Species Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana, 1909)

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Species Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana, 1909)

Gray Sugarcane Mealybug

Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) boninsis Kuwana, S.I. 1909. Coccidae of Japan, IV. A list of Coccidae from the Bonin Islands (Ogasawarajima), Japan. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 17: 158-164 [161].
Pseudococcus boninensis Lindinger, L. 1914. Die Cocciden-Literatur des Jahres 1909. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie 10: 114-120, 155-160, 243-249 [158] [unjustified emendation].
Pseudococcus heterospinus Green, E.E. 1923. Observations on the Coccidae of the Madeira Islands. Bulletin of Entomological Research 14: 87-99 [91].
Pseudococcus aegyptiacus Hall, W.J. 1925. Notes on Egyptian Coccidae with descriptions of new species. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 64: 1-31 [8].
Trionymus taiwanus Takahashi, R. 1932. Records and descriptions of Coccidae from Formosa. Part 2. Journal of the Society of Tropical Agriculture 4: 41-48 [41].
Erium boninense Lindinger, L. 1935. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schildläuse (Coccidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 49: 121-123 [122] [unjustified emendation].
Pseudococcus zeae Kanda, S. 1943. Two new Pseudococcus (Coccidae) Homoptera from Nippon. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 22: 49-53 [49].
Trionymus kayashimai Takahashi, R. 1951. Some mealy bugs (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) from the Malay Peninsula. Indian Journal of Entomology 12: 1-22 [14].
Vryburgia graminea De Lotto, G. 1967. The mealybugs of South Africa (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), I. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa. Pretoria 12: 1-28 [25].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Hall, W.J. 1926. Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 72: 1-41 [33] (synonymy of Pseudococcus aegyptiacus Hall, 1925)
Balachowsky, A.S. 1939. Les cochenilles de Madère (seconde partie). II. Lecaniinae – Eriococcinae – Dactylopinae – Ortheziinae – Margarodidae. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d'Entomologie Agricole de France 25: 255-272 [260] (synonymy of Pseudococcus heterospinus Green, 1923)
Williams, D.J. 1970. Key to the families of Coccoidea known in Australia – nymphs and females. In, CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Carlton : Melbourne University Press 1029 pp. [128] (synonymy of Trionymus taiwanus Takahashi, 1932)
De Lotto, G. 1977. On some African mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 40: 13-36 [29] (synonymy of Vryburgia graminea De Lotto, 1967)
Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [104] (synonymy of Pseudococcus zeae Kanda, 1943)
Williams, D.J. 1999. The mealybug species Ripersia theae Rutherford from Sri Lanka and Trionymus kayashimai Takahashi from Malaysia (Hem. Pseudococcidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 135: 91-93 [92] (synonymy of Trionymus kayashimai Takahashi, 1951)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Tang, F.T., 1992) [151, 192] (female; Palaearctic & Oriental Regions); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1988) [46] (female; tropical South Pacific region); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [108] (female; Australia); (Wang, Z.Q., 1982) [37] (female; China); (Yang, P.L., 1982) [84] (female; China); (Kawai, S., 1980) [102] (female; world); (De Lotto, G., 1977) [29] (female; South Africa); (Miller, D.R. & McKenzie, H.L., 1973) [504] (female; North America); (Williams, D.J., 1970) [115] (female; world); (De Lotto, G., 1967) [22] (female; South Africa); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [157] (female; U.S.A., California); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [408] (female; Federated States of Micronesia); (McKenzie, H.L., 1964) [230] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1962) [644] (female; North America); (Beardsley, J.W., 1960) [212] (male; Hawaii); (Ezzat, Y.M., 1960) [40] (female; Egypt); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [332] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1950) [54] (female; North America); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [177] (female; Hawaii)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda, S. 1943. Two new Pseudococcus (Coccidae) Homoptera from Nippon. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 22: 49–53, Ferris in Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., Ferris, G.F. 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. (Ser. 5, vol. 5). The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press 278 pp., De Lotto, G. 1967. The mealybugs of South Africa (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), I. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa. Pretoria 12: 1–28 (as Vryburgia graminea), Williams, D.J. 1970. The mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) of sugar-cane, rice and sorghum. Bulletin of Entomological Research 60: 109–188; Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp.; Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 1. The armoured scales (Diaspididae). London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 290 pp.; Liu, T.S. & Tao, C.C. 1988. An unrecorded rice mealybug of Taiwan. Bull Taichung Dist Agric Improve Stn 20: 61–66 and by Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp.. Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley, J.W. 1960. A preliminary study of the males of some Hawaiian mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 17: 199–243. Good description of the adult female given by Ali, S.M. 1970. A catalogue of the Oriental Coccoidea. (Part IV) (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea). Indian Museum Bulletin 5: 71–150, Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. and by Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp..

BIOLOGY

Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of sugarcane. The life cycle in Hawaii requires from 18 to 26 days, see Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp..

SYSTEMATICS

Beardsley, J.W. 1964. Notes and exhibitions. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 18: 338–340 reported the occurrence of gray and white-coloured forms, which are taxonomically identical. Prior to 1970 it has frequently been misidentified as Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) and Pseudococcus saccharifolii (Green) (see Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Pseudococcidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp.).

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

The gray sugarcane mealybug has been recorded from a wide range of grasses, as well as hosts from other families, but reported as a pest of sugarcane. Generally it is a minor pest, but when attended by ants it may kill young shoots (see Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Pseudococcidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp.). The encyrtid Aphycus terryi (Fullaway) was found an effective parasitoid in Hawaii, from where it was introduced to Southern USA (Bartlett 1978). Beardsley, J.W. 1960. Observations on sugar cane mealybugs in Hawaii. Proceedings of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists. 954–961 pp. noted that it is common on sugarcane in Hawaii and discussed it dispersal, infestation sites and the effect of ants and other factors on its populations.