 144 genera and 600 species worldwide. Eighteen families are represented in Australia by a total of 63 genera and 136 species.

The common names applied to the two forms of crinoid aptly describe their general appearance. Sizes range up to 0.5 m across the arms in the feeding posture. Some species, especially among the feather stars, are brilliantly coloured, others are duller browns, reds and purples. They are epibenthic or epizoic on soft or hard substrates and are passive rheophilic suspension feeders; some species may be deposit feeders.

Crinoids occur in all seas: feather stars (comatulids) generally from the lower shore to about 200 m, rarely deeper, while stalked forms may extend from about 70 m to about 6000 m. They range from Mid-Cambrian to Recent (sea lilies), or Lower Jurassic to Recent (feather stars).

Crinoids are the only living echinoderm with the mouth directed upwards and are diagnosed as: radially symmetrical; either free-living (comatulids) or attached to the substrate by a jointed column or stalk which may or may not bear cirri and which has a basal expansion or holdfast (isocrinids, cyrtocrinids and bourgueticrinids). The main body (theca) comprises a dorsal, plated calyx or cup from which five simple or complexly branched arms or brachia arise. A ventral tegmen or membrane overarches the calyx to protect the viscera. On the calyx of free-living forms a dorsal plate, the centrodorsal, may bear cirri for grasping the substrate. In life, the tegmen with the mouth and anus are directed upwards; the mouth is central or eccentric (comatulids), with ambulacral grooves leading from it to the upper (i.e. ventral) surface of the arms; the anus is interradial, the tegmen bilaterally symmetrical. Short, jointed pinnules arise on each side of alternate arm joints; there are three main types: the proximal, protective oral pinnules, the gonad-bearing genital pinnules, and food-collecting distal pinnules. Break points (syzygies) occur at specific points along the arms.

The water vascular system comprises a circumoesophageal ring from which arises a pair of oral tube feet from each interradius, together with numerous ciliated pores connecting the water vascular system with the coelom. Five radial canals arise from the ring and divide along the upper surface of the arms, genital and distal pinnules, to the arm tips. Tube feet, in groups of three, arise from the radial canals. There is no external madreporite, but the tegmen is pierced by numerous ciliated funnels (hydropores) establishing a connection between the water vascular system and the external environment.

The coelom is reduced, divided, and contains the coiled digestive tract.

Crinoidea are dioecious, the sexes are usually indistinguishable (except by colour and appearance of the distended gonads in very ripe crinoids of both sexes or the occurrence of brooding females). Gonads are external, restricted to the upper surface of genital pinnules on the arms. Reproduction is usually by broadcast of gametes; a few species brood juveniles or are considered viviparous, although the mechanism of transfer of sperm to the ovary is not known. In comatulids, non-feeding doliolarian larvae metamorphose through stalked cystidean and penta-crinoid stages in all forms prior to stalk loss (except centrodorsal plate).

Detailed descriptive and illustrative information on the class Crinoidea can be obtained from a wide range of texts, including those listed in the 'References' below.

Major revisions of the family Comasteridae have been carried out by Rowe et al. (1986) and Hoggett & Rowe (1986). A.H. Clark's identification of comasterid taxa was confused. Thus, the taxonomy of the remaining families is considered by the senior author (FWER) to be in a state of some flux, and requiring a detailed reassessment.

The classification adopted for this group follows Rasmussen & Sieverts-Doreck (1978).

General References

George, J.D. & George, J.J. 1979. Marine Life: an Illustrated Encyclopedia of Invertebrates of the Sea. London : Harrap 288 pp.

Hoggett, A.K. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1986. A reappraisal of the family Comasteridae A.H. Clark, 1908 (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with the description of a new subfamily and a new genus. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology Zool. 88: 103-142 figs 1-3

Hyman, L.H. 1955. The Invertebrates: Echinodermata. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 4 763 pp.

Jangoux, M. & Lawrence, J.M. (eds) 1982. Echinoderm Nutrition. Rotterdam : A.A. Balkema 654 pp. illust.

Lawrence, J. 1987. A Functional Biology of Echinoderms. London : Croom Helm 340 pp.

Nichols, D. 1969. Echinoderms. London : Hutchinson University Library 192 pp. 27 figs.

Pearse, V., Pearse, J., Buchsbaum, M. & Buchsbaum, R. 1987. Living Invertebrates. California : Blackwell Scientific Publications and the Boxwood Press 848 pp. illust.

Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3.

Rowe, F.W.E., Hoggett, A.K., Birtles, R.A. & Vail, L.L. 1986. Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 86: 197-277 figs 1-10

History of changes

History of changes

Introduction

The large family Antedonidae is cosmopolitan and comprises 52 genera, seven of which are recorded in Australian waters. Sixteen species are recorded in the Australian fauna.

The antedonids are a family in the order Comatulida, distinguished from others by the following combination of character states: basals transformed into a rosette, five or rarely 10 radials; arms divided at primibranch 2; syzygy at brachials 3+4 and generally 9+10; distal brachials wedge-shaped; mouth central, anus excentric.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3.

History of changes

• Antedon Freminville, C.P. de 1811. Mémoire sur un nouveau genre de Zoophites de l'ordre des Radiaires. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris 2(49): 349-350 [349].

  Type species:

   Antedon gorgonia Freminville, 1811 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1922. Opinion 73. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 73(1): 23-31 [24].
• Hibernula Fleming, J. 1828. A History of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. Edinburgh (London) : Bell & Bradfute (and James Duncan) xxiii, 565 pp. [494].

  Type species:

   Pentacrinus europaeus Thompson, 1827 by original designation.
• Phytocrinus Blainville, H.M.D. de 1830. Zoophytes. In, Levrault, F.G. (ed.). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, dans lequel on traitre méthodiquement des differéns êtres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-mêmes, d'après l'état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement a l'utlité qu'en peuvent retirer la médicine, l'agriculture, le commerce et les arts. Paris : Le Normat Tome 60 546 pp, 68 pls (+ pp. 547-631). [235] [unnecessary nom. nov. for Hibernula Fleming, 1828].
• Ganymeda Gray, J.E. 1834. Characters of a new genus of Radiata (Ganymeda). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1833(2): 15-16 [15].

  Type species:

   Ganymeda pulchella Gray, 1834 by monotypy.
• Kallispongia Wright, E.P. 1877. On a new genus and species of sponge. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2 2: 754-757 pl. 40 [754].

  Type species:

   Kallispongia archeri Wright, 1877 by monotypy.
• Compsometra Clark, A.H. 1908. New genera of unstalked crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 21: 125-136 [131].

  Type species:

   Antedon loveni A.H. Clark, 1908 by original designation.
• Repometra Clark, A.H. 1937. Crinoidea. Scientific Reports of the John Murray Expedition 4(4): 88-108 1 pl. [93].

  Type species:

   Repometra arabica A.H. Clark, 1937 by monotypy.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3. [T907]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Norfolk Island Province (21), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Central E coast, Central W coast, Great Australian Bight, Lower E coast, Lower W coast, NE coast, S Gulfs coast, SW coast, Tas. Coast
• Southwest Pacific Ocean

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Antedon detonna McKnight, D.G. 1977. Crinoids from Norfolk Island and Wanganella Bank. Records of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 3(14): 129-137 [134, figs 6, 7].

  Type data:

   Holotype NZOI, off Norfolk Is. (29º06´45˜S 167º56´56˜E), Tasman Sea.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Depth range 15-24 m.

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Rowe, F.W.E. 1989. Nine new deep-water species of Echinodermata from Norfolk Island and Wanganella Bank, northeastern Tasman Sea, with a checklist of the echinoderm fauna. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 111(4): 257-291 12 figs 1 table

History of changes

• Antedon incommoda Bell, F.J. 1888. Notes on echinoderms collected at Port Phillip by Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 2(11): 401-407 [404].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1884.11.12.5–6,13, Port Phillip, VIC.
• Antedon incommoda austini Clark, A.M. 1967. [Species description]. p.162 in Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53 [162, figs 10b-e].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 86.2.25.4–9, Lewis Is., Dampier Archipelago, NW Australia.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Rowe, F.W.E. in Rowe, F.W.E. & Gates, J. 1995. Echinodermata. In, Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 33. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia xiii 510 pp. [Date published 30 May 1995] [121]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Port Curtis, QLD to Dampier, WA; southwest Pacific Ocean. Depth range 0-65 m.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Central E coast, Central W coast, Great Australian Bight, Lower E coast, Lower W coast, NE coast, S Gulfs coast, SW coast, Tas. Coast
• Southwest Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53 (as Antedon incommoda incommoda Bell, 1888, and Antedon incommoda austini A.M. Clark, 1967)

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls. (refers to Antedon incommoda austini A.M. Clark, 1967)

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Compsometra incommoda (Bell, 1888))

History of changes

• Compsometra iris Clark, A.H. 1912. Descriptions of twenty new Recent unstalked crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies. Notes from the Leyden Museum 34(2): 129-156 [131].

  Type data:

   Holotype RMNH, anchorage north of Salomakiëe (Damar) Is., Indonesia.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Claremont Island to Double Island Point QLD; west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 0-55 m.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NE coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

History of changes

• Antedon loveni Bell, F.J. 1882. An attempt to apply a method of formulation to the species of the Comatulidae; with the description of a new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882: 530-536 pl. 35 [534].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1881.10.1.23, Australian Seas.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Byron Bay, NSW to Victor Harbour, SA (TOH). Depth range 0-18 m.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Lower E coast, S Gulfs coast, Tas. Coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53 [176-177] (outline the history of Bell's descriptions of Antedon loveni and suggest Kallispongia archeri Wright, 1877 may be a (senior) synonym)

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Compsometra loveni (Bell, 1882))

History of changes

• Compsometra parviflora Clark, A.H. 1912. Descriptions of twenty new Recent unstalked crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies. Notes from the Leyden Museum 34(2): 129-156 [133].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) RMNH, Bay of Badjo, western coast of Flores, Indonesia (as Dutch East Indies); USNM 7 specimens, Bay of Badjo, western coast of Flores, Indonesia (as Dutch East Indies).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Houtman Abrolhos, WA; Indo-west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 0-275 (?400) m.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central W coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

History of changes

• Bathymetra Clark, A.H. 1908. New genera of unstalked crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 21: 125-136 [132].

  Type species:

   Antedon abyssicola Carpenter, 1888 by original designation.

Distribution

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: S oceanic

History of changes

• Bathymetra carpenteri Clark, A.H. 1908. Descriptions of new species of crinoids, chiefly from the collections made by the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross at the Hawaiian Islands in 1902; with remarks on the classification of the Comatulida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 34(1608): 209-239 [235].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1888.11.9.56, 42º42´S 134º10´E, west of TAS.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from west of Tasmania, depth 4753 m.

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: S oceanic

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

History of changes

• Dorometra Clark, A.H. 1917. A revision of the crinoid family Antedonidae, with the diagnoses of nine new genera. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 7(5): 127-131 [127].

  Type species:

   Antedon nana Hartlaub, 1890 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central E coast, Central W coast, Great Barrier Reef, Lower E coast, N coast, NE coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Antedon nana Hartlaub, C. 1890. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Comatuliden-Fauna des Indischen Archipels. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 5: 168-187 [168, 170].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZFMK, Amboina, Indonesia, and Tonga Ils; ZMH, Amboina, Indonesia, and Tonga Ils.

Generic Combinations

• Dorometra nana (Hartlaub, 1890).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cape York, QLD to North Solitary Island, NSW, and Houtman Abrolhos and North West Cape, WA, and Darwin, NT; east Indo-west-central Pacific Ocean. Depth range 0-60 m.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central E coast, Central W coast, Great Barrier Reef, Lower E coast, N coast, NE coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

Marsh, L.M., Vail, L.L., Hoggett, A.K. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1993. Part 6. Echinoderms of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island. pp. 53-65 2 tables in Berry, P.F. (ed.). Marine faunal surveys of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island North-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 44: 91 pp.

History of changes

• Antedon parvicirra Carpenter, P.H. 1888. Crinoidea. II. The Comatulae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 26: 1-399 pls 1-70 [204, pl. 36(7-8)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1888.11.9.62, Philippines.

Generic Combinations

• Dorometra parvicirra (Carpenter, 1888).

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Houtman Abrolhos, WA to Bowen, QLD; west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 0-164 m.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central W coast, Great Barrier Reef, N coast, NE coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

Marsh, L.M., Vail, L.L., Hoggett, A.K. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1993. Part 6. Echinoderms of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island. pp. 53-65 2 tables in Berry, P.F. (ed.). Marine faunal surveys of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island North-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 44: 91 pp.

History of changes

• Euantedon Clark, A.H. 1912. The crinoids of the Natural History Museum at Hamburg. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(10, 2150): 1-33 [31].

  Type species:

   Antedon moluccana A.H Clark, 1912 by original designation.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, S Gulfs coast

History of changes

• Euantedon paucicirra Clark, H.L. 1928. The sea-lilies, sea-stars, brittle-stars and sea-urchins of the South Australian Museum. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 3(4): 361-482 figs 108-142 [369, fig. 109].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA K37 (was E399), Gulf St Vincent, SA.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Wilsons Promontory, VIC (TOH) to Gulf St Vincent, SA. Depth range 0-10 m.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, S Gulfs coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

• Florometra A.H. Clark, 1914.

Distribution

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

History of changes

• Florometra austini Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53 [324-327, fig. 16].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Cook Strait, New Zealand (192–550 m); off Campbell, Antipodes Islands (58–210 m); Macquarie Island and the Macquarie Ridge (108–135 m)

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Nanometra Clark, A.H. 1907. New genera of recent free crinoids. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 50(3, 1778): 343-364 [348].

  Type species:

   Antedon minor A.H. Clark, 1907 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Tasmania

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Norfolk Island Province (21), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Tas. Coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

History of changes

• Nanometra duala Rowe, F.W.E. 1989. Nine new deep-water species of Echinodermata from Norfolk Island and Wanganella Bank, northeastern Tasman Sea, with a checklist of the echinoderm fauna. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 111(4): 257-291 12 figs 1 table [278].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM J21704, off Norfolk Is., NE Tasman Sea, 29º20´12˜S 168º10´48˜E.
  Paratype(s) 2 specimens; NZOI.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

• Nanometra johnstoni John, 1939. —
  McKnight, D.G. 1977. Crinoids from Norfolk Island and Wanganella Bank. Records of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 3(14): 129-137 [136] (misidentification)

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Tasman Sea; depth 308 m

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

History of changes

• Nanometra johnstoni John, D.D. 1939. Crinoidea. Report of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1928–31 B 4: 189-212 figs 1-8 [193, fig. 1].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1948.1.7.193, 42º40´S 148º27´18˜E, off TAS.
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1948.1.7.192 1 specimen; BMNH 1948.1.7.194 1 specimen.

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

SE continental slope. Depth range 122-770 m (TOH).

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Tas. Coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

Rowe, F.W.E. 1989. Nine new deep-water species of Echinodermata from Norfolk Island and Wanganella Bank, northeastern Tasman Sea, with a checklist of the echinoderm fauna. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 111(4): 257-291 12 figs 1 table (specimens from Norfolk Is. are referable to Nanometra duala Rowe, 1989)

History of changes

• Promachocrinus Carpenter, P.H. 1879. Preliminary report upon the Comatulœ of the 'Challenger' Expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 28: 383-395.

  Type species:

   Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1879 by original designation.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Promachocrinus fragarius McLaughlin, E.L., Wilson, N.G. & Rouse, G.W. 2023. Resolving the taxonomy of the Antarctic feather star species complex Promachocrinus ‘kerguelensis’ (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Invertebrate Systematics 37(7): 498-527 [510-512].
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B7D9CA38-E404-42CF-A14E-9A7F 4A4868F5

  Type data:

   Holotype SIO-BIC E5002 (depth 800 m, on October 7, 2011, on the Nathanial Palmer by trawl), South Sandwich Islands, Southern Ocean [−59.383°, 27.345°].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Promachocrinus joubini Vaney, C. 1910. Une nouvelle espèce de Promachocrinus. [A new species of Promachocrinus.]. Bulletin de Museum Paris 16: 158-162.

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHNP IE-2014-734 (depth 110 m), Biscoe Bay, Antarctica [−64.8°, −63.833°].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, P.H. 1879. Preliminary report upon the Comatulœ of the 'Challenger' Expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 28: 383-395 [385].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NHM-UK 1888.11.9.132 (Challenger expedition, station number 149H, depth 232 m), Kerguelen Island, Christmas Harbour (now Baie de l'Oiseau), Southern Ocean [-48.685°, 69.054°]; NHM-UK NHM 1888.11.9.133, same data as other syntype.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

General References

McLaughlin, E.L., Wilson, N.G. & Rouse, G.W. 2023. Resolving the taxonomy of the Antarctic feather star species complex Promachocrinus ‘kerguelensis’ (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Invertebrate Systematics 37(7): 498-527 [504-510] (Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1879 sensu stricto diagnosis, description, distribution)

History of changes

• Florometra mawsoni Clark, A.H. 1937. Crinoidea. Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14, under the Leadership of Sir Douglas Mawson 8(4): 1-18.

  Type data:

   Holotype AMS J5569 (collected during the Australian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914, at station 2, depth 581 m), Adélie Land, Antarctica [−66.92°, 145.35°].
  Paratype(s) USNM E3052, same data as holotype.

Generic Combinations

• Promachocrinus mawsoni (Clark, 1937).

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Promachocrinus unruhi McLaughlin, E.L., Wilson, N.G. & Rouse, G.W. 2023. Resolving the taxonomy of the Antarctic feather star species complex Promachocrinus ‘kerguelensis’ (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Invertebrate Systematics 37(7): 498-527 [512-513].
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0794E92F-3E74-42B8-B1D7-E2124 E308BEF

  Type data:

   Holotype SIO-BIC E4455 (depth 759 m), Bransfield Strait, Antarctica [−63.232°, −59.458°].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Promachocrinus uskglassi McLaughlin, E.L., Wilson, N.G. & Rouse, G.W. 2023. Resolving the taxonomy of the Antarctic feather star species complex Promachocrinus ‘kerguelensis’ (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Invertebrate Systematics 37(7): 498-527 [513-515].
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0794E92F-3E74-42B8-B1D7-E2124 E308BEF

  Type data:

   Holotype SIO-BIC E4516 (depth 182 m), South Orkney Island, Southern Ocean [−60.832°, −44.254°].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Promachocrinus vanhoeffenianus Minckert, V.W. 1905. Das Genus Promachocrinus, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Faunistik der Antarktis. [The genus Promachocrinus, at the same time a contribution to the faunistics of the Antarctic.]. Zoologischer Anzeiger 28: 490-501.

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM E378 (collected during the Gauss expedition, depth between 350 and 400 m), Antarctica [−65.835°, 89.541°].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Promachocrinus wattsorum McLaughlin, E.L., Wilson, N.G. & Rouse, G.W. 2023. Resolving the taxonomy of the Antarctic feather star species complex Promachocrinus ‘kerguelensis’ (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Invertebrate Systematics 37(7): 498-527 [517-519].
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:541906FB-DCDE-4961-803D-C103D 0DFAEBE

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM Z44000 (depth 281 m, collected on the ACE 16/17 cruise on December 28, 2016, by Agassiz trawl, fixed in ethanol), Prince Edward Islands, Southern Ocean [−46.726°, −37.894°].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Toxometra Clark, A.H. 1911. On a collection of unstalked crinoids made by the United States Fisheries steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 39(1798): 529-563 [560].

  Type species:

   Toxometra paupera A.H. Clark, 1911 by original designation.
• Monilometra Clark, H.L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 55: 1-596, figs 1-64, pls 1-28 [47].

  Type species:

   Monilometra nomima H.L. Clark, 1938 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3. [T909]

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central W coast, N coast, NW coast

History of changes

• Monilometra bicolor Clark, H.L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 55: 1-596, figs 1-64, pls 1-28 [55, figs 11-12].

  Type data:

   Holotype MCZ 946, between Cape Villaret and Broome, WA.

Generic Combinations

• Toxometra bicolor (H.L. Clark, 1938).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Broome to Admiralty Gulf, WA. Depth range 0-15 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast, NW coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Monilometra bicolor H.L. Clark, 1938)

History of changes

• Monilometra lepta Clark, H.L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 55: 1-596, figs 1-64, pls 1-28 [51, figs 7-8].

  Type data:

   Holotype MCZ 950, Broome, WA.

Generic Combinations

• Toxometra lepta (H.L. Clark, 1938).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Bernier Island to Broome, WA. Depth range 9-60 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central W coast, NW coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Monilometra lepta H.L. Clark, 1938)

History of changes

• Monilometra nomina Clark, H.L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 55: 1-596, figs 1-64, pls 1-28 [48, figs 5-6].

  Type data:

   Holotype MCZ 953, Broome, WA.
  Paratype(s) AM J6274 1 specimen, Broome, WA.

Generic Combinations

• Toxometra nomina (H.L. Clark, 1938).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from vicinity of Broome, WA. Depth range 0-?15 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NW coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Monilometra nomina H.L. Clark, 1938)

History of changes

• Monilometra poecila Clark, H.L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 55: 1-596, figs 1-64, pls 1-28 [53, figs 9-10].

  Type data:

   Holotype MCZ 956, between Cape Vilaret and Broome, WA.

Generic Combinations

• Toxometra poecila (H.L. Clark, 1938).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from vicinity of Broome WA. Depth range 0-15 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NW coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Monilometra poecila H.L. Clark, 1938)

History of changes

Introduction

The family Aporometridae is endemic to the southern coasts of Australia. Only one genus is known, with three recorded species.

The aporometrids are distinguished in the order Comatulida by the following combination of features: small; viviparous; with ten arms, arms rounded dorsally; discoidal centrodorsal; disc plated; mouth central; few pinnules in each side of arm (25); first brachial syzygy at 3+4, second at 7+8, third at 12+13.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3.

History of changes

• Aporometra Clark, H.L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 55: 1-596, figs 1-64, pls 1-28 [41].

  Type species:

   Himerometra paedophora H.L. Clark, 1909 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Great Australian Bight, Lower E coast, S Gulfs coast, SW coast, Tas. Coast

History of changes

• Aporometra occidentalis Clark, H.L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 55: 1-596, figs 1-64, pls 1-28 [43].

  Type data:

   Holotype MCZ 964, Koombana Bay, Bunbury, WA.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Mid SA (TOH) to Fremantle, WA. Depth range 0-30 m (LM).

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Australian Bight, S Gulfs coast, SW coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

• Himerometra paedophora Clark, H.L. 1909. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. Thetis. Echinodermata. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 4(11): 519-564, pls 47-58 [524, pl. 47(4-10)].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM J840, off Manning River, NSW.
  Paratype(s) AM J831 7 specimens, off Manning River, NSW.

Generic Combinations

• Aporometra paedophora (H.L. Clark, 1909).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Manning River NSW to East Bass Strait (TOH), depth 40-70 m.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Lower E coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

• Antedon wilsoni Bell, F.J. 1888. Notes on echinoderms collected at Port Phillip by Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 2(11): 401-407 [403].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1884.11.12.7 2 specimens, Port Phillip, VIC; BMNH 1887.12.6.11 6 specimens, Port Phillip, VIC; BMNH 1893.7.8.8–10 3 specimens, Port Phillip, VIC.

Generic Combinations

• Aporometra wilsoni (Bell, 1888).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Green Cape, NSW to SA. Depth range to 1-67 m (TOH).

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, S Gulfs coast, Tas. Coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. 1967. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 5. — Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-860 figs 1-53

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

Introduction

The family Asterometridae is known from the Indonesian-Japanese region and from northern Australia. Two genera are known and both are recorded in Australian waters, each represented by two species.

Asterometrids are similar to members of the family Ptilometridae but are distinguished from them and other comatulids by the following features: the centrodorsal is small and more or less pentagonal with a conical apex, the relatively few cirri are arranged in 10 definite columns each of 2–3 sockets, and the radial areas of the centrodorsal are separated from each other by distinct ridges.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3.

History of changes

• Asterometra Clark, A.H. 1908. Notice of some crinoids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 51(8): 233-248 pls 1-2 [245].

  Type species:

   Antedon macropoda A.H. Clark, 1907 by original designation.
• Asterometra Clark, A.H. 1907. New genera of recent free crinoids. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 50(3, 1778): 343-364 [358] [nom. nud.].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Timor Province (2), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: NW oceanic

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Antedon anthus Clark, A.H. 1907. Descriptions of new species of Recent unstalked crinoids from the coasts of Northeastern Asia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 33(1561): 127-156 [136].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 22625, off Kagoshima Gulf, Japan.
• Asterometra acerba Clark, A.H. 1909. New Recent Indian crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 22: 143-152 [147].

  Type data:

   Holotype IM 8658/9 (in part), Sahul Bank (10º30´S 125ºE), Timor Sea.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43 [444]

Generic Combinations

• Asterometra anthus (A.H. Clark, 1907).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian distribution only known from the type specimen of Asterometra acerba A.H. Clark, 1909 from Sahul Bank (north of the Kimberley coast, WA); west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 64-?210 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: NW oceanic

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Asterometra acerba A.H. Clark, 1909)

History of changes

• Asterometra mirifica Clark, A.H. 1909. New Recent Indian crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 22: 143-152 [146].

  Type data:

   Holotype IM 8658/9, Sahul Bank, 10º30´S 125ºE, Timor Sea.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Sahul Bank, WA to off Melville Island, NT; west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 73-183 m.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

• Pterometra Clark, A.H. 1909. New genera and higher groups of unstalked crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 22: 173-178 [177].

  Type species:

   Ptilometra trichopoda A.H. Clark, 1908 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central W coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Ptilometra pulcherrima Clark, A.H. 1909. On a collection of Recent crinoids from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 36(1673): 391-410 1 fig. [400].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 25466, Rakiputan Strait, between Samal Is. and Davao Bay, Philippines.

Generic Combinations

• Pterometra pulcherrima (A.H. Clark, 1909).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Rowley Shoals and off Bedout Island, WA; east Indo-west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 36-100 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NW coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

History of changes

• Ptilometra trichopoda Clark, A.H. 1908. Preliminary notice of a collection of Recent crinoids from the Philippine Islands. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 52(2, 1820): 199-234 [224].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 25447, east of Port Dos Amigos, Tawi Tawi, Philippines.

Generic Combinations

• Pterometra trichopoda (A.H. Clark, 1908).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Carnarvon to near Rowley Shoals, WA; east Indian Ocean. Depth range 68-106 (?183) m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central W coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

History of changes

Introduction

The family Calometridae is known from the western Pacific region from five genera Two genera are recorded in Australian waters represented by five species.

Calometrids are distinguished from other families in the order Comatulida by the following combination of character states: arms ten or more; pinnules as in Tropiometridae but with conspicuous covering and side plates; pinnule combs absent; P1 delicate and weak but with first two segments enormously enlarged; cirrus segments with dorsal ridge or spine.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3.

History of changes

• Neometra Clark, A.H. 1912. Crinoidea. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum. Calcutta : Trustees of Indian Museum 325 pp. 61 figs. [181] [originally used by Clark, A.H. 1912. Descriptions of eleven new crinoids belonging to the families Calometridae and Thalassometridae discovered by the Siboga in the Dutch East Indies. Zoologischer Anzeiger 39(11/12): 420–428 [421] (April) as generic name in description of Neometra sibogae without generic diagnosis].

  Type species:

   Antedon multicolor A.H. Clark, 1907 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Clark, A.H. 1912. Descriptions of eleven new crinoids belonging to the families Calometridae and Thalassometridae discovered by the Siboga in the Dutch East Indies. Zoologischer Anzeiger 39(11/12): 420-428.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Transition (3), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central E coast, Central W coast, Lower W coast, N coast, NE coast, NW coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: W oceanic

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Neometra conaminis Alexander, W.B. 1914. Western Australian Echinoderms. Records of the Western Australian Museum 1(3): 105-112 [108] [nom. nud.].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown.
• Neometra conaminis Clark, A.H. 1914. The crinoids collected by the Endeavour between Fremantle and Geraldton (Western Australia). Records of the Western Australian Museum 1(3): 113-131 [115, 129].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) WAM Z1864 4 specimens (No designated holotype), between Fremantle and Geraldton, WA; USNM 1 specimen, between Fremantle and Geraldton, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Mandurah to off Kalbarri, WA. Depth range 109-219 m.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

• Calometra diana Clark, A.H. 1912. Descriptions of eleven new crinoids belonging to the families Calometridae and Thalassometridae discovered by the Siboga in the Dutch East Indies. Zoologischer Anzeiger 39(11/12): 420-428 [422].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM (depository uncertain), south of Timor (10º12´16˜S 124º27´18˜E), Timor Sea.

Generic Combinations

• Neometra diana (A.H. Clark, 1912).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Port Hedland to off Rowley Shoals, NW Shelf, WA; east Indian Ocean. Depth range 73-125 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NW coast

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

History of changes

• Neometra gorgonia Alexander, W.B. 1914. Western Australian Echinoderms. Records of the Western Australian Museum 1(3): 105-112 [108] [nom. nud.].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown.
• Neometra gorgonia Clark, A.H. 1914. The crinoids collected by the Endeavour between Fremantle and Geraldton (Western Australia). Records of the Western Australian Museum 1(3): 113-131 [125].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM Z1865 (old number: 14-62), between Fremantle and Geraldton, WA.
  Paratype(s) WAM Z1866 3 specimens (location of 3 other paratypes unknown), between Fremantle and Geraldton, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cape Hamelin to Port Hedland WA. Depth range 92-219 m.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, temperate, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

• Antedon multicolor Clark, A.H. 1907. Descriptions of new species of Recent unstalked crinoids from the coasts of Northeastern Asia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 33(1561): 127-156 [128, 130].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 22619, Eastern Sea (32º33´N 128º32´6˜E), south west of the Goto Ils, Japan.

Generic Combinations

• Neometra multicolor (A.H. Clark, 1907).

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Off Shark Bay, WA to Moreton Bay, QLD; west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 20-600 m.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Central E coast, Central W coast, N coast, NE coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

History of changes

• Oreometra Clark, A.H. 1912. Crinoidea. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum. Calcutta : Trustees of Indian Museum 325 pp. 61 figs. [58, 179] [junior homonym of Oreometra Aurivillius, 1910 (Lepidoptera)].

  Type species:

   Oreometra mariae A.H. Clark, 1912 by original designation.
• Reometra Clark, A.H. 1934. On a collection of crinoids from the Raffles Museum, Singapore. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 47: 9-14 [14] [nom. nov. for Oreometra A.H. Clark, 1912].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef, NE coast

History of changes

• Oreometra mariae Clark, A.H. 1912. Crinoidea. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum. Calcutta : Trustees of Indian Museum 325 pp. 61 figs. [179].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1938.8.23.104, locality unknown.
• Oreometra pericalles Clark, H.L. 1916. I. Report on the sea-lilies, starfishes, brittle-stars and sea-urchins obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour on the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia. Endeavour Research 4(1): 1-123 figs 1-11 pls 1-44 [20, pl. 3(1)].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM E6300, north of Double Island Pt, QLD.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43 [348]

Generic Combinations

• Reometra mariae (A.H. Clark, 1912).

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Swain Reefs to Double Island Point, QLD. Depth range 46-51 m.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef, NE coast

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Roemetra pericalles (H.L. Clark, 1916))

History of changes

Introduction

The family Charitometridae comprises eight genera from the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean regions. Three genera are recorded in Australian waters, represented by six species.

This family is similar to Ptilometridae, Asterometridae and Thalassometridae but members are distinguished by having short, stout cirri with less than 25 segments and bearing no dorsal processes.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1950. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4c.— Superfamily Tropiometrida (the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-383 pls 1-32

Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3.

History of changes

• Charitometra Clark, A.H. 1907. New genera of recent free crinoids. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 50(3, 1778): 343-364 [360].

  Type species:

   Antedon incisa Carpenter, 1888 by original designation.

Distribution

IMCRA

Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia

History of changes

• Antedon basicurva Carpenter, P.H. 1884. Crinoidea 1. The stalked crinoids. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 11: 1-440 figs 1-21 pls 1-62 [84, pls 54(9), 55(7)] [original description included a short note and specific formula].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1888.11.9.22, near Kermadec Ils.
• Antedon basicurva Graff, L. von 1884. II.— Report on the Myzostomida collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 10(27): 1-82 fig. 1 pls 1-16 [17] [nom. nud.].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown.

Generic Combinations

• Charitometra basicurva (Carpenter, 1884).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Wanganella Bank, Tasman Sea; Kermadec Islands. Depth range 716-1159 m.

IMCRA

Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder.

General References

McKnight, D.G. 1975. Some echinoderms from the northern Tasman Sea. Records of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 2(5): 49-76

History of changes

• Glyptometra Clark, A.H. 1909. A revision of the crinoid families Thalassometridae and Himerometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 22: 1-22 [18].

  Type species:

   Antedon tuberosa Carpenter, 1888 by original designation.
• Pachylometra Clark, A.H. 1909. A revision of the crinoid families Thalassometridae and Himerometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 22: 1-22 [20].

  Type species:

   Antedon distincta Carpenter, 1888 by original designation.
• Crossometra Clark, A.H. 1916. Six new genera of unstalked crinoids belonging to the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(17): 605-608 [606].

  Type species:

   Pachylometra investigatoris A.H. Clark, 1909 by original designation.
• Calyptometra Clark, A.H. 1916. Six new genera of unstalked crinoids belonging to the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(17): 605-608 [608].

  Type species:

   Charitometra lateralis A.H. Clark, 1908 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3. [T902]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

Oriental Region

• Nicobar Islands
• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Pachylometra crassa Clark, A.H. 1912. Six new East Indian crinoids belonging to the family Charitometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 25: 77-84 [77].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMA (not listed in Jangoux (1991)), Kei Ils, Indo-Malay Archipelago.

Generic Combinations

• Glyptometra crassa (A.H. Clark, 1912).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Norfolk Island; Nicobar Ils, Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean) and Indo-Malayan Region. Depth range 73-1023 m.

IMCRA

Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia

Oriental Region

• Nicobar Islands

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder.

General References

Rowe, F.W.E. 1989. Nine new deep-water species of Echinodermata from Norfolk Island and Wanganella Bank, northeastern Tasman Sea, with a checklist of the echinoderm fauna. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 111(4): 257-291 12 figs 1 table

History of changes

• Antedon inaequalis Carpenter, P.H. 1884. Crinoidea 1. The stalked crinoids. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 11: 1-440 figs 1-21 pls 1-62 [83, pl. 54(8)] [original description lists only formula for distinction of species].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1888.11.9.81 3 specimens, near Kermadec Ils.
• Antedon inaequalis Graff, L. von 1884. II.— Report on the Myzostomida collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 10(27): 1-82 fig. 1 pls 1-16 [18] [nom. nud.].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown.

Generic Combinations

• Glyptometra inaequalis (Carpenter, 1884).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Off Newcastle to off Ulladulla NSW; west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 945-1152 m.

IMCRA

Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Carpenter, P.H. 1888. Crinoidea. II. The Comatulae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 26: 1-399 pls 1-70 [244, fig. 5, pls 2(5,a-d), 51(2)] (full description and record of type locality)

Clark, A.H. 1950. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4c.— Superfamily Tropiometrida (the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-383 pls 1-32

History of changes

• Monachometra Clark, A.H. 1916. Six new genera of unstalked crinoids belonging to the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(17): 605-608 [607].

  Type species:

   Pachylometra fragilis A.H. Clark, 1912 by original designation.
• Perissometra Clark, A.H. 1916. Six new genera of unstalked crinoids belonging to the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(17): 605-608 [606].

  Type species:

   Antedon flexilis Carpenter, 1888 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3. [T902]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Timor Province (2), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: NW oceanic, SE oceanic
• Southwest Pacific Ocean

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Monachometra kermadecensis McKnight, D.G. 1977. Some crinoids from the Kermadec Islands. Records of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 3(13): 121-128 7 figs [126].

  Type data:

   Holotype NZOI H227, Kermadec Ils (28º48´S 177º48´W).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Off NSW; southwest Pacific Ocean. Depth range 390-490 m.

IMCRA

Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic
• Southwest Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Rowe, F.W.E. in Rowe, F.W.E. & Gates, J. 1995. Echinodermata. In, Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 33. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia xiii 510 pp. [Date published 30 May 1995] (Australian specimens may represent a new species)

History of changes

• Antedon patula Carpenter, P.H. 1888. Crinoidea. II. The Comatulae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 26: 1-399 pls 1-70 [219, pl. 43].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1888.11.9.67 more than 1 specimen, near the Kei Ils (5º49´15˜S 132º14´15˜E), Indo-Malay Archipelago.

Generic Combinations

• Monachometra patula (Carpenter, 1888).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known in Australia only from Sahul Bank; west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 104-385 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: NW oceanic

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1950. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4c.— Superfamily Tropiometrida (the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-383 pls 1-32

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567 (as Perissometra patula (Carpenter, 1888))

History of changes

• Antedon robusta Carpenter, P.H. 1888. Crinoidea. II. The Comatulae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 26: 1-399 pls 1-70 [220, pl. 44(1)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1888.11.9.68, near the Kei Ils (5º49´15˜S 132º14´15˜E), Indo-Malay Archipelago.

Generic Combinations

• Monachometra robusta (Carpenter, 1888).

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known in Australia from Sahul Bank, WA, to off Melville Is., NT; west Pacific Ocean. Depth range 165-520 m.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: NW oceanic

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1950. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4c.— Superfamily Tropiometrida (the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-383 pls 1-32

History of changes

Introduction

Colobometrids are circum-tropical in distribution. The family includes 18 genera, 10 of which are recorded in Australian waters, represented by 15 species.

Colobometridae are distinguished from other comatulid families by the following combination of character states: arms ten or more; pinnule combs absent; middle and distal cirrus segments with a pair (or more) of dorsal spines or tubercles, one each side of the midline, occasionally one or two transverse ridges.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3.

History of changes

• Austrometra Clark, A.H. 1916. Seven new genera of echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(5): 115-122 [115].

  Type species:

   Oligometra thetidis H.L. Clark, 1909 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Central E coast, Lower E coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

History of changes

• Oligometra thetidis Clark, H.L. 1909. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. Thetis. Echinodermata. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 4(11): 519-564, pls 47-58 [522, pl. 47(1-3)].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM J834 1 specimen/, off Wollongong, NSW; AM J819 9 specimens, off Wollongong, NSW; MCZ 377 4 specimens, off Wollongong, NSW.

Generic Combinations

• Austrometra thetidis (H.L. Clark, 1909).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Tweed Heads, NSW to eastern Bass Strait. Depth range 60-360 m.

IMCRA

Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Central E coast, Lower E coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, marine, suspension feeder, temperate.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Clark, H.L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1-567

History of changes

• Basilometra Clark, A.H. 1936. The unstalked crinoids. Temminckia 1: 295-320 pls 7-9 [304].

  Type species:

   Basilometra boschmai A.H. Clark, 1936 by original designation.
• Rhadinometra Gislén, T. 1936. Crinoids of French Indo-China and the Macclesfeld Bank. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Förhandlinger 7(1): 1-21 figs 1-8 [15].

  Type species:

   Rhadinometra dawydovi Gislén, 1936 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Rasmussen, H.W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Articulata. pp. T813-T1027, figs 549-619 in Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea. Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press Vol. 3. [T891]

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

History of changes

• Basilometra boschmai Clark, A.H. 1936. The unstalked crinoids. Temminckia 1: 295-320 pls 7-9 [305].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown (whereabouts undetermined), Ternate, Indonesia.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

NW of Port Hedland, WA; east Indian Ocean. Depth range 0-103 m.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Marsh, L.M., Vail, L.L., Hoggett, A.K. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1993. Part 6. Echinoderms of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island. pp. 53-65 2 tables in Berry, P.F. (ed.). Marine faunal surveys of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island North-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 44: 91 pp.

Rowe, F.W.E. in Rowe, F.W.E. & Gates, J. 1995. Echinodermata. In, Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 33. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia xiii 510 pp. [Date published 30 May 1995] (Australian specimens may represent new species)

History of changes

• Cenometra Clark, A.H. 1909. A revision of the crinoid families Thalassometridae and Himerometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 22: 1-22 [8].

  Type species:

   Himerometra unicornis A.H. Clark, 1908 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Timor Province (2), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef, N coast, NW coast

Oriental Region

• West Pacific Ocean

History of changes

• Antedon bella Hartlaub, C. 1890. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Comatuliden-Fauna des Indischen Archipels. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 5: 168-187 [174].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMG 4 specimens, Noordwachter Eiland, near Jakarta (as Batavia), Java, Indonesia.
• Cenometra cornuta Clark, A.H. 1911. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. Thetis. Recent crinoids of Australia. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 4(15): 705-804 [723, 772] [based on specimens from NW Australia recorded as Antedon sp. (near Antedon macronema) by Bell, F.J. 1894. On the echinoderms collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Penguin and by H.M.S. Egeria, when surveying Macclesfield Bank. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1894: 392–413 pls 23–27 (394)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1891.10.17.1, Adele Is., northern Australia.

  Secondary source:

   Bell, F.J. 1894. On the echinoderms collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Penguin and by H.M.S. Egeria, when surveying Macclesfield Bank. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1894: 392-413 pls 23-27.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Clark, A.M. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 238 pp. 100 figs 31 pls.

Generic Combinations

• Cenometra bella (Hartlaub, 1890).

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Ashmore Reef to Bushy Island, QLD; east Indo-west-central Pacific Ocean. Depth range 0-55 m.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Timor Province (2), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, inshore, marine, suspension feeder, tropical.

General References

Clark, A.H. 1947. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Vol. 1. The comatulids. Part 4b.— Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded—the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-473 pls 1-43

Marsh, L.M., Vail, L.L., Hoggett, A.K. & Rowe, F.W.E. 1993. Part 6. Echinoderms of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island. pp. 53-65 2 tables in Berry, P.F. (ed.). Marine faunal surveys of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island North-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 44: 91 pp.

History of changes