Species Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875)

Museums

Regional Maps

• Dactylopius viburni Signoret, V. 1875. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 15e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 5: 305-352 [323].
• Dactylopius indicus Signoret, V. 1875. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 15e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 5: 305-352 [317].
• Dactylopius affinis Maskell, W.M. 1894. Further coccid notes with descriptions of several new species and discussion of various points of interest. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 26: 65-105 [90].
• Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, E.O. 1909. The genus Pseudococcus in California. Pomona College Journal of Entomology 1: 35-46 [43].
• Pseudococcus capensis Brain, C.K. 1912. Contribution to the knowledge of mealy bugs, genus Pseudococcus in the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 5: 177-189 [182].
• Pseudococcus nicotianae Leonardi, G. 1913. Cocciniglia dannosa al tabacco. Bollettino Técnico, R. Istituto Sperimentale Tabacchi 12: 76-80 [76].
• Pseudococcus longispinus latipes Green, E.E. 1917. Observations on British Coccidae: With descriptions of new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 53: 201-210, 260-269 [264].
• Pseudococcus fathyi Bodenheimer, F.S. 1944. Note on the Coccoidea of Iran, with description of new species. Bulletin de la Société Fouad 1er d'Entomologie 28: 85-100 [90].
• Pseudococcus malacearum Ferris, G.F. 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Series 5, v. 5. The Pseudococcidae. (Part 1). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press Vol. 5(2) 278 pp. [185].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Miller, D.R., Gill, R.J. & Williams, D.J. 1984. Taxonomic analysis of Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell), a senior synonym of Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, and a comparison with Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 86: 703-713 [707] (synonymy of Pseudococcus capensis Brain, 1912; synonymy of Pseudococcus longispinus latipes Green, 1917; synonymy of Pseudococcus malacearum Ferris, 1950; synonymy of Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, 1909)
• Ben-Dov, Y. 1991. A new Rugaspidiotine genus and species (Hom., Coccoidea, Diaspididae) from the Oriental region. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 127: 49-51 [14] (synonymy of Pseudococcus fathyi Bodenheimer, 1944)
• Marotta, S. 1992. [Bio-ethological observations on Puto superbus (Leonardi) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) on Arrhenatherum elatius Mert. E. K. in Abruzzo.]. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 75(2): 485-499 [95] (synonymy of Pseudococcus nicotianae Leonardi, 1913)
• Ben-Dov, Y. & Matile-Ferrero, D. 1995. The identity of the mealybug taxa described by V.A. Signoret (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 100: 241-256 [248] (synonymy of Dactylopius affinis Maskell, 1894; synonymy of Dactylopius indicus Signoret, 1875)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Gimpel, W.F. & Miller, D.R., 1996) [21] (female; world); (Gimpel, W.F. & Miller, D.R., 1996) [137] (larva; world); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [177] (female; northeastern North USA); (Tang, F.T., 1992) [236] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [427] (female; Central and South America); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [280] (female; Australia); (Ter-Grigorian, M.A., 1973) [40] (female; Armenia); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [288] (female; U.S.A., California); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [457] (female; Federated States of Micronesia); (McKenzie, H.L., 1964) [255] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1962) [655] (female; North America); (Williams, D.J., 1962) [39] (female); (McKenzie, H.L., 1960) [725] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [418] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1950) [173] (female; North America); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [177] (female; Hawaii)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris, G.F. 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. (Ser. 5, vol. 5). The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press 278 pp. and by McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp., Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1973. Soft and armored scales (Coccoidea) mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). In Fauna of Armenian SSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armianskoi SSR. Erevan [1973]: 1–246, Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp., Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp. and by Gimpel, W.F. & Miller, D.R. 1996. Systematic analysis of the mealybugs in the Pseudococcus maritimus complex (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 2: 1–163. Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph, first-instar nymph and third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1973. Soft and armored scales (Coccoidea) mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). In Fauna of Armenian SSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armianskoi SSR. Erevan [1973]: 1–246. Good description and illustration of the third instar female given by Gimpel & Miller (1996). Tremblay, E., Tranfaglia, A., Rotundo, G. & Iaccarino, F.M. 1977. Comparative observations on some pseudococcid species (Homoptera Coccoidea). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 34: 113–135 evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species, using female and male morphology, chromosome number, endosymbionts and immunoelectrophoresis.

BIOLOGY

Found on all parts of the host plant. Franco, J.C. & Pereira, R.C. 1992. [A method to study the reproductive biology in oviparous species of the Pseudococcidae family (Homoptera; Coccoidea).] Metodo para o estudo da biologia reprodutiva de especies oviparas da familia Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Actas do Congresso Iberico de Entomologia 5(2, Suppl. 3): 291–298 described a method for studying the fecundity and fetility of the female. Natural enemies listed by Moore, D. 1988. Agents used for biological control of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Biocontrol News & Information 9(4): 209–225.

SYSTEMATICS

Joubert, J.C. 1928. Pseudococcus gahani, Green, in South Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 19: 209 suggested that Pseudococcus capensis is a synonym of McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. of P. maritimus. However, the former is a synonym of P. affinis.

STRUCTURE

Various aspects of the chromosome system was studied, and reported as P. obscurus, by Nur, U. 1962. Sperms, sperm bundles and fertilization in a mealy bug, Pseudococcus obscurus Essig (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Morphology 111: 173–199, Nur, U. 1962. A supernumerary chromosome with an accumulation mechanism in the lecanoid genetic system. Chromosoma (Berlin) 13: 249–271, Nur, U. 1966. Harmful supernumerary chromosomes in a mealy bug population. Genetics 54: 1225–1238, Nur, U. 1966. The effect of supernumerary chromosomes on the development of mealy bugs. Genetics 54: 1239–1249, Nur, U. 1977. Maternal inheritence of enzymes in the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus (Homoptera). Genetics 86: 149–160. Colour photograph given by McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp., Gonzalez, R.H. 1983. Manejo de plagas de la vid. Publicaciones en Ciencia Agricultura, Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencia Agrarias, Veterinarias, y Forestales 13: 1–115 and by Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier.

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

Considered as probably the commonest greenhouse mealybug in Britain (see Williams, D.J. 1962. The British Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 12: 1–79). Reported as a pest of tomato in greenhouses in the Netherlands (see Schoen, L. & Martin, C. 1999. [A new type of scale on tomatoes. Pseudococcus viburni, a potential greenhouse pest.] Une nouvelle cochenille sur tomate. Pseudococcus viburni, ravageur potentiel en serre. Phytoma No. 514: 39–40). Reported as the most important underground mealybug pest in Australia, see Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp.. Reported as an apple pest in New Zealand (see Ward, A. 1966. Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Hawke's Bay orchards. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 9: 452–454) and in Israel (see Ben-Dov, Y. 1990. 1.1.1 Diagnosis and phylogenetic relationships. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Vol. 4A 384 pp.). A pest of grapevine in California, but its control has been improved by elimination of the attending ants (see Phillips, P.A. & Sherk, C.J. 1991. To control mealybugs, stop honeydew-seeking ants. California Agriculture 45(2): 26–28). Panis, A. 1986. Biological features of Pseudococcus affinis (Mask.) (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) as guidelines of its control in water-sprinkled citrus orchards. Integrated pest control in citrus-groves, Commission of the European Communities, Proceedings of the Experts' Meeting. discussed its status as a citrus pest in the French Riviera.

General References

Joubert, J.C. 1928. Pseudococcus gahani, Green, in South Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 19: 209 [209] (Pseudococcus capensis: incorrect synonymy)

Uygun, N., Sengonca, C., Erkilic, L. & Schade, M. 1998. The Coccoidea fauna and their host plants in cultivated and non-cultivated areas in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 33: 1-2, 183-191 [186] (Pseudococcus viburni: incorrect citation of 'Maskell' as author)

Common Name References

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. (Cited also by , , and ) (Obscure Mealybug)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Tuber Mealybug)

History of changes