Species Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758)

Museums

Regional Maps

• Coccus rusci Linnaeus, C. 1758. II. Hemiptera. pp. 434-457 in Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundem classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii Vol. 1 10, 824 pp. [456].
• Coccus caricae Fabricius, J.C. 1794. Entomologia Systematica Emendata et Aucta. Secundum, Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adjectis synonimis [sic], locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tom. 1. Hafniae : Christ. Gottl. Proft. Vol. 4 472 pp. [225].
• Coccus artemisiae Rossi, P. 1794. Mantissa insectorum exhibens species nuper in Etruria collectas adjectis faunae etruscae illustrationibus ac emendationibus. Pisa : Polloni. [56].
• Calypticus radiatus Costa, O.G. 1829. Fauna del Regno di Napoli, famiglia de coccinigliferi, o de' gallinsetti. Napoli : Emitteri 23 pp. [12].
• Calypticus testudineus Costa, O.G. 1829. Fauna del Regno di Napoli, famiglia de coccinigliferi, o de' gallinsetti. Napoli : Emitteri 23 pp. [12].
• Coccus hydatis Costa, O.G. 1829. Fauna del Regno di Napoli, famiglia de coccinigliferi, o de' gallinsetti. Napoli : Emitteri 23 pp. [14].
• Columnea testudiniformis Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1866. Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Georgofili ns 13: 115-137; App. 138-146 [142] [unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. (52)].

  Secondary source:

   Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp.
• Columnea testudinata Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1868. Introduzione alla seconda memoria per gli studi sulle cocciniglie, e catalogo dei generi e delle specie della famiglia dei coccidi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 11: 694-738 [unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. (52)].

  Secondary source:

   Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp.
• Ceroplastes denudatus Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. The West Indian species of Ceroplastes. The Entomologist 26: 80-83 [82].
• Ceroplastes nerii Newstead, R. 1897. New Coccidae collected in Algeria by the Rev. Alfred E. Eaton. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1897: 93-103 [101].
• Ceroplastes tenuitectus Green, E.E. 1907. XII. Notes on the Coccidae collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean: supplemented by a collection received from Mr. R. Dupont, Director of Agriculture, Seychelles. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2nd Series Zoology 12: 197-207 [204].

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Boyer de Fonscolombe, E.L.J.H. 1834. [Description of Kermes species found near Aix.] Description des Kermes qu'on trouve aux environs d'Aix. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 3: 201-218 [205] (Coccus caricae Fabricius, 1794)
• Signoret, V. 1869. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 2e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 4 8: 829-876 [870] (Calypticus testudineus Costa, 1829; p. 871 Calypticus radiatus Costa, 1829 and Coccus hydatis Costa, 1829)
• Signoret, V. 1872. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 9e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 2: 33-46 [37] (Coccus artemisiae Rossi, 1794)
• Green, E.E. 1923. Observations on the Coccidae of the Madeira Islands. Bulletin of Entomological Research 14: 87-99 [94] (Ceroplastes tenuitectus Green, 1907)
• Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [455] (Ceroplastes nerii Newstead, 1897)
• Nakahara, S. 1978. Ceroplastes denudatus, junior synonym of C. rusci (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 80: 657-658 [657] (Ceroplastes denudatus Cockerell, 1893)

 

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

 

ID Keys

(Granara de Willink, M.C., 1999) [49] (female; Argentina); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [65] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [371] (female; Egypt); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [451] (female; Palaearctic region); (Cockerell, T.D.A., 1895) [8] (female; Antigua).

 

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson, C.J. 1969. Notes on Rhodesian Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea): Part II: The genera Ceroplastes and Gascardia. Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 4: 1–43 and Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp.. Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493 and by Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183.

BIOLOGY

Khasawinah, A.M.A. & Talhouk, A.S. 1964. The fig wax scale, Ceroplastes rusci (Linn.). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 53: 113–151 studied the biology and phenology in Lebanon. Life history and economic importance in Israel studied by Bodkin, G.E. 1927. The fig wax-scale (Ceroplastes rusci L.) in Palestine. Bulletin of Entomological Research 17: 259–263. Inserra, S. 1970. [Acclimatization, distribution and biological notes on Aphytis melinus De Bach in Sicily.] Acclimitation, diffusion et notes sur la biologie d'Aphytis melinus De Bach en Sicile. Al Awamia 37: 39–46 studied the phenology and natural enemies on citrus in Sicily, Italy. Develops two generations a year in Greece (see Argyriou, L.C. & Santorini, A.P. 1980. On the phenology of Ceroplastes rusci L. (Hom. Coccidae) on fig-trees in Greece. Mededeelingen van de Rijksfaculteit Landbouwwetenschappen te Gent 45: 593–601). Bénassy, C. & Franco, E. 1974. Sur l'ecologie de Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera, Lecanoidae) dans les Alpes-Maritimes. Annales de Zoologie - Ecologie Animale 6: 11–39 observed one annual generation on fig trees in Southern France. A minor pest of citrus in Israel, but occasionally a serious pest (see Ben-Dov, Y. 1988. Manna scale, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Systematic Entomology 13: 387–392). A pest of fig in the Mediterranean region (see Bodkin, G.E. 1927. The fig wax-scale (Ceroplastes rusci L.) in Palestine. Bulletin of Entomological Research 17: 259–263 and Bodenheimer, F.S. 1951. Citrus entomology in the Middle East with special reference to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Turkey. The Hague : W. Junk 663 pp.).

 

General References

Argyriou, L.C. 1970. [Scale insects on citrus in Greece.] Les cochenilles des citrus en Grèce. Al Awamia 37: 57-65 [57-65] (host, distribution, biological control)

Argyriou, L.C. 1983. Faunal analysis of some scale insects in Greece. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium of Central European Entomofaunistics, Budapest, 15–20 August 1983. 364-367 pp. [365] (host, distribution)

Argyriou, L.C. & Santorini, A.P. 1980. On the phenology of Ceroplastes rusci L. (Hom. Coccidae) on fig-trees in Greece. Mededeelingen van de Rijksfaculteit Landbouwwetenschappen te Gent 45: 593-601 [593-600] (taxonomy, biology, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Aziz, S.A.A.M.S. 1977. Phytophagous and entomophagous insects and mites of Iraq. Publication, University of Baghdad, Natural History Research Center 33: 1-142 [46] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1927. Contribution à l'étude des coccides de l'Afrique mineure (1re note). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 96: 175-207 [186] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1930. Contribution a l'étude des coccides de France (1re note). Faunule des Iles d'Hyères (Port-Cros et Levant). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1929: 311-317 [313] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1931. Contribution à l'étude des coccides de France (5e note). Faune de Corse. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1931: 96-102 [100] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1932. Étude biologique des coccides du bassin occidental de la Méditerranée. Paris : P. Lechevalier & Fils 214 pp. LXVII. [XXXIII] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1933. Les coccides des Iles d'Hyères (Contributión a l'étude des coccids de France, 16e note). (In French). Annales de la Société d'Histoire Naturelles de Toulon 17: 78-84 [5] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1935. Les cochenilles de l'Espagne. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d'Entomologie Agricole de France 22: 255-269 [264] (host, distribution)

Balachowsky, A.S. 1939. Les cochenilles de Madère (seconde partie). II. Lecaniinae – Eriococcinae – Dactylopinae – Ortheziinae – Margarodidae. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d'Entomologie Agricole de France 25: 255-272 [258] (host, distribution)

Bénassy, C. & Franco, E. 1974. Sur l'ecologie de Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera, Lecanoidae) dans les Alpes-Maritimes. Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale 6: 11-39 [11-39] (ecology, distribution)

Ben-Dov, Y. 1970. The wax scales of the genus Ceroplastes Gray (Homoptera: Coccidae) and their parasites in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 5: 83-92 [87-89, 92] (host, distribution, illustration)

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. [51-54] (catalogue)

Blanchard, R. 1883. [Useful coccids.] Les coccides utiles. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 8: 217-328 [235-238] (economic importance, chemistry)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1924. The Coccidae of Palestine. First report on this family. Zionist Organization Institute of Agriculture and Natural History, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1: 1-100 [65-66] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1926. Première note sur les cochenilles de Syrie. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1926: 41-47 [44] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1928. Eine kleine Cocciden-Ausbeute aus Griechenland. Konowia 7: 191-192 [192] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1935. Studies on the zoogeography and ecology of palearctic Coccidae I–III. Eos 10: 237-271 [249] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1937. Prodromus Faunae Palestinae. Essai sur les Éléments Zoogéographiques et Historiques du Sud-Oest du Sous-Règne Paléarctique. Mémoires de l'Institut d'Egypte 33: 286 pp. [219] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1944. Additions to the Coccoidea of Iraq, with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin de la Société Fouad 1er d'Entomologie 28: 81-84 [84] (host, distribution)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1951. Citrus Entomology in the Middle East with Special Reference to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Turkey. The Hague : W. Junk 663 pp. [388-389] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1953. The Coccoidea of Turkey. III. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Istanbul B 18: 91-164 [112-113] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Bodkin, G.E. 1927. The fig wax-scale (Ceroplastes rusci L.) in Palestine. Bulletin of Entomological Research 17: 259-263 [259-261] (host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1937. Tables for the identification of coccids (Coccidae) injurious to cultivated plants and forests in the USSR. Leningrad : Quarantine Regional Inspection 148 pp. [79] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1950. Mealybugs and Scale Insects of USSR (Coccoidea). Moscow : Akademii Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute Vol. 32 250 pp. [154-155] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [455-457] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Borg, J. 1932. Scale Insects of the Maltese Islands. Malta : Government Printing Office 20 pp. [16] (host, distribution)

Borg, P. 1919. The scale insects of the Maltese Islands. Malta : Government Printing Office 71 pp. [37-39] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance)

Brain, C.K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa – V. Bulletin of Entomological Research 11: 1-41 [34-35] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Carnero Hernandez, A. & Perez Guerra, G. 1986. [Coccids of the Canary Islands.] Coccidos (Homoptera: Coccoidea) de las Islas Canarias. Comunicaciones Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Serie: Protección Vegetal. Madrid 25: 1-85 [11-12] (host, distribution, biological control)

Carvalho, J.P.M., Franco, J.C., Aguiar, F. & Soares, A.O. 1996. Insect pests of citrus in Portugal. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture I: 613-618 [614] (host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. A list of West Indian Coccidae. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica 1: 252-256 [254] (host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. Records of West Indian Coccidae, I. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica 1: 373 [373] (distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1895. Coccidae or scale insects. – VI. Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica 2 2: 5-8 [6, 8] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1896. A check list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 4: 318-339 [330-331] (distribution)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Article VII. – First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 5: 389-398 [394] (taxonomy)

Corseuil, E. & Barbosa, V.M.B. 1971. A familia Coccidae no Rio Grande do Sul (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Arquivos do Museu Nacional. Rio de Janeiro 54: 237-241 [238] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1972. Contributions to the knowledge of the scale insects fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of Afghanistan. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie (English translation as Entomological Reviews) 51: 581-584 [582] (host, distribution)

Danzig, E.M. 1972. Insects and ticks. In, Pests of Forest. Akademii Nauk SSSR Zoologicheskogo Instituta Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 1972: 189-221 [199] (host, distribution)

De Lotto, G. 1978. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) of South Africa, III. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 41: 135-147 [139] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359-426 [386-388] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Ezzat, Y.M. & Nada, S.M.A. 1987. List of Superfamily Coccoidea as known to exist in Egypt. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 43(Suppl.): 85-90 [86] (distribution)

Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [129, 151, 154-157] (catalogue)

Fernandes, I.M. 1981. [Coccoidea occurring in the Azores.] Contribuitao para o conhecimento da quermofauna do arquipelago dos Atores. Garcia de Orta. Serie de Zoologia. Lisboa 10: 47-50 [48] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Fernandes, I.M. 1989. [Contribution to the knowledge of Coccoidea (Homoptera) from Angola.] Contribuicao para o conhecimento de Coccoidea (Homoptera) de Angola. Garcia de Orta. Serie de Zoologia. Lisboa 15(1): 129-134 [129-131] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history)

Fernandes, I.M. 1992. [Contribution to the knowledge of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of Portugal. 1 – Annotated list of Cochineals of the garden of the Zoology Center.]. Garcia de Orta. Serie de Zoologia. Lisboa 17[1990](1–2): 59-63 [59] (host, distribution)

Fernandes, I.M. 1993. [New data on the knowledge of scale species from the islands of S. Tome and Principe.] Novos dados para o conhecimento da quermofauna das ilhas de S. Tome e Principe. Garcia de Orta. Serie de Zoologia. Lisboa 18(1–2): 111-113 [111] (host, distribution)

Foldi, I. 2000. [Diversity and modification of the scale insects communities of the Hyeres islands in natural and man-modified environments (Hemiptera: Coccoidea).]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 36(1): 75-94 [81] (host, distribution)

Georghiou, G.P. 1977. The Insects and Mites of Cyprus. Athens : Benaki Phytopathological Institute 347 pp. [148] (host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1937. Cóccidos de España. Madrid : Instituto de Investigaciones Agronómicas, Estación 432 pp. [307-313] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1946. Adiciones a los Cóccidos de España (1a nota). Eos 22: 59-106 [91] (host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1948. Adiciones a los Cóccidos de España (2a nota). Eos 24: 73-121 [88] (host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1958. Cochinillas que atacan a los frutales (Homoptera, Coccoidea: II. Familias Lecanidae y Margarodidae). Boletín de Patología Vegetal y Entomología Agrícola. Madrid 23: 43-173 [122-128] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control, life history)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1960. Adiciones a los Cóccidos de España. V. (Superfamilia Coccoidea). Eos 36: 157-204 [200] (host, distribution)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1967. Lista de Coccoidea de las Islas Canarias (adiciones) (Hemiptera, Homoptera). Eos 43: 131-134 [134] (host, distribution)

Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1-183 [57] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1907. XII. Notes on the Coccidae collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean: supplemented by a collection received from Mr. R. Dupont, Director of Agriculture, Seychelles. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2nd Series Zoology 12: 197-207 [200, 204-205] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1917. Observations on British Coccidae: With descriptions of new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 53: 201-210, 260-269 [210] (host, distribution)

Green, E.E. 1923. Observations on the Coccidae of the Madeira Islands. Bulletin of Entomological Research 14: 87-99 [88, 94-95] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Hall, W.J. 1922. Observations on the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 22: 1-54 [17-18] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Hall, W.J. 1923. Further observations on the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 36: 1-61 [38-39] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Hall, W.J. 1924. The insect pests of citrus trees in Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 45: 1-29 [10] (host, distribution)

Hall, W.J. 1927. Notes on the Coccidae of the eastern desert of Egypt. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 1926: 118-177 [163-165] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Hall, W.J. 1931. Observations on the Coccidae of southern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 79: 285-303 [298] (host, distribution)

Hodgson, C.J. 1969. Notes on Rhodesian Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea): Part II: The genera Ceroplastes and Gascardia. Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 4: 1-43 [7-9] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp. [186-188] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp. [192] (taxonomy)

Inserra, S. 1971. Il Ceroplastes rusci L. negli agrumeti della provincia di Catania. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 1970 28: 77-97 [77-97] (host, distribution, life history, biological control)

Jansen, M.G.M. 1995. Scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) from import interceptions and greenhouses in the Netherlands. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 131-146 [134, 141] (host, distribution)

Katsoyannos, P. 1996. Integrated insect pest management for citrus in Northern Mediterranean countries. Athens, Greece : Benaki Phytopathologique Institute. 110 pp. [15,19-21, 81-83] (life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control)

Kaussari, M. 1957. La deuxième liste des cochenilles de l'Iran. Ministère de l'Agriculture, Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées, Publication du Départment Général de la Protection Plantes. Tehran 16–17: 1-3 [1] (host, distribution)

Kfir, R. & Rosen, D. 1980. Biological studies of Microterys flavus (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a primary parasite of soft scales. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 43: 223-237 [114] (biological control, host, distribution)

Khasawinah, A.M.A. & Talhouk, A.S. 1964. The fig wax scale, Ceroplastes rusci (Linn.). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 53: 113-151

Kiritchenko, A.N. 1932. Suborder Coccoidea. Scale insects. Trudy po Zashchite Rastenii, Series Entomologya 5: 63-66 [248] (taxonomy)

Koteja, J. 1974. Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej we Warszawie, Rozprawy Naukowe 89: 1-162 [81] (distribution)

Kozár, F. 1985. New data to the knowledge of scale-insects of Bulgaria, Greece, and Rumania (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20: 201-205 [202] (distribution)

Kozár, F., Fowjhan, M.A. & Zarrabi, M. 1996. Check-list of Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea (Homoptera) of Afghanistan and Iran, with additional data to the scale insects of fruit trees in Iran. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungaricae 31: 61-74 [65] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F., Paloukis, S. & Papadopoulos, N. 1991. New scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in the Greek entomofauna. Entomologia Hellenica 9: 63-68 [65] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. & Franco, J.C. 1995. Some new data to the scale insect fauna (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Continental Portugal. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 56: 69-74 [71] (host, distribution)

Kozár, F. & Walter, J. 1985. Check-list of the Palaearctic Coccoidea (Homoptera). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 46: 63-110 [76] (catalogue)

Leonardi, G. 1920. Monografia delle cocciniglie Italiane. Portici : Della Torre 555 pp. [356-361] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control)

Lindinger, L. 1911. Afrikanische Schildläuse. IV. Kanarische Cocciden. Ein Beitrag zur Fauna der Kanarischen Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 28: 1-38 [33] (host, distribution)

Lindinger, L. 1912. Die Schildläuse (Coccidae) Europas, Nordafrikas und Vorder-Asiens, einschliesslich der Azoren, der Kanaren und Madeiras. Stuttgart : E. Ulmer 388 pp. [68, 77, 102, 154, 21] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Linnaeus, C. 1758. II. Hemiptera. pp. 434-457 in Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundem classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii Vol. 1 10, 824 pp. (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Liotta, G. 1970. [Distribution of coccids on citrus in Sicily and introduction of a new species in western Sicily.] Diffusion des cochenilles des agrumes en Sicile et introduction d'une nouvelle espèce en Sicile occidentale. Al Awamia 37: 33-38 [33] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Longo, S., Marotta, S., Pellizzari, G., Russo, A. & Tranfaglia, A. 1995. An annotated list of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Italy. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 113-130 [134, 141] (host, distribution)

Longo, S. & Russo, A. 1986. Distribution and density of scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) on citrus-groves in Eastern Sicily and Calabria. Rotterdam : A.A. Balkema. [41] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Mamet, J.R. 1943. A revised list of the Coccoidea of the islands of the western Indian Ocean, south of the equator. Mauritius Institute Bulletin 2: 137-170 [150] (host, distribution)

Martin-Mateo, M.P. 1984. Inventario preliminar de los cóccidos de España. II. Asterolecanidae, Kermococcidae, Coccidae y Aclerdidae. Graellsia, Revista de Entomólogos Ibéricos. Madrid 40: 63-79 [67-68] (host, distribution)

Matile-Ferrero, D. 1988. Sternorrhyncha: Suborder Coccoidea of Saudi Arabia (Part 2). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 9: 23-38 [24] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Mazzeo, G., Longo, S. & Russo, A. 1994. [New data on scale insects fauna of Southern Italy (Homoptera).] Nuove acquisizioni sulla coccidiofauna dell'italia meridionale. Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana. Genova 72: 201-209 [205] (host, distribution)

Melis, A. 1930. [Contribution to knowledge of pests to crops and forests of Sardinia.] Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli insetti dannosi alle piante agrarie e forestali della Sardegna. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 18: 1-120 [14-15] (host, distribution)

Nakahara, S. 1978. Ceroplastes denudatus, junior synonym of C. rusci (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 80: 657-658 [657-658] (taxonomy)

Nakahara, S. 1983. List of the Coccoidea species (Homoptera) of the United States Virgin Islands. United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection and Quarantine, APHIS [Mimeograph] 8142:. 1-21 pp. [3] (host, distribution)

Nakahara, S. & Miller, C.E. 1981. A list of the Coccoidea species (Homoptera) of Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 28-39 [30] (host, distribution)

Neves, M. 1936. Les coccides du Portugal (première liste). Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles, Lisbonne 12: 191-213 [206-207] (distribution, host)

Newstead, R. 1911. Observations on African scale insects (Coccidae). (No. 3). Bulletin of Entomological Research 2: 85-104 [97] (host, distribution)

Newstead, R. 1911. On a collection of Coccidae and Aleurodidae,chiefly African, in the collection of the Berlin Zoological Museum. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 155-174 [167] (host, distribution)

Newstead, R. 1917. Observations on scale-insects (Coccidae) – V. Bulletin of Entomological Research 8: 125-134 [128] (host, distribution)

Pellizzari-Scaltriti, G. & Camporese, P. 1994. The Ceroplastes species (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Mediterranean basin with emphasis on C. japonicus Green. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France ns 30(2): 175-192 [177-180] (taxonomy, host, distribution, life history)

Pérez Guerra, G. & Carnero Hernandez, A. 1987. Coccids of horticultural crops in the Canary Islands. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 43(Suppl.): 127-130 [127] (host, distribution)

Qin, T.K., Gullan, P.J., Beattie, G.A.C., Trueman, J.W.H., Cranston, P.S., Fletcher, M.J. & Sands, D.P.A. 1994. The current distribution and geographical origin of the scale insect pest Ceroplastes sinensis (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 84: 541-549 [541-549] (taxonomy)

Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1995. A cladistic analysis of wax scales. Systematic Entomology 20: 289-308 [302] (taxonomy)

Rosen, D. 1966. Keys for the identification of the hymenopterous parasites of scale insects, aphids and aleyrodids on citrus in Israel. Scripta Hierosalym 18: 43-79 [46-48] (biological control, host, distribution)

Rungs, C.E.E. 1970. [Phytosanitary problems of citrus culture in Morocco.] Problèmes phytosanitaires posés à l'agrumiculture marocaine. Al Awamia 37: 91-94 [91-94] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Seabra, A.F. de 1930. Subsidios para o conhecimento da fauna das matas nacionais. Conclusoes de estudos realizados durante os meses de Julho E. Agosto de 1925 na mata de leiria. Arquivos da Seccao de Biologia e Parasitologia 1: 267-282 [129-130] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Seabra, A.F. de 1941. Contribuiçoes para o inventário da fauna Lusitânica. Insecta: Homoptera (Coccidae). Memórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade de Coimbra Série 1. Zoologia Sistemática 125: 1-8 [7] (distribution)

Sengonca, C., Uygun, N., Karaca, I. & Schade, M. 1998. Primary studies on the parasitoid fauna of Coccoidea in cultivated and non-cultivated areas in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey. Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz und Umweltschutz 71: 7, 128-131 [129] (biological control, distribution, host)

Signoret, V. 1869. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 2e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 4 8: 829-876 [843, 847, 869, 870-872] (taxonomy)

Signoret, V. 1872. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 9e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 2: 33-46 [35-38] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Talhouk, A.M.S. 1969. Insects and mites injurious to crops in Middle Eastern countries. Monographien zur Angewandte Entomologie 21: 1-239 [105-106] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution)

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1866. Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Georgofili ns 13: 115-137; App. 138-146 [142-143] (taxonomy)

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1884. Relazione intorno ai lavori della R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria di Firenze per gli anni 1879–80. Article V. – omotteri. Annali di Agricoltura. Roma 1884: 383-414 [400-401] (host, distribution)

Tranfaglia, A. 1981. [Studies on Homoptera, Coccoidea: 5. Morpho-systematic notes on some species of cochineals with descriptions of 3 new species of Pseudococcidae.]. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 38: 3-28 [22-23] (taxonomy, description, host, distribution)

Tremblay, E. 1988. Entomologia applicata. Volume secondo, Parte prima. Napoli : Liguori Editore 329 pp. [254] (taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history)

Tuncynrek, M. 1970. [Pest scale insects on citrus in Turkey.] Les cochenilles nuisibles aux Citrus en Turquie. Al Awamia 37: 67-80 [67-80] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Van Harten, A., Cox, J.M. & Williams, D.J. 1990. Scale insects of the Cape Verde Islands (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 129: 131-137 [133] (host, distribution)

Vayssière, P. 1920. Les insects nuisibles aux cultures du Maroc (2e note). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 15: 256-259 [258] (host, distribution)

Vieira, R.M.S., Carmona, M.M. & Pita, M.S. 1983. Sobre os coccideos do Arquipelago da Madeira (Homoptera – Coccoidea). Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 35: 81-162 [94-95] (host, distribution)

Viggiani, G. 1970. [Citrus scale insects in Italy and their damage and control problems.] Les cochenilles des agrumes en Italie et les problèmes se rapportant aux moyens de les combattre. Al Awamia 37: 47-55 [47-55] (host, distribution, economic importance)

Vilar, J.M.D.S. 1951. Subsidio para o estudo dos Ceroplastes spp. (Insecta – Coccidae) de Portugal. I. Brotéria 20: 111-136, 177-188 [177-181] (taxonomy, illustration)

Walker, F. 1852. List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part IV. London : British Museum (Natural History) 1188 pp. [1072, 1078] (taxonomy, distribution)

Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp. [80] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

 

Common Name References

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. (Fig Wax Scale, Kermes Du Figuier)

 

History of changes

Published	As part of group	Action Date	Action Type	Compiler(s)
21-Nov-2012		01-May-2014	MODIFIED
29-Jun-2012		29-Jun-2012	MODIFIED
		12-Feb-2010	(import)