Australian Biological Resources Study

Australian Faunal Directory

Subspecies Parthenolecanium persicae persicae (Fabricius, 1776)

Museums

Regional Maps

Subspecies Parthenolecanium persicae persicae (Fabricius, 1776)

Grapevine Scale

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia


Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

 

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [195] (female; New Zealand); (Granara de Willink, M.C., 1999) [117] (female; Argentina); (Granara de Willink, M.C., 1998) [151] (female; Argentina); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [358] (female; northeastern North America); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [324] (female; northeastern North America); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [358] (female; northern North America); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [189] (female; China); (Gill, R.J., 1988) [60] (female; USA, California); (Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F., 1988) [218] (female; Europe); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [71] (female; USA, Florida); (Kawai, S., 1980) [160-162] (female; Japan); (Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M., 1972) [69] (female; USA, Virginia); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [372] (female; Egypt); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [349] (female; Palaearctic Region)

 

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [figs 6, 48], Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Ben-Dov, Y., Gros, S. & Maimon, A. 1991. Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), a new pest of persimmon in Israel. Hassadeh 72: 347–348, Gonzalez, R.H. 1983. Manejo de plagas de la vid. Publicaciones en Ciencia Agricultura, Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencia Agrarias, Veterinarias, y Forestales 13: 1–115, Gonzalez, R.H. 1985. The European fruit lecanium (scale) on table grapes. Aconex 10(1): 9–14

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Boratynski, K.L. 1970. On some species of 'Lecanium' (Homoptera, Coccidae) in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna; with description and illustration of the immature stages of Parthenolecanium persicae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 74: 63–76, Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1–343, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press, Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183 and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp.. Good description and illustration of first-instar, female second-instar, and female third instar nymph by Boratynski (1970). Good description of the adult female and female second-instar nymph given by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493.

SYSTEMATICS

Boratynski, K.L. 1970. On some species of 'Lecanium' (Homoptera, Coccidae) in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna; with description and illustration of the immature stages of Parthenolecanium persicae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 74: 63–76 recorded material of Lecanium genistae from the Signoret Collection in the Vienna Museum of Natural History, which represent the material referred to by Signoret, V. 1874. Communication sur les cochenilles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Bulletin Entomologique 5 4: vii [403–404]

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

Introduced into Western Australia about 1901, where it became a serious pest of grapevine and plum (see Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Coccidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp.). Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493. Fortusini, A., Scattini, G., Prati, S., Cinquanta, S. & Belli, G. 1999. Transmission of grapevine leafroll virus 1 (GLRV-1) and grapevine virus A (GVA) by scale insects. pp. 121–122 in, International Council for the study of Viruses and Viruslike diseases of the Grapevine. 12th ICVG Meeting. found in Italy that Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Parthenolecanium corni, P. persicae and Pulvinaria vitis where present in vineyards were natural spread of Grapevine Leafroll Disease was recorded.

BIOLOGY

Females reproduce parthenogenetically: for Europe, see Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp.; Virginia, see Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Chile, see Gonzalez, R.H. 1989. Insectos y acaros de importancia agricola y cuarentenaria en Chile. Santiago : Universidad de Chile 310 pp. and Israel, see Ben-Dov, Y., Gros, S. & Maimon, A. 1991. Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), a new pest of persimmon in Israel. Hassadeh 72: 347–348. Develops one annual generation in Central Europe (see Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988), Chile (see Gonzalez, 1989) and in Israel (see Ben-Dov et al., 1991). Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493 reported two generations per year in Central Asia. Bazarov, B.B., Babaev, T. & Shmelev, G.P. 1975. The peach soft scale (Parthenolecanium persicae F.) and its parasites in Tadzhikistan (Homoptera). pp. 94–100 in Shchetkii, U.L. & Muminov, N.N. (eds). Entomologiya Tadzhikistana. Dushanbe : Donish studied the parasites in Tadzhikistan. Brittin, G. 1940. The life history of Lecanium (Eulecanium) persicae (Fabricius), and descriptions of the different instars. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 69: 413–421 studied the life history in New Zealand under the name P. persicae spinosum.

 

General References

Ali, S.M. 1971. A catalogue of the Oriental Coccoidea. (Part V) (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea) (with an index). Indian Museum Bulletin 6: 7-82 [41] (host, distribution)

Archangelskaya, A.D. 1930. List of the scale insects (Coccidae) of Turkmenistan. Report of the Plant Protection Station for 1926 to 1929, Ashkhabad, Turkmenia. 75-85 pp. [79] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1927. Contribution à l'étude des coccides de l'Afrique mineure (1re note). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 96: 175-207 [185] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1932. Étude biologique des coccides du bassin occidental de la Méditerranée. Paris : P. Lechevalier & Fils 214 pp. LXVII. [117] (taxonomy)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1933. Les coccides des Iles d'Hyères (Contributión a l'étude des coccids de France, 16e note). (In French). Annales de la Société d'Histoire Naturelles de Toulon 17: 78-84 [5] (host, distribution)

Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Coccidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed.). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp. [63] (taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control)

Bazarov, B.B. 1971. Coccid fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region (Pamir). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR. Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk 3: 87-91 [90] (host, distribution)

Bazarov, B.B., Babaev, T. & Shmelev, G.P. 1975. The peach soft scale (Parthenolecanium persicae F.) and its parasites in Tadzhikistan (Homoptera). pp. 94-100 in Shchetkii, U.L. & Muminov, N.N. (eds). Entomologiya Tadzhikistana. Dushanbe : Donish. [94-99] (host, distribution, biological control)

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. [123, 221-224] (catalogue)

Ben-Dov, Y., Gros, S. & Maimon, A. 1991. Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), a new pest of persimmon in Israel. Hassadeh 72: 347-348 [347-348] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Ben-Dov, Y., Hodgson, C.J. & Miller, D.R. 1997. Changes and comments on the taxonomy and nomenclature of some taxa in the families Coccidae, Eriococcidae and Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Phytoparasitica 25: 199-206 [201] (taxonomy)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1944. Note on the Coccoidea of Iran, with description of new species. Bulletin de la Société Fouad 1er d'Entomologie 28: 85-100 [88] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1953. The Coccoidea of Turkey. III. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Istanbul B 18: 91-164 [97] (host, distribution, life history)

Boratynski, K.L. 1970. On some species of 'Lecanium' (Homoptera, Coccidae) in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna; with description and illustration of the immature stages of Parthenolecanium persicae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 74: 63-76 [63-76] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Boratynski, K.L. & Williams, D.J. 1964. Coccoidea. pp. 87-94 in Kloet, G.S. & Hinks, W.D (eds). Checklist of British Insects. London : Handbk. Ident. British Insects Vol. 11. [105] (host, distribution)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1950. Mealybugs and Scale Insects of USSR (Coccoidea). Moscow : Akademii Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute Vol. 32 250 pp. [148] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [350-356] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control)

Borg, J. 1932. Scale Insects of the Maltese Islands. Malta : Government Printing Office 20 pp. [15] (host, distribution)

Borg, P. 1919. The scale insects of the Maltese Islands. Malta : Government Printing Office 71 pp. [37] (misidentification as Lecanium nigrofasciatum)

Bouron, H. 1987. [Vine. Seasonal proposal. Scale insects.] Vigne. Propos de saison. Les cochenilles. Phytoma No. 392: 34 [34] (host, distribution, economic importance, control)

Brimblecombe, A.R. 1962. Studies of the Coccoidea. 12. Species occurring on deciduous fruit and nut trees in Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 19: 219-229 [226] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Brittin, G. 1940. The life history of Lecanium (Eulecanium) persicae (Fabricius), and descriptions of the different instars. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 69: 413-421 [420] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Brittin, G. 1940. The validity of the coccid genus Eulecanium Cockerell. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 69: 410-412 [410-412] (taxonomy)

Bustshik, T.N. 1960. Coccid fauna of western Kopet-Dagh. Trudy Akademii Nauk SSR Zoologicheskogo Instituta. St. Petersburg 27: 167-182 [170] (host, distribution)

Calkins, C.O. 1983. Research on exotic insects. In, Wilson, C.L. & Graham, C.L. (eds). Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture. New York : Academic Press 522 pp. [321] (distribution, economic importance)

Carvalho, J.P.M., Franco, J.C., Aguiar, F. & Soares, A.O. 1996. Insect pests of citrus in Portugal. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture I: 613-618 [614] (host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1896. A check list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 4: 318-339 [331-332] (distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1897. Contributions to Coccidology. – II. American Naturalist 31: 588-592 [591] (host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1897. Notes on scale insects. 3. California Fruit Grower 21: 5 [5] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1898. A new scale-insect of the genus Lecanium. Entomological News 9: 145-146 [145-146] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Article VII. – First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 5: 389-398 [394] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1901. Notes on some Coccidae of the earlier writers. The Entomologist 34: 90-93 [92] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. & Parrott, P.J. 1899. Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae. The Industrialist 25: 159-165, 227-237, 276-284 [236] (taxonomy)

Corseuil, E. & Barbosa, V.M.B. 1971. A familia Coccidae no Rio Grande do Sul (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Arquivos do Museu Nacional. Rio de Janeiro 54: 237-241 [238] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1967. Contributions to the knowledge of the Coccidae (Homoptera) of the Primorye Territory. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 41: 139-172 [152] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1972. Contributions to the knowledge of the scale insects fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of Afghanistan. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie (English translation as Entomological Reviews) 51: 581-584 [582] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1972. Insects and ticks. In, Pests of Forest. Akademii Nauk SSSR Zoologicheskogo Instituta Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 1972: 189-221 [204] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1-343 [272-274] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Deitz, L.L. & Tocker, M.F. 1980. W.M. Maskell's Homoptera: Species-group names and type-material. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Information Series 146: 1-76 [29] (taxonomy)

Douglas, J.W. 1891. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 19). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 27: 65-68 [65] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Dumas, P. & Vasseur, R. 1950. [Chemical treatments for coccids on fruit trees.] Les traitements coccicides des arbres fuitiers. Bulletin technique d'information: BTI/Ministère de l'agriculture No. 49: 235-245 [235-245] (chemical control)

Egger, E. 1990. [Phytosanitary protection of grapes.] Protezione fitosanitaria vite 1990. Informatore Agrario 46(16): 27-135 [27-28] (biological control)

Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359-426 [408-410] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, ecology)

Ezzat, Y.M. & Nada, S.M.A. 1987. List of Superfamily Coccoidea as known to exist in Egypt. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 43(Suppl.): 85-90 [86] (distribution)

Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [l68, 182, 190-193] (catalogue)

Foldi, I. 2000. [Diversity and modification of the scale insects communities of the Hyeres islands in natural and man-modified environments (Hemiptera: Coccoidea).]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 36(1): 75-94 [82] (host, distribution)

Foldi, I. & Soria, S.J. 1989. [Scale insects injurious to vineyards in South America (Homoptera: Coccoidea).] Les cochenilles nuisibles à la vigne en amerique du sud (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France ns 25(4): 411-430 [423] (taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance)

Fortusini, A., Scattini, G., Prati, S., Cinquanta, S. & Belli, G. 1999. Transmission of grapevine leafroll virus 1 (GLRV-1) and grapevine virus A (GVA) by scale insects. pp. 121–122 in, International Council for the study of Viruses and Viruslike diseases of the Grapevine. 12th ICVG Meeting. [121-122] (economic importance, host, distribution)

Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [604, 611-612] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Georghiou, G.P. 1977. The Insects and Mites of Cyprus. Athens : Benaki Phytopathological Institute 347 pp. [148] (host, distribution)

Gertsson, C.A. 2001. An annotated checklist of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Sweden. [Förtechnung över Sveriges sköldlöss]. Entomologisk Tidskrift 122(3): 123-130 [123-130] (distribution)

Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture Part 1 132 pp. [60, 63, 68] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Gill, R.J. & Kosztarab, M. 1997. 3.1.1 Economic importance. pp. 161-163 in Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J. (eds). Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam & New York : Elsevier Vol. 7B 442 pp. [161-163] (economic importance, host, distribution)

Gmelin, J.F. 1790. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Linné, editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Regnum Animalium. Leipzig (Lipsiae) : G.E. Beer. [2220] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Gomes Costa, R. 1949. Cochonilhas ou Coccideas do Rio Grande do Sul. Secretaria de Estado dos Negocias da Agricultura. 107 pp. (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1937. Cóccidos de España. Madrid : Instituto de Investigaciones Agronómicas, Estación 432 pp. [268-270] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1946. Adiciones a los Cóccidos de España (1a nota). Eos 22: 59-106 [88] (host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1958. Cochinillas que atacan a los frutales (Homoptera, Coccoidea: II. Familias Lecanidae y Margarodidae). Boletín de Patología Vegetal y Entomología Agrícola. Madrid 23: 43-173 [77-80] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1960. Adiciones a los Cóccidos de España. V. (Superfamilia Coccoidea). Eos 36: 157-204 [182] (host, distribution)

Gonzalez, R.H. 1983. Manejo de plagas de la vid. Publicaciones en Ciencia Agricultura, Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencia Agrarias, Veterinarias, y Forestales 13: 1-115 [51-55] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control)

Gonzalez, R.H. 1985. The European fruit lecanium (scale) on table grapes. Aconex 10(1): 9-14 [9-14] (host, distribution, economic importance, life history, control)

Gonzalez, R.H. 1989. Insectos y acaros de importancia agricola y cuarentenaria en Chile. Santiago : Universidad de Chile 310 pp. [89-91] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance)

Gonzalez, R.H., Curkovic, T. & Barria, G. 1992. [Insects and mites associated with raspberry crops in Chile.] Insectos y acaros asociados al cultivo de la frambuesa en chile. Revista Fruticola 13(2): 41-51 [47] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Granara de Willink, M.C. 1998. [Systematic relocation of the Delta cochineal (Homoptera: Coccidae).] Reubicación sistemática de la cochinilla del Delta (Homoptera: Coccidae). Insecta Mundi 12: 149-153 [151] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1-183 [122-123] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1908. Remarks on Indian scale insects (Coccidae), Part III. With a catalogue of all species hitherto recorded from the Indian continent. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture India, Entomological Series 2: 15-46 [31] (host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1925. Notes on the Coccidae of Guernsey (Channel Islands), with descriptions of some new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 16: 516-527 [518] (host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1925. Observations on British Coccidae. – IX. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 61: 34-44 [43] (host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1928. A brief review of the indigenous Coccidae of the British Islands, with emendations and additions (to February, 1928). Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 40: 1-14 [4] (host, distribution, illustration)

Green, E.E. 1928. Observations on British Coccidae. – XI. With descriptions of new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 64: 20-31 [23] (Lecanium persicae, author incorrectly cited as 'Geoffroy')

Green, E.E. 1929. Some Coccidae collected by Dr. J.G. Myers in New Zealand. Bulletin of Entomological Research 19: 369-389 [376] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Hadzibejli, Z.K. 1983. Coccids of the Subtropical Zone of Gruzia. Tbilisi : Metsniereba 293 pp. [140-142] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history)

Hall, W.J. 1926. Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 72: 1-41 [18-19] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Hall, W.J. 1935. Observations on the Coccidae of southern Rhodesia. – VI. Stylops 4: 73-84 [74] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. [75-77] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp. [199, 202, 207-208] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Hu, X., He, J. & Wang, X. 1992. Homoptera: Coccoidea. In, Peng, J., Liu, Y. & Zhao, J. (eds). Iconography of Forest Insects in Hunan China. Hunan : Hunan Forestry Institute 1473 pp. [187] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Kawai, S. 1972. Diagnostic notes and biology of the coccid species occurring on cultivated or wild trees and shrubs in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the Tokyo-To Agricultural Experiment Station 6: 1-54 [13] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [162-163] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Kawecki, Z. 1962. The appearance of Coccidae of the genus Lecanium Burm. on mistletoe (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Lecaniidae). Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana. Genova 41: 15-24 [15-24] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Kawecki, Z. 1971. A note on some European Lecaniidae (Coccoidea) with new additions of the Austrian, British, Italian and Polish fauna. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences 19: 255-260 [258-259] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

King, G.B. 1903. Some new records of coccidae. The Canadian Entomologist 35: 191-197 [192-193] (host, distribution)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1928. Fauna of Coccidae of Ukraine and Crimea. Zakhist Roslin. Kharkov 3–4: 112-116 [113] (host, distribution)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1932. Suborder Coccoidea. Scale insects. Trudy po Zashchite Rastenii, Series Entomologya 5: 63-66 [256] (taxonomy)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1935. A note on the coccid fauna of Transcaucasia. Bulletin du Musee de Georgie. Tbilisi 8: 1-5 [2] (host, distribution)

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1936. The distribution of insect scales (Homoptera – Coccoidea) in USSR from zoogeographical and ecological points of view. Zashchita Rastenii. Leningrad 9: 68-75 [72] (host, distribution)

Kirkaldy, G.W. 1902. Hemiptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis 3(2): 93-174 [106] (taxonomy, distribution)

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History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
05-Jun-2024 COCCOIDEA 21-Mar-2024 MODIFIED Dr Vivian Sandoval (ABRS)
21-Nov-2012 01-May-2014 MODIFIED
29-Jun-2012 29-Jun-2012 MODIFIED
12-Feb-2010 (import)