Australian Biological Resources Study

Australian Faunal Directory

Subspecies Parthenolecanium persicae persicae (Fabricius, 1776)

Museums

Regional Maps

Subspecies Parthenolecanium persicae persicae (Fabricius, 1776)

Grapevine Scale

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

 

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [195] (female; New Zealand); (Granara de Willink, M.C., 1999) [117] (female; Argentina); (Granara de Willink, M.C., 1998) [151] (female; Argentina); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [358] (female; northeastern North America); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [324] (female; northeastern North America); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [358] (female; northern North America); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [189] (female; China); (Gill, R.J., 1988) [60] (female; USA, California); (Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F., 1988) [218] (female; Europe); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [71] (female; USA, Florida); (Kawai, S., 1980) [160-162] (female; Japan); (Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M., 1972) [69] (female; USA, Virginia); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [372] (female; Egypt); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [349] (female; Palaearctic Region)

 

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [figs 6, 48], Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Ben-Dov, Y., Gros, S. & Maimon, A. 1991. Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), a new pest of persimmon in Israel. Hassadeh 72: 347–348, Gonzalez, R.H. 1983. Manejo de plagas de la vid. Publicaciones en Ciencia Agricultura, Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencia Agrarias, Veterinarias, y Forestales 13: 1–115, Gonzalez, R.H. 1985. The European fruit lecanium (scale) on table grapes. Aconex 10(1): 9–14

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Boratynski, K.L. 1970. On some species of 'Lecanium' (Homoptera, Coccidae) in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna; with description and illustration of the immature stages of Parthenolecanium persicae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 74: 63–76, Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1–343, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press, Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183 and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp.. Good description and illustration of first-instar, female second-instar, and female third instar nymph by Boratynski (1970). Good description of the adult female and female second-instar nymph given by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493.

SYSTEMATICS

Boratynski, K.L. 1970. On some species of 'Lecanium' (Homoptera, Coccidae) in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna; with description and illustration of the immature stages of Parthenolecanium persicae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 74: 63–76 recorded material of Lecanium genistae from the Signoret Collection in the Vienna Museum of Natural History, which represent the material referred to by Signoret, V. 1874. Communication sur les cochenilles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Bulletin Entomologique 5 4: vii [403–404]

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

Introduced into Western Australia about 1901, where it became a serious pest of grapevine and plum (see Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Coccidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp.). Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493. Fortusini, A., Scattini, G., Prati, S., Cinquanta, S. & Belli, G. 1999. Transmission of grapevine leafroll virus 1 (GLRV-1) and grapevine virus A (GVA) by scale insects. pp. 121–122 in, International Council for the study of Viruses and Viruslike diseases of the Grapevine. 12th ICVG Meeting. found in Italy that Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Parthenolecanium corni, P. persicae and Pulvinaria vitis where present in vineyards were natural spread of Grapevine Leafroll Disease was recorded.

BIOLOGY

Females reproduce parthenogenetically: for Europe, see Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp.; Virginia, see Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Chile, see Gonzalez, R.H. 1989. Insectos y acaros de importancia agricola y cuarentenaria en Chile. Santiago : Universidad de Chile 310 pp. and Israel, see Ben-Dov, Y., Gros, S. & Maimon, A. 1991. Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), a new pest of persimmon in Israel. Hassadeh 72: 347–348. Develops one annual generation in Central Europe (see Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988), Chile (see Gonzalez, 1989) and in Israel (see Ben-Dov et al., 1991). Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493 reported two generations per year in Central Asia. Bazarov, B.B., Babaev, T. & Shmelev, G.P. 1975. The peach soft scale (Parthenolecanium persicae F.) and its parasites in Tadzhikistan (Homoptera). pp. 94–100 in Shchetkii, U.L. & Muminov, N.N. (eds). Entomologiya Tadzhikistana. Dushanbe : Donish studied the parasites in Tadzhikistan. Brittin, G. 1940. The life history of Lecanium (Eulecanium) persicae (Fabricius), and descriptions of the different instars. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 69: 413–421 studied the life history in New Zealand under the name P. persicae spinosum.

 

General References

Ali, S.M. 1971. A catalogue of the Oriental Coccoidea. (Part V) (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea) (with an index). Indian Museum Bulletin 6: 7-82 [41] (host, distribution)

Archangelskaya, A.D. 1930. List of the scale insects (Coccidae) of Turkmenistan. Report of the Plant Protection Station for 1926 to 1929, Ashkhabad, Turkmenia. 75-85 pp. [79] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1927. Contribution à l'étude des coccides de l'Afrique mineure (1re note). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 96: 175-207 [185] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1932. Étude biologique des coccides du bassin occidental de la Méditerranée. Paris : P. Lechevalier & Fils 214 pp. LXVII. [117] (taxonomy)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1933. Les coccides des Iles d'Hyères (Contributión a l'étude des coccids de France, 16e note). (In French). Annales de la Société d'Histoire Naturelles de Toulon 17: 78-84 [5] (host, distribution)

Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Coccidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed.). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp. [63] (taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control)

Bazarov, B.B. 1971. Coccid fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region (Pamir). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR. Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk 3: 87-91 [90] (host, distribution)

Bazarov, B.B., Babaev, T. & Shmelev, G.P. 1975. The peach soft scale (Parthenolecanium persicae F.) and its parasites in Tadzhikistan (Homoptera). pp. 94-100 in Shchetkii, U.L. & Muminov, N.N. (eds). Entomologiya Tadzhikistana. Dushanbe : Donish. [94-99] (host, distribution, biological control)

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. [123, 221-224] (catalogue)

Ben-Dov, Y., Gros, S. & Maimon, A. 1991. Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), a new pest of persimmon in Israel. Hassadeh 72: 347-348 [347-348] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Ben-Dov, Y., Hodgson, C.J. & Miller, D.R. 1997. Changes and comments on the taxonomy and nomenclature of some taxa in the families Coccidae, Eriococcidae and Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Phytoparasitica 25: 199-206 [201] (taxonomy)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1944. Note on the Coccoidea of Iran, with description of new species. Bulletin de la Société Fouad 1er d'Entomologie 28: 85-100 [88] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1953. The Coccoidea of Turkey. III. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Istanbul B 18: 91-164 [97] (host, distribution, life history)

Boratynski, K.L. 1970. On some species of 'Lecanium' (Homoptera, Coccidae) in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna; with description and illustration of the immature stages of Parthenolecanium persicae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 74: 63-76 [63-76] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Boratynski, K.L. & Williams, D.J. 1964. Coccoidea. pp. 87-94 in Kloet, G.S. & Hinks, W.D (eds). Checklist of British Insects. London : Handbk. Ident. British Insects Vol. 11. [105] (host, distribution)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1950. Mealybugs and Scale Insects of USSR (Coccoidea). Moscow : Akademii Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute Vol. 32 250 pp. [148] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [350-356] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control)

Borg, J. 1932. Scale Insects of the Maltese Islands. Malta : Government Printing Office 20 pp. [15] (host, distribution)

Borg, P. 1919. The scale insects of the Maltese Islands. Malta : Government Printing Office 71 pp. [37] (misidentification as Lecanium nigrofasciatum)

Bouron, H. 1987. [Vine. Seasonal proposal. Scale insects.] Vigne. Propos de saison. Les cochenilles. Phytoma No. 392: 34 [34] (host, distribution, economic importance, control)

Brimblecombe, A.R. 1962. Studies of the Coccoidea. 12. Species occurring on deciduous fruit and nut trees in Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 19: 219-229 [226] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Brittin, G. 1940. The life history of Lecanium (Eulecanium) persicae (Fabricius), and descriptions of the different instars. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 69: 413-421 [420] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Brittin, G. 1940. The validity of the coccid genus Eulecanium Cockerell. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 69: 410-412 [410-412] (taxonomy)

Bustshik, T.N. 1960. Coccid fauna of western Kopet-Dagh. Trudy Akademii Nauk SSR Zoologicheskogo Instituta. St. Petersburg 27: 167-182 [170] (host, distribution)

Calkins, C.O. 1983. Research on exotic insects. In, Wilson, C.L. & Graham, C.L. (eds). Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture. New York : Academic Press 522 pp. [321] (distribution, economic importance)

Carvalho, J.P.M., Franco, J.C., Aguiar, F. & Soares, A.O. 1996. Insect pests of citrus in Portugal. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture I: 613-618 [614] (host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1896. A check list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 4: 318-339 [331-332] (distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1897. Contributions to Coccidology. – II. American Naturalist 31: 588-592 [591] (host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1897. Notes on scale insects. 3. California Fruit Grower 21: 5 [5] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1898. A new scale-insect of the genus Lecanium. Entomological News 9: 145-146 [145-146] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Article VII. – First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 5: 389-398 [394] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1901. Notes on some Coccidae of the earlier writers. The Entomologist 34: 90-93 [92] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. & Parrott, P.J. 1899. Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae. The Industrialist 25: 159-165, 227-237, 276-284 [236] (taxonomy)

Corseuil, E. & Barbosa, V.M.B. 1971. A familia Coccidae no Rio Grande do Sul (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Arquivos do Museu Nacional. Rio de Janeiro 54: 237-241 [238] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1967. Contributions to the knowledge of the Coccidae (Homoptera) of the Primorye Territory. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 41: 139-172 [152] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1972. Contributions to the knowledge of the scale insects fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of Afghanistan. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie (English translation as Entomological Reviews) 51: 581-584 [582] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1972. Insects and ticks. In, Pests of Forest. Akademii Nauk SSSR Zoologicheskogo Instituta Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 1972: 189-221 [204] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1-343 [272-274] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Deitz, L.L. & Tocker, M.F. 1980. W.M. Maskell's Homoptera: Species-group names and type-material. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Information Series 146: 1-76 [29] (taxonomy)

Douglas, J.W. 1891. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 19). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 27: 65-68 [65] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Dumas, P. & Vasseur, R. 1950. [Chemical treatments for coccids on fruit trees.] Les traitements coccicides des arbres fuitiers. Bulletin technique d'information: BTI/Ministère de l'agriculture No. 49: 235-245 [235-245] (chemical control)

Egger, E. 1990. [Phytosanitary protection of grapes.] Protezione fitosanitaria vite 1990. Informatore Agrario 46(16): 27-135 [27-28] (biological control)

Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359-426 [408-410] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, ecology)

Ezzat, Y.M. & Nada, S.M.A. 1987. List of Superfamily Coccoidea as known to exist in Egypt. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 43(Suppl.): 85-90 [86] (distribution)

Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [l68, 182, 190-193] (catalogue)

Foldi, I. 2000. [Diversity and modification of the scale insects communities of the Hyeres islands in natural and man-modified environments (Hemiptera: Coccoidea).]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 36(1): 75-94 [82] (host, distribution)

Foldi, I. & Soria, S.J. 1989. [Scale insects injurious to vineyards in South America (Homoptera: Coccoidea).] Les cochenilles nuisibles à la vigne en amerique du sud (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France ns 25(4): 411-430 [423] (taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance)

Fortusini, A., Scattini, G., Prati, S., Cinquanta, S. & Belli, G. 1999. Transmission of grapevine leafroll virus 1 (GLRV-1) and grapevine virus A (GVA) by scale insects. pp. 121–122 in, International Council for the study of Viruses and Viruslike diseases of the Grapevine. 12th ICVG Meeting. [121-122] (economic importance, host, distribution)

Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [604, 611-612] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Georghiou, G.P. 1977. The Insects and Mites of Cyprus. Athens : Benaki Phytopathological Institute 347 pp. [148] (host, distribution)

Gertsson, C.A. 2001. An annotated checklist of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Sweden. [Förtechnung över Sveriges sköldlöss]. Entomologisk Tidskrift 122(3): 123-130 [123-130] (distribution)

Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture Part 1 132 pp. [60, 63, 68] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Gill, R.J. & Kosztarab, M. 1997. 3.1.1 Economic importance. pp. 161-163 in Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J. (eds). Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam & New York : Elsevier Vol. 7B 442 pp. [161-163] (economic importance, host, distribution)

Gmelin, J.F. 1790. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Linné, editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Regnum Animalium. Leipzig (Lipsiae) : G.E. Beer. [2220] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Gomes Costa, R. 1949. Cochonilhas ou Coccideas do Rio Grande do Sul. Secretaria de Estado dos Negocias da Agricultura. 107 pp. (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1937. Cóccidos de España. Madrid : Instituto de Investigaciones Agronómicas, Estación 432 pp. [268-270] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1946. Adiciones a los Cóccidos de España (1a nota). Eos 22: 59-106 [88] (host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1958. Cochinillas que atacan a los frutales (Homoptera, Coccoidea: II. Familias Lecanidae y Margarodidae). Boletín de Patología Vegetal y Entomología Agrícola. Madrid 23: 43-173 [77-80] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1960. Adiciones a los Cóccidos de España. V. (Superfamilia Coccoidea). Eos 36: 157-204 [182] (host, distribution)

Gonzalez, R.H. 1983. Manejo de plagas de la vid. Publicaciones en Ciencia Agricultura, Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencia Agrarias, Veterinarias, y Forestales 13: 1-115 [51-55] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control)

Gonzalez, R.H. 1985. The European fruit lecanium (scale) on table grapes. Aconex 10(1): 9-14 [9-14] (host, distribution, economic importance, life history, control)

Gonzalez, R.H. 1989. Insectos y acaros de importancia agricola y cuarentenaria en Chile. Santiago : Universidad de Chile 310 pp. [89-91] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance)

Gonzalez, R.H., Curkovic, T. & Barria, G. 1992. [Insects and mites associated with raspberry crops in Chile.] Insectos y acaros asociados al cultivo de la frambuesa en chile. Revista Fruticola 13(2): 41-51 [47] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Granara de Willink, M.C. 1998. [Systematic relocation of the Delta cochineal (Homoptera: Coccidae).] Reubicación sistemática de la cochinilla del Delta (Homoptera: Coccidae). Insecta Mundi 12: 149-153 [151] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1-183 [122-123] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1908. Remarks on Indian scale insects (Coccidae), Part III. With a catalogue of all species hitherto recorded from the Indian continent. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture India, Entomological Series 2: 15-46 [31] (host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1925. Notes on the Coccidae of Guernsey (Channel Islands), with descriptions of some new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 16: 516-527 [518] (host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1925. Observations on British Coccidae. – IX. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 61: 34-44 [43] (host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1928. A brief review of the indigenous Coccidae of the British Islands, with emendations and additions (to February, 1928). Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 40: 1-14 [4] (host, distribution, illustration)

Green, E.E. 1928. Observations on British Coccidae. – XI. With descriptions of new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 64: 20-31 [23] (Lecanium persicae, author incorrectly cited as 'Geoffroy')

Green, E.E. 1929. Some Coccidae collected by Dr. J.G. Myers in New Zealand. Bulletin of Entomological Research 19: 369-389 [376] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Hadzibejli, Z.K. 1983. Coccids of the Subtropical Zone of Gruzia. Tbilisi : Metsniereba 293 pp. [140-142] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history)

Hall, W.J. 1926. Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 72: 1-41 [18-19] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Hall, W.J. 1935. Observations on the Coccidae of southern Rhodesia. – VI. Stylops 4: 73-84 [74] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. [75-77] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp. [199, 202, 207-208] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Hu, X., He, J. & Wang, X. 1992. Homoptera: Coccoidea. In, Peng, J., Liu, Y. & Zhao, J. (eds). Iconography of Forest Insects in Hunan China. Hunan : Hunan Forestry Institute 1473 pp. [187] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Kawai, S. 1972. Diagnostic notes and biology of the coccid species occurring on cultivated or wild trees and shrubs in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the Tokyo-To Agricultural Experiment Station 6: 1-54 [13] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [162-163] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Kawecki, Z. 1962. The appearance of Coccidae of the genus Lecanium Burm. on mistletoe (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Lecaniidae). Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana. Genova 41: 15-24 [15-24] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Kawecki, Z. 1971. A note on some European Lecaniidae (Coccoidea) with new additions of the Austrian, British, Italian and Polish fauna. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences 19: 255-260 [258-259] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

King, G.B. 1903. Some new records of coccidae. The Canadian Entomologist 35: 191-197 [192-193] (host, distribution)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1928. Fauna of Coccidae of Ukraine and Crimea. Zakhist Roslin. Kharkov 3–4: 112-116 [113] (host, distribution)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1932. Suborder Coccoidea. Scale insects. Trudy po Zashchite Rastenii, Series Entomologya 5: 63-66 [256] (taxonomy)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1935. A note on the coccid fauna of Transcaucasia. Bulletin du Musee de Georgie. Tbilisi 8: 1-5 [2] (host, distribution)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1936. The distribution of insect scales (Homoptera – Coccoidea) in USSR from zoogeographical and ecological points of view. Zashchita Rastenii. Leningrad 9: 68-75 [72] (host, distribution)

Kirkaldy, G.W. 1902. Hemiptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis 3(2): 93-174 [106] (taxonomy, distribution)

Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp. [358, 363-365] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control)

Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1978. Scale insects – Coccoidea. Fauna Hungariae, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 17: 1-192 [114] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp. [223-225] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control)

Kozár, F. 1975. Coccoids of cultivated fruit trees of Hungary, basis of prognosis and control measures. Leningrad : Pushkin 24 pp. [1-24] (chemical control, economic importance, host, distribution)

Kozár, F. 1976. The infestation of orchards in Hungary by scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annales Instituti Protectionis Plantarum Hungarici 14: 35-47 [35-47] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Kozár, F. 1980. The scale insect fauna (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Bakony Mountains and surrounding area. Veszprém Megyei Muzeumok Közleményei 15: 65-72 [68] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. 1983. New and little-known scale-insect species from Yugoslavia (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae 29: 139-149 [146] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. 1985. New data to the knowledge of scale-insects of Bulgaria, Greece, and Rumania (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20: 201-205 [203] (distribution)

Kozár, F. 1987. The probability of interspecific competitive situations in scale-insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea): interspecific competition of scale-insects. Oecologia (Berlin) 73: 99-104 [100] (distribution)

Kozár, F. 1989. Microhabitat specialization and similarity of scale-insect assemblages on different fruit trees and in different countries. Ecological Entomology 14: 175-180 [176-177] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. 1995. New data on the zoogeography of Palearctic Coccoidea (Homoptera). Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 103-108 [317] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Kozár, F., Fowjhan, M.A. & Zarrabi, M. 1996. Check-list of Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea (Homoptera) of Afghanistan and Iran, with additional data to the scale insects of fruit trees in Iran. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungaricae 31: 61-74 [65] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. & Ostafichuk, V.G. 1987. New and little known scale-insects species from Moldavia (USSR) (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 48: 91-95 [93] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. & Sugonyaev, E.S. 1979. Contribution to the knowledge of parasites of coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 32: 234-236 [235] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. & Walter, J. 1985. Check-list of the Palaearctic Coccoidea (Homoptera). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 46: 63-110 [78] (distribution)

Kozarzhevskaya, E. & Reitzel, J. 1975. The scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Denmark. Statens Forsogsvirksomhed i Plantekultur Beretning. Copenhagen 1226: 1-40 [20] (host, distribution)

Kozarzhevskaya, E.F. 1992. Pests of ornamental plants – armoured scales, soft scales, mealybugs. Moscow : Nauka 358 pp. [77-78] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, life history)

Lambdin, P.L. & Watson, J.K. 1980. New collection records for scale insects of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 55: 77-81 [79] (host, distribution)

Leonardi, G. 1908. Seconda contribuzione alla conoscenza della cocciniglie Italiane. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 3: 150-191 [178-179] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Leonardi, G. 1920. Monografia delle cocciniglie Italiane. Portici : Della Torre 555 pp. [306] (misspelling of species name as Lecanium cymbyformis)

Lindinger, L. 1912. Die Schildläuse (Coccidae) Europas, Nordafrikas und Vorder-Asiens, einschliesslich der Azoren, der Kanaren und Madeiras. Stuttgart : E. Ulmer 388 pp. [83, 91, 137, 183] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Lindinger, L. 1935. Die nunmehr gültigen Namen der Arten in meinem 'Schildläusebuch' und in den 'Schildläusen der Mitteleuropäischen Gewächshäuser'. (In German). Arbeiten über Physiologische und Angewandte Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 44: 127-149 [136, 138] (taxonomy)

Lizer y Trelles, C.A. 1922. Tres coccidos nuevos para la fauna Argentina. Physis (Buenos Aires) 6: 99-100 [100] (host, distribution)

Longo, S., Marotta, S., Pellizzari, G., Russo, A. & Tranfaglia, A. 1995. An annotated list of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Italy. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 113-130 [123] (distribution)

Lozzia, G.C. 1985. [Observations on some mealybugs found on ornamental plants in Lombardy and other northern regions of Italy.] Su alcune cocciniglie rinvenute in Lombardia e zone Limitrofe su piante ornamentali. Notiziario Malattie delle Piante III, no. 33 106: 122-124 [122-124] (host, distribution)

Mamet, J.R. 1943. A revised list of the Coccoidea of the islands of the western Indian Ocean, south of the equator. Mauritius Institute Bulletin 2: 137-170 [151] (distribution)

Mamet, J.R. 1949. An annotated catalogue of the Coccoidea of Mauritius. Mauritius Institute Bulletin 3: 1-81 [23-24] (host, distribution)

Marchal, P. 1908. Notes sur les cochenilles de l'Europe et du nord de l'Afrique (1re partie). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 77: 223-309 [285-295] (taxonomy, host, distribution, life history)

Marotta, S. 1987. [Coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) found in Italy, with bibliographic references on taxonomy, geographic range, biology and host plants.]. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 44: 97-119 [107] (host, distribution, life history)

Martin-Mateo, M.P. 1984. Inventario preliminar de los cóccidos de España. II. Asterolecanidae, Kermococcidae, Coccidae y Aclerdidae. Graellsia, Revista de Entomólogos Ibéricos. Madrid 40: 63-79 [73-74] (host, distribution)

Maskell, W.M. 1897. Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species and discussions of points of interest. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 29: 293-331 [311] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Maskell, W.M. 1897. On a collection of Coccidae, principally from China and Japan. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 33: 239-244 [311] (misidentification as Lecanium berberidis)

Maskell, W.M. 1898. Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species, and discussion of points of interest. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 30[1897]: 219-252 [237-238] (taxonomy)

Melis, A. 1930. [Contribution to knowledge of pests to crops and forests of Sardinia.] Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli insetti dannosi alle piante agrarie e forestali della Sardegna. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 18: 1-120 [17] (host, distribution)

Nada, S., Abd Rabo, S. & Hussein, G.E.D. 1990. Scale insects infesting mango trees in Egypt (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of Scale Insects Studies, Cracow, Poland 1990: 133-134 [133-134] (host, distribution)

Nakahara, S. 1981. The proper placement of the Nearctic soft scale species assigned to the genus Lecanium Burmeister (Homoptera: Coccidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 283-286 [284] (taxonomy)

Neves, M. 1936. Les coccides du Portugal (première liste). Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles, Lisbonne 12: 191-213 [204-205] (host, distribution)

Newstead, R. 1900. The injurious scale insects and mealy bugs of the British Isles. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 23: 219-262 [21-22] (host, distribution, life history)

Paik, W.H. (ed.) 1978. Illustrated flora and fauna of Korea. Insecta (VI). [Korea] : Min. Education (Samhwa Publ. Co. Ltd) Vol. 22 481 pp. (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Phillips, J.H.H. 1965. Notes on species of Lecanium Burmeister (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario with a description of a new species. The Canadian Entomologist 97: 231-238 [237] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Potaeva, A.G. 1993. [Soft scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Coccidae) of southern Turkmenistan.]. Akademii Nauk Turkmenistana 4: 33-39 [35, 38] (host, distribution)

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T.V. 1921. A check list of the Coccidae of the Indian region. Proceedings of the Entomology Meetings. India 4: 336-362 [350] (host, distribution)

Reh, L. 1903. Zur Naturgeschichte Mittel-und Nordeuropäischer Schildläuse. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Entomologie 8: 301-469 [409-410] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Rzaeva, L.M. & Yaminova, G.A. 1985. [Fauna of aphelnids (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) — coccid parasites in the Kuba-Khachmass zone of the Azerbaijan SSR (USSR).]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhan SSR Seriya Biologischeskichi Nauk No. 6: 55-58 [55-58] (biological control)

Salazar Torres, J.C. & Solis Aguilar, J.F. 1990. [Scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) present on four species of fruit trees of the family Rosaceae in Zacatlan, Puebla.] Escamas (Homoptera: Coccoidea) presentes en cuatro especies frutales de la familia Rosaceae en Zacatlan, Puebla. Revista Chapingo 15(67–68): 135-137 [137] (host, distribution)

Sanders, J.G. 1909. The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale-insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 2: 428-448 [441] (catalogue)

Seabra, A.F. de 1941. Contribuiçoes para o inventário da fauna Lusitânica. Insecta: Homoptera (Coccidae). Memórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade de Coimbra Série 1. Zoologia Sistemática 125: 1-8 [8] (distribution)

Shafee, S.A., Yousuf, M. & Khan, M.Y. 1989. Host plants and distribution of coccid pests (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in India. Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology 6: 47-55 [53] (host, distribution)

Shinji, O. 1935. A list of the unarmed scale insects collected in the Prefecture of Iwate, with the descriptions of 7 new species. Dobutsugako Zasshi, Tokyo (Journal of the Zoological Society of Japan) 47: 767-777 [769] (host, distribution)

Signoret, V. 1869. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 2e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 4 8: 829-876 [844, 850, 864] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Signoret, V. 1873. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 11e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 3: 395-448 [427] (misidentification as Lecanium rosarum)

Šulc, K. 1932. Ceskoslovenské druhyrodupuklice (gn. Lecanium, Coccidae, Homoptera). Die Tschechoslowakischen Lecanium-Arten. Prace Moravské Prírodovedecké Spolecnosti (Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moravicae) 7: 1-134 [75-78] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1928. Coccidae of Formosa. Philippine Journal of Science 36: 327-347 [342] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1929. Observations on the Coccidae of Formosa. – 1. Report, Government Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Formosa 40: 1-82 [52-53] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1932. New food plants of the Coccidae in Formosa. Transactions of the Formosa Natural History Society 22: 102-105 [104-105] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1936. Some Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, Coccidae (Homoptera), and Thysanoptera from Micronesia. Tenthredo. (Acta Entomologica. Takeuchi Entomological Laboratory) 1: 109-120 [116] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1939. Some Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, and Coccidae from Micronesia (Homoptera). Tenthredo. (Acta Entomologica. Takeuchi Entomological Laboratory) 2: 234-272 [262] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1940. Insects of the Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) of Daito Jima, the Loochoo Islands. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa 30: 327-332 [331] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1942. Some injurious insects of agricultural plants and forest trees in Thailand and Indo-China. II. Coccidae. Report of the First Scientific Expedition to Manchoukuo 81: 1-56 [17] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1942. Some species of Aleyrodidae, Aphididae and Coccidae in Micronesia (Homoptera). Tenthredo. (Acta Entomologica. Takeuchi Entomological Laboratory) 3: 349-358 [353] (host, distribution)

Takahashi, R. 1955. Some scale insects of the Loochoo Islands (Homoptera). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 16–19: 238-242 [239] (host, distribution)

Tang, F.T. 1977. [The scale insects of horticulture and forest of China]. Liaoning, China : The Institute of Gardening Vol. 1 259 pp. [80-81] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Tang, F.T. 1984. Observation on the scale insects injurious to forestry of North China. Shanxi Agricultural University Press Research Publication 2: 122-133 [126] (host, distribution)

Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press. [194-196] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Tao, C.C.C. 1978. Checklist and host plant index to scale insects of Taiwan, Republic of China. Journal of Agricultural Research China. Taiwan 27: 77-141 [80] (host, distribution)

Tereznikova, E.M. 1963. Trophic association of scale insects (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Transcarpathian region. Flora i Fauna Karpat 2: 182-191 [186] (host, distribution)

Tereznikova, E.M. 1966. Ecologic-faunistic survey of the scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Transcarpathian region. Problemii Zoologii, Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR 1966: 20-37 [30] (host, distribution)

Tereznikova, E.M. 1981. [Scale insects: Eriococcidae, Kermesidae and Coccidae.]. Fauna Ukraini. Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR. Institut Zoologii. Kiev 20: 1-215 [175-178] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1954. Coccids of green plantings in Erevan and Leninakan. Akademii Nauk Armaianskoi SSR Izv. Biolog. Sel'sk. Nauk 7: 61-72 [64] (host, distribution)

Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1956. Coccids of cultivated fruit in Armenia. Sbornik, Institut Zoologii, Akademiya Nauk Armianskoi SSR (Zoological Papers, Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR, Zoological Institute) 9: 33-57 [39] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1966. Harmful coccids of cultivated plants and forest tree varieties in the Armenian SSR. In, Ibragimov, G.R. et al. Materialji Sessii Zakavkazskogo Soveta po Koordinatzii Nauchno-Issledovatel'skikh Rabot Zashite Rastenii. Akad. Nauk Azerb. SSR [1966]: 371-373 [373] (host, distribution)

Tremblay, E. 1988. Entomologia applicata. Volume secondo, Parte prima. Napoli : Liguori Editore 329 pp. [243-244] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution; life history)

Tschorbadjiew, P. 1939. Short note on scale insects (Coccidae, Rhynchota) in Bulgaria. Izvestiya na Bulgarskoto Entomologichno Druzhestvo 10: 88-90 [89] (host, distribution)

Valentine, E.W. 1967. A list of the hosts of entomophagous insects of new Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science 10: 1100-1210 [1100] (biological control)

Varshney, R.K. 1985. A review of Indian coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Oriental Insects 19: 1-101 [27] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Vieira, R.M.S., Carmona, M.M. & Pita, M.S. 1983. Sobre os coccideos do Arquipelago da Madeira (Homoptera – Coccoidea). Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 35: 81-162 [101-102] (host, distribution)

Walker, F. 1852. List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part IV. London : British Museum (Natural History) 1188 pp. [1073, 1084] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Wang, T.C. 1980. [Handbook for the determination of the common coccoids.]. Place of publication unknown : Chinese Academy of Sciences 252 pp. [49] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Watson, J.K., Lambdin, P.L. & Langdon, K. 1994. Diversity of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87(2): 225-230 [227] (host, distribution)

Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1-215 [91-97] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Wise, K.A.J. 1977. A synonymic checklist of the Hexapoda of the New Zealand sub-region. The smaller orders. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum. Auckland, New Zealand 11: 1-145 [104-105] (host, distribution)

Xie, Y.P. 1998. [The Scale Insects of the Forest and Fruit Trees in Shanxi of China.]. Place of publication unknown : China Forestry Publishing House 147 pp. [63-64] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Yang, P.L. 1982. [General classification of scale insects in China.]. Shanghai : Shanghai Science & Technology 425 pp. [169, 191] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Zahradník, J. 1977. Aleyrodinea – Coccinea. In Enumeratio Insectorum Bohemoslovakiae. Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae Supplement 4: 117-122 [118] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
21-Nov-2012 01-May-2014 MODIFIED
29-Jun-2012 29-Jun-2012 MODIFIED
12-Feb-2010 (import)