Species Giardia duodenalis (Davaine, 1875)

Museums

Regional Maps

• Hexamita duodenalis Davaine, C. 1875. Monadiens. In, Asselin, P. & Masson, G. (eds). Dictionnaires encyclopédique des sciences medicales. 2 Paris Vol. 9.
• Giardia lamblia Stiles, C.W. 1915. Zooparasitic intestinal infections. United States Public Health Service Report 30: 1991-2002.
• Cercomonas intestinalis Lambl, W. 1859. Mikroskopische untersuchungen der darmexcrete. Vierteljahtsschrift Prak Heikunde (Prag) 61: 1–58.

Generic Combinations

• Giardia duodenalis (Davaine, 1875). —
  Filice, F.P. 1952. Studies on the cytology and histology of Giardia from the laboratory rat. University of California Publications in Zoology 57(2): 53-146

Distribution

IBRA and IMCRA regions

IBRA

Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Lama pacos Linnaeus, 1758 [CAMELIDAE] Alpaca (faeces); Neophoca cinerea [PHOCIDAE] Australian Sea Lion; Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) [CENTROPOMIDAE] Barramundi, Giant Perch (gut (+ PCR)); Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro, 1949) [SPARIDAE] Black Bream (gut (+ PCR)); Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) [MURIDAE] Brown Rat (syn. Rattus decumanus Pallus, 1778, Mus decumanus; intestine (+ PCR)(exptl. infection)); Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 [FELIDAE] Cat (faeces (+ IMS), duodenum (+ PCR)(+ CELISA)); Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792) [PHALANGERIDAE] Common Brushtail Possum (faeces (+ PCR)); Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 [CANIDAE] Domestic Dog (faeces (+ IMS), coproantigens (ELISA), duodenum); Perameles gunnii Gray, 1838 [PERAMELIDAE] Eastern Barred Bandicoot (faeces (exptl. infection)); Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 [CANIDAE] Fox (faeces (IMS)(PCR)); Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Goat (faeces (+ PCR)); Cavia porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758) [CAVIIDAE] Guinea Pig (syn. Cavia cutleri Bennett, 1835; gut); Equus (Equus) caballus Linnaeus, 1758 [EQUIDAE] Horse (faeces (+ IMS)(+ PCR)); Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 [MURIDAE] House Mouse (syn. M. domesticus; intestine, faeces (+ PCR)(exptl.)); Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (gut, faeces (+ PCR), coproantigens (ELISA), culture); Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss, 1817) [PHASCOLARCTIDAE] Koala (faeces (+ PCR)); Potorous tridactylus (Kerr, 1792) [POTOROIDAE] Long-nosed Potoroo (= P. gilberti; faeces (+ PCR)); Callithrix sp. [CEBIDAE] Marmoset (gut); Trichosurus cunninghami Lindenmayer et al., 2002 [PHALANGERIDAE] Mountain Brushtail Possum (faeces (+ PCR)); Argyrosomus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) [SCIAENIDAE] Mulloway, Japanese Croaker (gut (+ PCR)); Isoodon macrourus (Gould, 1842) [PERAMELIDAE] Northern Brown Bandicoot (faeces); Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Ox (faeces (+ IMS) (+ PCR)); Macropus parma Waterhouse, 1845 [MACROPODIDAE] Parma Wallaby (faeces (+ PCR)); Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 [SUIDAE] Pig (faeces (+ IMS)); Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) [MACROPODIDAE] Quokka (faeces (+ PCR)); Macropus rufus (Desmarest, 1822) [MACROPODIDAE] Red Kangaroo (syn. Megalia rufus; faeces (+ PCR)); Thylogale thetis (Lesson, 1827) [MACROPODIDAE] Red-necked Pademelon (faeces); Aepyprymnus rufescens (Gray, 1837) [POTOROIDAE] Rufous Bettong (faeces (+ PCR)); Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 [MUGILIDAE] Sea Mullet (gut (+ PCR)); Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Sheep (faeces (+ IMS), gut (+ PCR)); Hylobates syndactylus Raffles, 1821 [HYLOBATIDAE] Siamang (faeces); Pagrus auratus Forster, 1801 [LUTJANIDAE] Snapper (gut (+ PCR)); Lasiorhinus latifrons (Owen, 1845) [VOMBATIDAE] Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (faeces (+ PCR)); Notomys alexis Thomas, 1922 [MURIDAE] Spinifex Hopping-mouse (faeces); Dasyurus maculatus (Kerr, 1792) [DASYURIDAE] Spotted-tailed Quoll (faeces (+ PCR)); Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) [MACROPODIDAE] Swamp Wallaby (faeces (+ PCR)); Macropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817) [MACROPODIDAE] Tammar Wallaby (faeces (+ PCR)); Unidentified bird species (faeces (PCR)); [MACROPODIDAE] Unidentified kangaroo species (faeces (PCR)); Macropus fuliginosus (Desmarest, 1817) [MACROPODIDAE] Western Grey Kangaroo (faeces (+ PCR)); Galaxias occidentalis Ogilby, 1899 [GALAXIIDAE] Western Minnow (gut (+ PCR)); Petrogale xanthopus Gray, 1855 [MACROPODIDAE] Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby (faeces (+ PCR)); Rattus sp. [MURIDAE] (gut)).

Associated Fauna References

Andrews R.H., Adams M., Boreham P.F.L., Mayrhofer G. & Meloni B.P. 1989. Giardia intestinalis: electrophoretic evidence for a species complex. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 183-190 (Homo sapiens)

Andrews R.H., Chilton N.B. & Mayrhofer G. 1992. Selection of specific genotypes of Giardia intestnalis by growth in vitro and in vivo. Parasitology 105: 375-386 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Andrews R.H., Mayrhofer G., Chilton N.B., Boreham P.F.L. & Grimmond T.R. 1992. Changes in allozyme pattern of the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 403-406 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Andrews R.H., Monis P.L. & Mayrhofer G. 1998. Comparison of the levels in intra-specific genetic variation within Giardia muris and Giardia intestinalis. International Journal for Parasitology 28: 1179-1185 (Homo sapiens)

Assadmongkol, K., Gracey, M., Forbes, D. & Varavithya, W. 1992. Cryptosporidium in 100 Australian children. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 23: 132-137 (Homo sapiens)

Bearup, A.J., Lawrence, J.J. & Heydon, G.A.M. 1949. The incidence of parasitic infections in New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 7-10 (Homo sapiens)

Becher, K.A., Robertson, I.D., Fraser, D.M., Palmer, D.G. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2004. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dairy calves originating from three sources in Western Australia. Veterinary Microbiology 123: 1-9 (Bos taurus)

Bettiol, S.S., Kettlewell, J.S., Davies, N.J. & Goldsmid, J.M. 1997. Giardiasis in native marsupials of Tasmania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: 352-354 (Perameles gunnii; Homo sapiens)

Biggs, B.A., Megna, R., Wickremesinghe, S. & Dwyer, B. 1987. Human infection with Cryptosporidium spp.: results of a 24-month survey. Medical Journal of Australia 147: 175-177 (Homo sapiens)

Binz, N., Thompson, R.C.A., Lymbery, A.J. & Hobbs, R.P. 1992. Comparative studies on the growth dynamics of two genetically distinct isolates of Giardia duodenalis in vitro. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 195-202 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L. 1987. Transmission of Giardia by food and water. Food Technology in Australia 39: 61-63 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Benrimoj, S., Ong, M., Craig, M., Shepherd, R.W., Hill, D. & Singleton, B. 1986. A compliance study in paediatric patients receiving treatment for giardiasis. Australian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 16: 138-142 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Dondey, J. & Walker, R. 1981. Giardiasis among children in the city of Logan, south east Queensland. Australian Paediatric Journal 17: 209-212 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Phillips, R.E. & Shepherd, R.W. 1984. The sensitivity of Giardia intestinalis to drugs in vitro. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 14: 449-461 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Phillips, R.E. & Shepherd, R.W. 1985. A comparison of the in-vitro activity of some 5-nitroimidazoles and other compounds against Giardia intestinalis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 16: 589-595 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Phillips, R.E. & Shepherd, R.W. 1986. The activity of drugs against Giardia intestinalis in neonatal mice. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 18: 393-398 (Mus musculus)

Boreham, P.F.L., Phillips, R.E. & Shepherd, R.W. 1987. Heterogeneity in the response of clones of Giardia intestinalis to anti-giardial drugs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81: 406-407 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Phillips, R.E. & Shepherd, R.W. 1988. Altered uptake of metronidazole in vitro by stocks of Giardia intestinalis with different drug sensitivities. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82: 104-106 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Upcroft, J., Upcroft, P. & Andrews, R. 1988. Zoonotic Giardia - the debate goes on. Parasitology Today 4: 322 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1990. Changing approaches to the study of Giardia epidemiology: 1681-2000. International Journal for Parasitology 20: 479-487 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1991. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Giardia intestinalis. pp. 594-604 in Coombs, G.H. & North, M.J. (eds). Biochemical Protozoology. London : Taylor & Francis. (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L. & Phillips, R.E. 1986. Giardiasis in Mount Isa, north-west Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 144: 524-528 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L. & Shepherd, R.W. 1982. Septic systems and Giardia intestinalis transmission. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 553 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L. & Shepherd, R.W. 1984. Giardiasis in child-care centres. Medical Journal of Australia 141: 263 (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L. & Shepherd, R.W. 1985. The treatment of giardiasis. pp. 320-326 in Tzipori, S. (ed.). International Seminar on Diarrhoeal Diseases in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Region. Infectious Diarrhoea in the Young: Strategies for Control in Humans and Animals. Geelong : Elsevier Scientific Publications. (Homo sapiens)

Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, J.A. 1991. The activity of azithromycin against stocks of Giardia intestinalis in vitro and in vivo. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85: 620-621 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Brown, D.M., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1993. Cysteine is the major low-molecular weight thiol in Giardia duodenalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 61: 155-158 (Homo sapiens)

Brown, D.M., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1995. Free radical detoxification in Giardia duodenalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 72: 47-56 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Ovis aries)

Brown, D.M., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1996. A H20-producing NADH oxidase from the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. European Journal of Biochemistry 241: 155-161 (Homo sapiens)

Brown, D.M., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1996. A thioredoxin reductase-class of disulphide reductase in the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 83: 211-220 (Homo sapiens)

Buckley, R., Clough, E. & Vogt, S. 1997. Immunologically confirmed human-infective Giardia from two marsupials. Ambio 26: 554-555 (Isoodon macrourus; Thylogale thetis)

Caccio, S.M., Thompson, R.C.A., McLauchlin, J. & Smith, H.V. 2005. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends in Parasitology 21: 430-437 (Homo sapiens)

Caccio, S.M. & Ryan, U. 2008. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 160: 75-80 (Homo sapiens)

Callow, L.L. 1984. Animal Health in Australia. Volume 5. Protozoal and Rickettsial Diseases. Canberra : Aust. Govt. Publ. Service. (Canis familiaris)

Capon, A.G., Upcroft, J.A., Boreham, P.F.L., Cottis, L.E. & Bundesen, P.G. 1989. Similarities of Giardia antigens derived from human and animal sources. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 91-98 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus)

Chen, N., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1994. Physical map of a2Mb chromosome of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. Chromosome Research 2: 307-313 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus)

Chen, N., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1995. A Giardia duodenalis gene encoding a protein with multiple repeats of a toxin homologue. Parasitology 111: 423-431 (Homo sapiens)

Chen, N., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1996. A novel protein kinase gene family in Giardia duodenalis. Gene 177: 191-194 (Homo sapiens)

Collins, G.H., Pope, S.E., Griffin, D.L., Walker, J. & Connor, G. 1987. Diagnosis and prevalence of Giardia spp. in dogs and cats. Australian Veterinary Journal 64: 89-90 (Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Court, J.M. & Stanton, C. 1959. The incidence of Giardia lamblia infestation of children in Victoria. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 438-440 (Homo sapiens)

Cox, P., Griffith, M., Angles, M., Deere, D. & Ferguson, C. 2005. Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the Sydney watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 5929-5934 (Canis familiaris; Vulpes vulpes; Felis catus; Equus (Equus) caballus; Sus scrofa; Bos taurus; Ovis aries)

Crouch, A. & Welch, J. 1987. Faecal antigens of Giardia lamblia detected by a filtration ELISA: preliminary findings. Australian Journal of Medical Laboratory Science 8: 58-60 (Homo sapiens)

Cruickshank, R., Ashdown, L. & Croese, J. 1988. Human cryptosporidiosis in north Queensland. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 18: 582-586 (Homo sapiens)

Davies, N.J., Harrison, G.C. & Goldsmid, J.M. 1993. A case of giardiasis in a dog in Tasmania - a cause of disease or incidental finding? Australian Veterinary Journal 70: 32-33 (Canis familiaris)

Dubey, J.P., Ross, A.D. & Fritz, D. 2003. Clinical Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia heydorni, and Sarcocystis spp. infections in dogs. Parassitologia 45: 141-146 (Canis familiaris)

Dunn, L.A., Upcroft, J.A., Fowler, E.V., Matthews, B.S. & Upcroft, P. 2001. Orally administered Giardia duodenalis extracts enhance an antigen-specific antibody response. Infection and Immunity 69: 6503-6510 (Mus musculus)

Edmeades, R., Halliday, K. & Shepherd, R. 1981. Infantile gastroenteritis relationship between cause, clinical course, and outcome. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 29-32 (Homo sapiens)

Ellis, J.E., Wingfield, J.M., Cole, D., Boreham, P.F.L. & Lloyd, D. 1993. Oxygen affinities of metronidazole-resistant and -sensitive stocks of Giardia intestinalis. International Journal for Parasitology 23: 35-39 (Homo sapiens; Ovis aries)

Ey, P.L., Andrews, R.H. & Mayrhofer, G. 1993. Differentiation of major genotypes of Giardia intestinalis by polymerase chain reaction analysis of a gene encoding a trophozoite surface antigen. Parasitology 106: 347-356 (Notomys alexis; Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Mus musculus)

Ey, P.L., Bruderer, T., Wehrli, C. & Koehler, P. 1996. Comparison of genetic groups determined by molecular and immunological analyses of Giardia isolated from animals and humans in Switzerland and Australia. Parasitology Research 82: 52-60 (Homo sapiens)

Ey, P.L., Darby, J.M., Andrews, R.H. & Mayrhofer, G. 1993. Giardia intestinalis: detection of major genotypes by restriction analysis of gene amplification products. International Journal for Parasitology 23: 591-600 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Ey, P.L., Khanna, K., Andrews, R.H., Manning, P.A. & Mayrhofer, G. 1992. Distinct genetic groups of Giardia intestinalis distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Journal of General Microbiology 138: 2629-2637 (Homo sapiens)

Ey, P.L., Khanna, K., Manning, P. & Mayrhofer, G. 1993. A gene encoding a 69-kilodalton major surface protein of Giardia intestinalis trophozoites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 58: 247-258 (Homo sapiens)

Ey, P.L., Mansouri, M., Kulda, J., Nohynkova, E., Monis, P.T., Andrews, R.H. & Mayrhofer, G. 1997. Genetic analysis of Giardia from hoofed farm animals reveals artiodactyl-specific and potentially zoonotic genotypes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44: 626-635 (Equus (Equus) caballus; Sus scrofa; Lama pacos; Bos taurus; Ovis aries; Mus musculus)

Ey, P.L. & Mayrhofer, G. 1993. Two genes encoding homologous 70-kDa surface proteins are present within individual trophozoites of the binucleate protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Gene. Gene 129: 257-262 (Homo sapiens)

Farbey, M.D., Reynoldson, J.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1995. In vitro drug susceptibility of 29 isolates of Giardia duodenalis from humans as assessed by an adhesion assay. International Journal for Parasitology 25: 593-599 (Homo sapiens)

Ferson, M.J. & Young, L.C. 1992. Cryptosporidium and coxsackievirus B5 causing epidemic diarrhoea in a child-care centre. Medical Journal of Australia 156: 813 (Homo sapiens)

Field, A.S., Hing, M.C., Milliken, S.T. & Marriott, D.J. 1993. Microsporidia in the small intestine of HIV-infected patients. A new diagnostic technique and a new species. Medical Journal of Australia 158: 390-394 (Homo sapiens)

Field, A.S., Marriott, D.J. & Hing, M.C. 1993. The Warthin-Starry stain in the diagnosis of small intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-infected patients. Folia Parasitologica. Prague 40: 261-266 (Homo sapiens)

Gill, J.S. & Jones, H.I. 1985. Intestinal parasites and bacteria in Aboriginal children in south west Australia. Australian Paediatric Journal 21: 45-49 (Homo sapiens)

Goldsmid, J.M. 1981. Intestinal parasitic infections of man in Tasmania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75: 110-111 (Homo sapiens)

Gracey, M. 1992. Diarrhoea in Australian Aborigines. Australian Journal of Public Health 16: 216-225 (Homo sapiens)

Gracey, M. 1994. Gastrointestinal infections in children. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 10: 88-97 (Homo sapiens)

Gracey, M., Burke, V. & Robinson, J. 1983. Patterns of intestinal infection in Australian Aboriginal children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 3: 35-40 (Homo sapiens)

Grimmond, T.R., Radford, A.J., Brownridge, T., Farshid, A., Harris, C., Turton, P. & Wordsworth, K. 1988. Giardia carriage in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children attending urban day-care centres in South Australia. Australian Paediatric Journal 24: 304-305 (Homo sapiens)

Gunzburg, S., Gracey, M., Burke, V. & Chang, B. 1992. Epidemiology and microbiology of diarrhoea in young Aboriginal children in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Epidemiology and Infection 108: 67-76 (Homo sapiens)

Healey, A., Mitchell, R., Upcroft, J.A., Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, P. 1990. Complete nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal RNA tandem repeat unit from Giardia intestinalis. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 4006 (Homo sapiens)

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Hogg, G.G. & Fairley, C.K. 2000. Prevalence of enteric pathogens among community based asymptomatic individuals. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15: 290-293 (Homo sapiens)

Hellard, M.E. & Fairley, C.K. 1997. Gastroenteritis in Australia: who, what, where, and how much? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 27: 147-149 (Homo sapiens)

Henderson, W.R. 2009. Pathogens in Vertebrate Pests in Australia. Canberra, Australia : Invasive Animnals Cooperative Research Centre 30 pp. (Vulpes vulpes; Felis catus)

Holt, D.C., McCarthy, J.S. & Carapetis, J.R. 2010. Parasitic diseases of remote indigenous communities in Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 40: 1119-1126 (Homo sapiens)

Hopkins, R.M., Deplazes, P., Meloni, B.P., Reynoldson, J.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1993. A field and labratory evaluation of a commercial ELISA for the detection of Giardia coproantigens in humans and dogs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87: 39-41 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris)

Hopkins, R.M., Meloni, B.P., Groth, D.M., Wetherall, J.D., Reynoldson, J.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1997. Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of Giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs living in the same locality. Journal of Parasitology 83: 44-51 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Hopkins, R.M., Thompson, R.C.A., Hobbs, R.P., Lymbery, A.J., Villa, N. & Smithyman, T.M. 1993. Differences in antigen expression within and between 10 isolates of Giardia duodenalis. Acta Tropica 54: 117-124 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus)

Hoyne, G.F., Boreham, P.F.L., Parsons, P.G., Ward, C. & Biggs, B. 1989. The effect of drugs on the cell cycle of Giardia intestinalis. Parasitology 99: 333-339 (Homo sapiens)

Johnston, J. & Gasser, R.B. 1993. Copro-parasitological survey of dogs in southern Victoria. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 23: 127-131 (Canis familiaris)

Jones, H.I. 1980. Intestinal parasitic infections in Western Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 375-380 (Homo sapiens)

Kettlewell, J.S., Bettiol, S.S., Davies, N., Milstein, T. & Goldsmid, J.M. 1998. Epidemiology of giardiasis in Tasmania: a potential risk to residents and visitors. Journal of Travel Medicine 5: 127-130 (Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Kulda, J. & Nohynkova, E. 1994. Giardia in humans and animals. pp. 225-422 in Kreier, J.P. (ed.). Parasitic Protozoa. San Diego : Academic Press 2. (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Equus (Equus) caballus)

Liu, S.M., Brown, D.M., O'Donoghue, P., Upcroft, P. & Upcroft, J.A. 2000. Ferrodoxin involvement in metronidazole resistance of Giardia duodenalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 108: 137-140 (Homo sapiens)

Mackerras, M.J. 1958. Catalogue of Australian mammals and their recorded internal parasites. Part I. Monotremes and marsupials. Part II. Eutheria. Part III. Introduced herbivora and the domestic pig. Part IV. Man. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 83: 101-160 (Homo sapiens)

Manahan, F.F. 1970. Diarrhoea in horses with particular reference to a chronic diarrhoea syndrome. Australian Veterinary Journal 46: 231-234 (Equus (Equus) caballus)

Maplestone, P.A. 1921. Human intestinal protozoa in north Queensland. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 14: 283-293 (Homo sapiens)

Mayrhofer, G., Andrews, R.H., Ey, P.L., Albert, M.J., Grimmond, T.R. & Merry, D.J. 1992. The use of suckling mice to isolate and grow Giardia from mammalian faecal specimens for genetic analysis. Parasitology 105: 255-263 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Bos taurus; Mus musculus; Rattus sp.)

Mayrhofer, G., Andrews, R.H., Ey, P.L. & Chilton, N.B. 1995. Division of Giardia isolates from humans into two genetically distinct assemblages by electrophoretic analysis of enzymes encoded at 27 loci and comparison with Giardia muris. Parasitology 111: 11-17 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Mus musculus)

McCarthy, S., Ng, J., Gordon, C., Miller, R., Wyber, A. & Ryan, U.M. 2008. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in animals in irrigation catchments in the southwest of Australia. Experimental Parasitology 118: 596-599 (Vulpes vulpes; Bos taurus; Ovis aries)

McDougall, R.J., Tandy, M.W., Boreham, R.E., Stenzel, D.J. & O'Donoghue, P.J. 1993. Incidential finding of a microsporidian parasite from an AIDS patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31: 436-439 (Homo sapiens)

McGlade, T.R., Robertson, I.D., Elliot, A.D., Read, C. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2003. Gastrointestinal parasites of domestic cats in Perth, Western Australia. Veterinary Microbiology 117: 251-262 (Felis catus)

McGlade, T.R., Robertson, I.D., Elliot, A.D. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2002. High prevalence of Giardia detected in cats by PCR. Veterinary Microbiology 110: 197-205 (Felis catus)

McIntyre, P., Boreham, P.F.L., Phillips, R.E. & Shepherd, R.W. 1986. Chemotherapy in giardiasis: clinical responses and in vitro drug sensitivity of human isolates in axenic culture. Journal of Pediatrics 108: 1005-1010 (Homo sapiens)

McIver, C.J., Hansman, G., White, P., Doultree, J.C., Catton, M. & Rawlinson, W.D. 2001. Diagnosis of enteric pathogens in children with gastroenteritis. Pathology 33: 353-358 (Homo sapiens)

Meloni, B.P., Anderson, R.C.A., Reynoldson, J.A. & Seville, P. 1990. Albendazole: a more effective antigiardial agent in vitro than metronidazole or tinidazole. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84: 375-379 (Homo sapiens)

Meloni, B.P., Lymbery, A.J., Thompson, R.C.A. & Gracey, M. 1988. High prevalence of Giardia lamblia in children from a WA aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia 149: 715 (Homo sapiens)

Meloni, B.P., Lymbery, A.J. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1988. Isoenzyme electrophoresis of 30 isolates of Giardia from humans and felines. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 38: 65-73 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Rattus sp.)

Meloni, B.P., Lymbery, A.J. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1989. Characterization of Giardia isolates using a non-radiolabeled DNA probe, and correlation with the results of isoenzyme analysis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40: 629-637 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Meloni, B.P., Lymbery, A.J. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1995. Genetic characterization of isolates of Giardia duodenalis by enzyme electrophoresis: implications for reproductive biology, population structure, taxonomy, and epidemiology. Journal of Parasitology 81: 368-383 (Rattus norvegicus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Ovis aries)

Meloni, B.P., Thompson, R.C.A., Hopkins, R.M., Reynoldson, J.A. & Gracey, M. 1993. The prevalence of Giardia and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from Aboriginal communities in the Kimberely. Medical Journal of Australia 158: 157-159 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris)

Meloni, B.P., Thompson, R.C.A., Stranden, A.M., Kohler, P. & Eckert, J. 1992. Critical comparison of Giardia duodenalis from Australia and Switzerland using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Acta Tropica 50: 115-124 (Rattus norvegicus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Ovis aries)

Meloni, B.P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1987. Comparative studies on the axenic in vitro cultivation of Giardia of human and canine origin: evidence for intraspecific variation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81: 637-640 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris)

Milstein, T.C. & Goldsmid, J.M. 1995. The presence of Giardia and other zoonotic parasites of urban dogs in Hobart, Tasmania. Australian Veterinary Journal 72: 154-155 (Canis familiaris)

Milstein, T.C. & Goldsmid, J.M. 1997. Parasites of feral cats from southern Tasmania and their potential significance. Australian Veterinary Journal 75: 218-219 (Felis catus)

Monis, P.T., Andrews, R.H., Mayrhofer, G., Mackrill, J., Kulda, J., Isaac-Renton, J.L. & Ey, P.L. 1998. Novel lineages of Giardia intestinalis identified by genetic analysis of organisms isolated from dogs in Australia. Parasitology 116: 7-19 (Canis familiaris; Mus musculus)

Monis, P.T., Andrews, R.H., Mayrhofer, G. & Ey, P.L. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1135-1144 (Rattus norvegicus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Sus scrofa; Mus musculus)

Monis, P.T., Andrews, R.H., Mayrhofer, G. & Ey, P.L. 2003. Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 3: 29-38 (Hylobates syndactylus; Rattus norvegicus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Sus scrofa; Lama pacos; Bos taurus; Ovis aries; Cavia porcellus; Callithrix sp.)

Monis, P.T., Mayrhofer, G., Andrews, R.H., Homan, W.L., Limper, L. & Ey, P.L. 1996. Molecular genetic analysis of Giardia intestinalis isolates at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus. Parasitology 112: 1-12 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Monis, P.T. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2003. Cryptosporidium and Giardia-zoonoses: fact or fiction? Infection, Genetics and Evolution 3: 233-244 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Morgan, U.M. 2000. Detection and characterisation of parasites causing emerging zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology 30: 1407-1421 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris)

Morgan, U.M., Constantine, C.C., Greene, W.K. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1993. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis of Giardia DNA and correlation with isoenzyme data. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87: 702-705 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Ovis aries)

Morgan, U.M., Reynoldson, J.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1993. Activities of several benzimadazoles and tubulin inhibitors against Giardia spp. in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 37: 328-331 (Homo sapiens)

O'Callaghan, M., Reddin, J. & Lehmann, D. 2005. Helminth and protozoan parasites of feral cats from Kangaroo Island. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 129: 81-83 (Felis catus)

O'Handley, R.M., Olson, M.E., Fraser, D., Adams, P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2000. Prevalence and genotypic characterisation of Giardia in dairy calves from Western Australia and Western Canada. Veterinary Microbiology 90: 193-200 (Bos taurus)

Phillips, R.E., Boreham, P.F.L. & Shepherd, R.W. 1984. Cryopreservation of viable Giardia intestinalis trophozoites. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78: 604-606 (Homo sapiens)

Ravenscroft, P.J., Douglas, J.B., Emmerson, B.T., Harris, O.D. & Rao, A. 1975. Intestinal amoebiasis and amoebic liver abscess in Brisbane, 1956 to 1973. Clinical syndromes and the results of medical and surgical management. Medical Journal of Australia 1: 551-555 (Homo sapiens)

Read, C., Walters, J., Robertson, I.D. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2002. Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea. International Journal for Parasitology 32: 229-231 (Homo sapiens)

Read, C.M., Monis, P.T. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2004. Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 4: 125-130 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Bos taurus)

Reynoldson, J.A. 1994. New approaches in chemotherapy. pp. 339-355 in Thompson, R.C.A., Reynoldson, J.A. & Lymbery, A.J. (eds). Giardia: From Molecules to Disease. Wallingford : CAB International. (Homo sapiens)

Reynoldson, J.A., Behnke, J.M., Gracey, M., Horton, R.J., Spargo, R., Hopkins, R.M., Constantine, C.C., Gilbert, F., Stead, C., Hobbs, R.P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1998. Efficacy of albendazole against Giardia and hookworm in a remote Aboriginal community in the north of Western Australia. Acta Tropica 71: 27-44 (Homo sapiens)

Reynoldson, J.A., Behnke, J.M., Pallant, L.J., Macnish, M.G., Gilbert, F., Giles, S., Spargo, R.J. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1997. Failure of pyrantel in treatment of human hookworm infections (Ancylostoma duodenale) in the Kimberley region of North West Australia. Acta Tropica 68: 301-312 (Homo sapiens)

Reynoldson, J.A., Thompson, R.C.A. & Horton, R.J. 1992. Albendazole as a future antigiardial agent. Parasitology Today 8: 412-414 (Homo sapiens)

Reynoldson, J.A., Thompson, R.C.A. & Meloni, B.P. 1992. The potential and possible mode of action of the benzimidazoles against Giardia and other protozoa. Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine 2: 35-50 (Homo sapiens)

Savini, G., Dunsmore, J.D. & Robertson, I.D. 1993. A survey of Western Australian dogs for Sarcocystis spp. and other intestinal parasites. Australian Veterinary Journal 70: 275-276 (Canis familiaris)

Schofield, P.J., Costello, M., Edwards, M.R. & O'Sullivan, W.J. 1990. The arginine dihydrolase pathway is present in Giardia intestinalis. International Journal for Parasitology 20: 697-699 (Homo sapiens)

Sharma, A.W. & Mayrhofer, G. 1988. A comparative study of infections with rodent isolates of Giardia duodenalis in inbred strains of rats and mice and in hypothymic nude rats. Parasite Immunology 10: 169-179 (Rattus norvegicus; Mus musculus)

Shepherd, R.W. & Boreham, P.F.L. 1989. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of giardiasis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 24: 60-64 (Homo sapiens)

Smith, N.C., Bryant, C. & Boreham, P.F.L. 1988. Possible roles for pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thiol-dependent peroxidase and reductase activities in resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Giardia intestinalis. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 991-997 (Homo sapiens)

Stark, D., Fotedar, R., Van Hal, S., Beebe, N., Marriott, D., Ellis, J.T. & Harkness, J. 2007. Prevalence of enteric protozoa in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men from Sydney, Australia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76: 549-552 (Homo sapiens)

Stevenson, W.J. & Hughes, K.L. 1988. Synopsis of Zoonoses in Australia. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service 2. (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Swan, J.M. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1986. The prevalence of Giardia in dogs and cats in Perth, Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 63: 110-112 (Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Thompson, J., Yang, R., Power, M., Hufschmid, J., Beveridge, I., Reid, S., Ng, J., Armson, A. & Ryan, U. 2008. Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in marsupials in Australia. Experimental Parasitology 120: 88-93 (Trichosurus cunninghami; Petrogale xanthopus; Macropus parma; Lasiorhinus latifrons; Aepyprymnus rufescens; Setonix brachyurus; Macropus rufus; Macropus eugenii; Macropus fuliginosus; Phascolarctos cinereus; Wallabia bicolor; Dasyurus maculatus; Trichosurus vulpecula; Potorous tridactylus)

Thompson, R.C.A. 1992. Giardiasis. pp. 89-91 in Zoonoses. Australian Veterinarians in Public Health. Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney. (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Thompson, R.C.A. 1992. Parasitic zoonoses — problems created by people, not animals. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 556-561 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris)

Thompson, R.C.A. 2000. Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential. International Journal for Parasitology 30: 1259-1267 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Bos taurus)

Thompson, R.C.A. 2004. The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis. Veterinary Microbiology 126: 15-35 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Bos taurus; Mus musculus)

Thompson, R.C.A., Hopkins, R.M. & Homan, W.L. 2000. Nomenclature and genetic groupings of Giardia infecting mammals. Parasitology Today 16: 210-213 (Homo sapiens)

Thompson, R.C.A., Lymberry, A.J. & Meloni, B.P. 1988. Giardiasis a zoonosis in Australia? Parasitology Today 4: 201 (Rattus norvegicus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Mus musculus)

Thompson, R.C.A., Lymbery, A.J., Pearce, D.A., Finn, K.C., Reynoldson, J.A. & Meloni, B.P. 1996. Giardia duodenalis: exposure to metronidazole inhibits competitive interactions between isoltes of the parasite in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 82: 679-683 (Homo sapiens)

Thompson, R.C.A., Meloni, B.P., Hopkins, R.M., Deplazes, P. & Reynoldson, J.A. 1993. Observations on the endo- and ectoparasites affecting dogs and cats in Aboriginal communities in the north-west of Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 70: 268-270 (Canis familiaris)

Thompson, R.C.A., Meloni, B.P. & Lymbery, A.J. 1988. Humans and cats have genetically-identical forms of Giardia: evidence of a zoonotic relationship. Medical Journal of Australia 148: 207-209 (Rattus norvegicus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Thompson, R.C.A., Morgan, U.M., Mellor, K.J. & Hopkins, R. 1999. Genotyping Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Today's Life Science 11: 80-86 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris)

Thompson, R.C.A., Reynoldson, J.A., Garrow, S.C., McCarthy, J.S. & Behnke, J.M. 2001. Towards the eradication of hookworm in an isolated Australian community. Lancet 357: 770-771 (Homo sapiens)

Thompson, R.C.A., Reynoldson, J.A. & Lymbery, A.J. 1993. Giardia — from molecules to disease and beyond. Parasitology Today 9: 313-315 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris)

Thompson, R.C.A. & Meloni, B.P. 1993. Molecular variation in Giardia. Acta Tropica 53: 167-184 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Ovis aries)

Thompson, S.C. 1994. Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 30: 202-209 (Homo sapiens)

Townson, S.M., Boreham, P.F.L., Upcroft, P. & Upcroft, J.A. 1994. Resistance to the nitroheterocyclic drugs. Acta Tropica 56: 173-194 (Homo sapiens)

Townson, S.M., Hanson, G.R., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1994. A purified ferredoxin from Giardia duodenalis. European Journal of Biochemistry 220: 439-446 (Homo sapiens)

Townson, S.M., Laqua, H., Upcroft, P., Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, J.A. 1992. Induction of metronidazole and furazolidone resistance in Giardia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86: 521-522 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus)

Townson, S.M., UpcrofT, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1996. Characterisation and purification of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Giardia duodenalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 79: 183-193 (Homo sapiens)

Traub, R., Wade, S., Read, C., Thompson, A. & Mohammed, H. 2005. Molecular characterization of potentially zoonotic isolates of Giardia duodenalis in horses. Veterinary Microbiology 130: 317-321 (Equus (Equus) caballus)

Traub, R.J., Monis, P.T. & Robertson, I.D. 2005. Molecular epidemiology: a multidisciplinary approach to understanding parasitic zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology 35: 1295-1307 (Felis catus)

Upcroft, J., Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, P. 1989. Geographic variation in Giardia karyotypes. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 519-527 (Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus)

Upcroft, J., Mitchell, R., Chen, N. & Upcroft, P. 1996. Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in B-tubulin. Microbial Drug Resistance 2: 303-308 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J. & Upcroft, P. 1998. My favorite cell: Giardia. BioEssays 20: 256-263 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A., Boreham, P.F.L., Campbell, R.W., Shepherd, R.W. & Upcroft, P. 1995. Biological and genetic analysis of a longitudinal collection of Giardia samples derived from humans. Acta Tropica 60: 35-46 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A., Campbell, R.W. & Upcroft, P. 1996. Quinacrine-resistant Giardia duodenalis. Parasitology 309-313: 112 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A., Capon, A.G., Dharmkrong-At, A., Healey, A., Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, P. 1987. Giardia intestinalis antigens expressed in Escherichia coli. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 26: 267-276 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A., Chen, N. & Upcroft, P. 1996. Mapping variation in chromosome homologues of diffeent Giardia strains. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 76: 135-143 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus; Bos taurus)

Upcroft, J.A., Healey, A., Mitchell, R., Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, P. 1990. Antigen expression from the ribosomal DNA repeat unit of Giardia intestinalis. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 7077-7081 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A., Healey, A., Murray, D.G., Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, P. 1992. A gene associated with cell division and drug resistance in Giardia duodenalis. Parasitology 104: 397-405 (Homo sapiens; Felis catus)

Upcroft, J.A., Healey, A. & Upcroft, P. 1993. Chromosomal duplication in Giardia duodenalis. International Journal for Parasitology 23: 609-616 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Upcroft, J.A., Healey, A. & Upcroft, P. 1994. A new rDNA repeat unit in human Giardia. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 41: 639-642 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A., McDonnell, P.A., Gallagher, A.N., Chen, N. & Upcroft, P. 1997. Lethal Giardia from a wild-caught sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) established in vitro chronicaly infects mice. Parasitology 114: 407-412 (Mus musculus)

Upcroft, J.A., Mitchell, R.W. & Upcroft, P. 1993. The 3' terminal region of a gene encoding a cysteine-rich surface protein in Giardia duodenalis. International Journal for Parasitology 23: 785-792 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A., Upcroft, P. & Boreham, P.F.L. 1990. Drug resistance in Giardia intestinalis. International Journal for Parasitology 20: 489-496 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1993. Drug resistance and Giardia. Parasitology Today 9: 187-190 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1994. Two distinct varieties of Giardia in a mixed infection from a single human patient. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 41: 189-194 (Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1998. Future therapeutic alternatives for combating anaerobic protozoa. Parasitology Today 14: 212-214 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 1999. Keto-acid oxidoreductases in the anaerobic protozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 46: 447-449 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, P. 1994. Multiple drug resistance in the pathogenic protozoa. Acta Tropica 56: 195-212 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, P., Boreham, P.F.L. & Upcroft, J.A. 1988. The genome of Giardia intestinalis. pp. 147-152 in Wallis, P.M. & Hammond, B.R. (eds). Advances in Giardia Research. Calgary : University of Calgary Press. (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, P., Chen, N. & Upcroft, J.A. 1997. Telomeric organization of a variable and inducible toxin gene family in the ancient eukaryote Giardia intestinalis. Genome Research 7: 37-46 (Homo sapiens)

Upcroft, P., Mitchell, R. & Boreham, P.F.L. 1990. DNA fingerprinting of the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis with the M13 phage genome. International Journal for Parasitology 20: 319-323 (Homo sapiens)

Walker, J.C., Bahr, G. & Ehl, A.S. 1985. Gastrointestinal parasites in Sydney. Medical Journal of Australia 143: 480 (Homo sapiens)

Watson, A.D.J. 1980. Giardiosis and colitis in a dog. Australian Veterinary Journal 56: 444-447 (Canis familiaris)

Wielinga, C.M. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2007. Comparative evaluation of Giardia duodenalis sequence data. Parasitology 134: 1795-1821 (Rattus norvegicus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Bos taurus; Capra hircus; Mus musculus)

Williamson, A.L., O'Donoghue, P.J., Upcroft, J.A. & Upcroft, P. 2000. Immune and pathophysiological responses to different strains of Giardia duodenalis in neonatal mice. International Journal for Parasitology 30: 129-136 (Mus musculus)

Willis, H.H. 1923. A note on intestinal protozoal cysts in man at Townsville, north Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 682 (Homo sapiens)

Yang, R., Jacobson, C., Gordon, C. & Ryan, U. 2009. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in pre-weaned sheep in Australia. Veterinary Microbiology 161: 19-24 (Ovis aries)

Yang, R., Lee, J., Ng, J. & Ryan, U. 2010. High prevalence Giardia duodenalis assemblage B and potentially zoonotic subtypes in sporadic human cases in Western Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 40: 293-297 (Homo sapiens)

Yang, R., Reid, A., Lymbery, A. & Ryan, U. 2010. Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in fish. International Journal for Parasitology 40: 779-785 (Acanthopagrus butcheri; Galaxias occidentalis; Argyrosomus japonicus; Pagrus auratus; Lates calcarifer; Mugil cephalus)

General References

Delport, T.C., Asher, A.J., Beaumont, L.J., Webster, K.N., Harcourt, R.G. & Power, M.L. 2014. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium occurrence in Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) exposed to varied levels of human interaction. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3(3): 269–275

McCarthy, S., Ng, J., Gordon, C., Miller, R., Wyber, A. & Ryan, U.M. 2008. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in animals in irrigation catchments in the southwest of Australia. Experimental Parasitology 118: 596-599

History of changes