Australian Biological Resources Study

Australian Faunal Directory

Subspecies Saissetia oleae oleae (Olivier, 1791)

Museums

Regional Maps

Subspecies Saissetia oleae oleae (Olivier, 1791)

Black Scale

Generic Combinations

 

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

 

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [fig. 6.42], Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Katsoyannos, P. 1996. Integrated insect pest management for citrus in Northern Mediterranean countries. Athens, Greece : Benaki Phytopathologique Institute. 110 pp., Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp., Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.]. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan : Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute 98 pp., and Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., De Lotto, G. 1969. On a few old and new soft scales and mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 32: 413–422, Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press, Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp., Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183 and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

SYSTEMATICS

The correct name of this species is Saissetia oleae (Oilivier, 1791). Until 1970 it was erroneously named as Saissetia oleae (Bernard, 1783). For a detailed discussion on this case refer to De Lotto, G. 1971. On some genera and species of wax scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 5: 133–153. Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. erroneously indicated that type material of Coccus testudo Curtis, 1843 was lost. However, Ken Walker (Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia) in personal communication (May 2002) to Yair Ben-Dov, informed that the types are deposited in the Victoria Museum.

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A major pest of citrus in many countries, and of olive in the Mediterranean Region (see Bodenheimer, F.S. 1951. Citrus entomology in the Middle East with special reference to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Turkey. The Hague : W. Junk 663 pp.; Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Coccidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp.). Biological control campaigns reviewed by Bartlett (1978). For biological control on olive in Cyprus, see Orphanides, G.M. 1993. Control of Saissetia oleae (Hom.: Coccidae) in Cyprus through establishment of Metaphycus bartletti and M. helvolus (Hym.: Encyrtidae). Entomophaga 38(2): 235–239 and in France see Panis, A. 1983. Lutte biologique contre la cochenille noire Saissetia oleae (Olivier) dans le cadre de la lutte integree en oleiculture francaise. Symbioses 15: 63–74; for natural enemies in Italy, see Martelli, G. 1908. Osservazioni fatte sulle cocciniglie dell'olivo e loro parassiti in Puglia ed in Calabria. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura di Portici 2: 217–296, in Libya, see Lal, O.P. & Naji, A.H. 1979. Observations on the indigenous parasites of the black olive scale, Saissetia oleae Bern. (Hom.: Coccidae) in the Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 88: 513–520 and Lal, O.P. & Naji, A.H. 1980. Observations on the predators of the black olive scale, Saissetia oleae Bern. (Homoptera: Coccidae) in the Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten 87: 27–31; and for chemical control by insect growth regulator, see Peleg, B.A. & Gothilf, S. 1981. Effect of the insect growth regulators Diflubenzuron and Methoprene on scale insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 74: 124–126.

BIOLOGY

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1951. Citrus entomology in the Middle East with special reference to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Turkey. The Hague : W. Junk 663 pp. reported one generation on citrus in Israel, while Blumberg, D., Swirski, E. & Greenberg, S. 1975. Evidence for bivoltine populations of the Mediterranean black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) on citrus in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 10: 19–24 observed bivoltine populations. Peleg, B.A. 1965. Observations on the life cycle of the black scale, Saissetia oleae Bern., on citrus and olive trees in Israel. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research 15: 21–26 recorded in Israel one generation on citrus, one generation on unirrigated olive but two generations on irrigated olive; Argyriou, L.C. 1963. Studies on the morphology and biology of the black scale [Saissetia oleae (Bernard)] in Greece. Annales de l'Institut Phytopathologique Benaki 5: 353–377 and Paloukis, S.S. 1979. The most important scale insects of fruit trees in northern Greece. Thessaloniki, Greece : Plant Protection Institute 148 pp. one generation per year on olive in Greece; Quayle, H.J. 1911. Locomotion of certain young scale insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 4: 301–306, Bartlett, B.R. 1978. Coccidae. In, Clausen, C.P. (ed). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture 545 pp. and Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp. one generation per year in inner areas of California, but two in coastal counties; Beingolea, G.O. 1969. Notas sobre la biología de Saissetia oleae Bern. (Hom.: Coccidae), 'queresa negra del olivo', en laboratorio y en el campo. Revista Peruana de Entomología 12: 130–136 reported two generations on Citrulus and on sprouting potatoes in Peru; and Llorens Climent, J.M. 1984. Las cochinillas de los agrios. Valencia, Spain : Servicio de Protecciön de los Vegetales 159 pp. two generations per year in Spain. De Lotto, G. 1965. The nomenclature status of the common long tailed mealy bug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 27: 226–229 and De Lotto, G. 1976. On the black scales of southern Europe (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 39: 147–149 suggested that the centre of origin and natural diffusion of the species are in the southern district of the Cape Province, South Africa. For biology and ecology on olive in Crete, see Neuenschwander, P. & Paraskakis, M. 1980. Studies on distribution and population dynamics of Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) (Hom., Coccidae) within the canopy of the olive tree. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 90: 366–378 and Paraskakis, M., Neuenschwander, P. & Michelakis, S. 1980. Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) (Hom., Coccidae) and its parasites on olive trees in Crete, Greece. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 90: 450–464; spatial distribution on olive in Spain by Briales, M.J. & Campos, M. 1988. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the various stages of Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) on olive tree in Granada. Journal of Applied Entomology 105: 28–34; for rearing methods, see Flanders, S.E. 1942. Propagation of Black Scale on potato sprouts. Journal of Economic Entomology 35: 687–689 and Blumberg, D. & Swirski, E. 1977. Mass breeding of two species of Saissetia (Hom.: Coccidae) for propagation of their parasitoids. Entomophaga 22: 147–150; and for population dynamics on citrus in Israel, see Podoler, H., Bar-Zacay, I. & Rosen, D. 1979. Population dynamics of the Mediterranean black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), on citrus in Israel. 1. A partial life-table. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 42: 257–266 and Mendel, Z., Podoler, H. & Rosen, D. 1982. Population dynamics of the Mediterranean black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), on citrus in Israel. 3. Occurrence of a yellow form. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 45: 227–229.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
21-Nov-2012 13-Jul-2016 MODIFIED
29-Jun-2012 29-Jun-2012 MODIFIED
12-Feb-2010 (import)