Species Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758

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CAVS: 1905

Species Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758

Common Dog, Dingo, Domestic Dog

Canis familiaris Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundem classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii Vol. 1 10, 824 pp. [38].
Type data:
Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown (not found in ZIUU or NHRM), 'saepius cum homine passim, etiam spontaneus evasit'; Thomas (1911: 134) identified the type locality as 'Sweden (Upsala)'.
Type locality references:
Thomas, O. 1911. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1911: 120-158.
Canis dingo Meyer, F.A.A. 1793. Systematisch-Summarische Uebersicht der neuesten Zoologischen Entdeckungen in Neuholland und Afrika. Nebst zwey andern Zoologischen Abhandlungen. Leipzig : Dykischen Buchhandlung 184 pp. [33] [the syntypes are the specimens described and figured under the names Dog of New South Wales and a Dingo, or Dog, of New South Wales by Phillip, A. 1789. The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay; with an account of the establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson & Norfolk Island; compiled from authentic papers, which have been obtained from the several Departments. To which are added, the journals of Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Ball, & Capt. Marshall; with an account of their new discoveries embellished with fifty five copper plates, the maps and charts taken from actual surveys, & the plans and views drawn on the spot, by Capt. Hunter, Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Dawes, Bradley, Capt. Marshall, &c. London : J. Stockdale lxxiv 298 pp. [274–275 pl. 45] and Anon. [Hunter, J.] in White, J. 1790. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales with sixty-five plates of non descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. London : J. Debrett xviii 299 pp. [280 pl. 57]].
Type data:
Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown, Sydney region, NSW (as New South Wales).
Secondary source:
Phillip, A. 1789. The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay; with an account of the establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson & Norfolk Island; compiled from authentic papers, which have been obtained from the several Departments. To which are added, the journals of Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Ball, & Capt. Marshall; with an account of their new discoveries embellished with fifty five copper plates, the maps and charts taken from actual surveys, & the plans and views drawn on the spot, by Capt. Hunter, Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Dawes, Bradley, Capt. Marshall, &c. London : J. Stockdale lxxiv 298 pp.; White, J. 1790. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales with sixty-five plates of non descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. London : J. Debrett xviii 299 pp. [publication date established from Duncan, F.M. 1937. On the dates of publication of the Society's 'Proceedings', 1859–1926. With an appendix containing the dates of publication of 'Proceedings', 1830–1858, compiled by the late F.H. Waterhouse, and of the 'Transactions', 1853–1869, by the late Henry Peavot, originally published in P.Z.S. 1893, 1913. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 107: 71–84].
Canis antarticus Kerr, R. 1792. The Animal Kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; Class 1. Mammalia, containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the Mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae, as lately published, with great improvements, by Professor Gmelin of Goettingen. Together with numerous additions from more recent zoological writers, and illustrated with copper plates. London : J. Murray & R. Faulder 1 Pt 1 xl 400 pp. 9 pls. [136] [available for Law of Homonymy only, see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1957. Opinion 451. Use of the plenary powers to secure that the specific name dingo Meyer, 1793, as published in the combination Canis dingo shall be the oldest available name for the dingo of Australia (Class Mammalia). Opin. Decl. Int. Comm. Zool. Nomen. 15: 329–338 [331]].
Type data:
Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown, Sydney region, NSW (as New-Holland).
Secondary source:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1957. Opinion 451. Use of the plenary powers to secure that the specific name dingo Meyer, 1793, as published in the combination Canis dingo shall be the oldest available name for the dingo of Australia (Class Mammalia). Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 15: 329-338.
Canis familiaris australasiae Desmarest, A.G. 1820. Encyclopédie Méthodique. Livr. 89. Mammalogie ou description des espèces de mammifères. Premiere partie, contenant les ordres des bimanes, des quadrumanes et des carnassiers. Paris : V. Agasse 1-276 pp. suppl. pls 1-14. [191] [Sherborn, C.D. & Woodward, B.B. 1906. On the dates of publication of the natural history portions of the 'Encyclopédie Méthodique'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 17: 577–582 [580] list the page and plate numbers of Livr. 89].
Type data:
Syntype(s) MNHP 1984–17 skin and postcranial skeleton not found in MNHP (Laboratoire d'Anatomie Comparée Register) skull (Péron and Lesueur specimen), Sydney region, NSW (as La Nouvelle-Hollande, aux environs du port Jackson).
Secondary source:
Sherborn, C.D. & Woodward, B.B. 1906. On the dates of publication of the natural history portions of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 17: 577-582.
Canis australiae Gray, J.E. 1826. Vertebrata. Mammalia. (Appendix B in part). pp. 412-415 in King, P.P. (ed.). Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia. Performed between the years 1818 and 1822; with Appendix B. London : John Murray Vol. 2 viii 637 pp., 9 pls. [Date published 15 Apr 1826: imprint 1827] [publication date established from Common, I.F.B. & Moulds, M.S. 1973. The date of publication of Captain Phillip King's narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 6: 257–259] [412] [replacement name for Canis familiaris australasiae Desmarest, 1820].
Canis dingoides Matschie, P. 1915. Der Dingo-Hund des Macdonnell-Gebirges. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 4: 101-107 [102].
Type data:
Holotype ZMB 68970 ♂ skull (whereabouts of skin unknown; ZMB formerly Zoologischen Museum der Königlichen Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule, specimen no. 7017, whereabouts of skin unknown), S QLD (as Südqueensland).
Canis macdonnellensis Matschie, P. 1915. Der Dingo-Hund des Macdonnell-Gebirges. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 4: 101-107 [103].
Type data:
Holotype ZMB 22418 & 22419 ♂ skin (22418), skull (22419), MacDonnell Ranges, NT (as Macdonnell-Gebirges).

Miscellaneous Literature Names

Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 [But see Freedman et al. (2014) who demonstrate through molecular analyses that Canis lupus and C. familiaris are separate lineages].
Canis dingo F.A.A. Meyer, 1793 [recognised as valid species by some authors (e.g. Crowther et al. 2014)].
Canis lupus dingo F.A.A. Meyer, 1793 [as subspecies].

Introduction

The systematic position of the dingo is currently unresolved, with no consensus at species and subspecies levels. The dingo is variously referred to as Canis lupus, Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris and Canis familiaris dingo in the literature (see for recent examples Van Dyck & Strahan 2008, Woinarski et al. 2014, Jackson & Groves 2015). In addition, there are various taxonomic synonyms for dingoes (examples include Canis dingo Meyer, 1793; Canis antarticus Kerr, 1792; Canis australiae Gray, 1826 and others documented herein). Currently, there is evidence to support the contention that dingoes are an introduced species from a relatively small founder population, as evidenced in the restricted gene flow observed in mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomes of dingoes (Savolainen et al. 2004, Ardalan et al. 2012). While there has been recent research on the morphology of dingoes and domestic dogs (i.e., Crowther et al. 2014), the results presented substantial overlap in the morphometric comparison, which does not support dingoes as being a different species from dogs as postulated. Moreover, dingoes readily hybridise with dogs (Woinarski et al. 2014), and the genetics of dingoes align more closely with domestic dogs than with wolves (Savolainen et al. 2004, Ardalan et al. 2012). Hence the current taxonomic treatment for dingoes is Canis familliaris, not C. lupus, or C. dingo. This is supported by analysis of morphological, genetic, ecological and biological data, as studied by Jackson et al. 2017.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA and IMCRA regions (map not available)

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)