Genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843
Introduction
Unidentified species recorded from most Australian states.
Distribution
States
Queensland
IBRA
Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL) ; Qld: South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)
IMCRA
Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7)
Ecological Descriptors
Parasitic (host(s): Pseudomys albocinereus (Gould, 1845) [MURIDAE] Ash-grey Mouse (blood (PCR)); Gymnorhina tibicen (Latham, 1801) [CRACTICIDAE] Australian Magpie, Black-backed Magpie (blood); Mixophyes fleayi Corben & Ingram, 1987 [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Barred Frog (blood (PCR)); Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) [MURIDAE] Black Rat (blood); Pardalotus melanocephalus (Gould, 1838) [PARDALOTIDAE] Black-headed Pardalote, Chip-chip (blood); Entomyzon cyanotis (Latham, 1801) [MELIPHAGIDAE] Blue-faced Honeyeater (syn. Entomyza cyanotis; blood); Ninox boobook Latham, 1801 [STRIGIDAE] Boobook Owl (blood); Bettongia penicillata Gray, 1837 [POTOROIDAE] Brush-tailed Bettong, Woylie (blood (PCR)); Petrogale penicillata (Gray, 1825) [MACROPODIDAE] Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (blood (PCR)); Bettongia lesueuri (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) [POTOROIDAE] Burrowing Bettong, Boodie (blood (PCR)); Rattus fuscipes (Waterhouse, 1839) [MURIDAE] Bush Rat (blood (PCR)); Rattus macleari (Thomas, 1887) [MURIDAE] Christmas Island Rat ([now extinct] = Mus macleari; blood); Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792) [PHALANGERIDAE] Common Brushtail (blood (PCR)); Planigale maculata (Gould, 1851) [DASYURIDAE] Common Planigale (blood (PCR)); Vombatus ursinus (Shaw, 1800) [VOMBATIDAE] Common Wombat (syn. Phascolom mitchelli; blood (culture)(PCR)); Ctenotus taeniolatus (White, 1790) [SCINCIDAE] Copper-tailed Skink (blood); Lygosoma taeniolatum White, ex Shaw, 1790 [SCINCIDAE] Copper-tailed Skink (blood); Strepera sp. [CRACTICIDAE] Currawong (blood (culture) (PCR)); Nyctimystes dayi (Günther, 1897) [HYLIDAE] Day’s Frog (blood); Parantechinus apicalis (Gray, 1842) [DASYURIDAE] Dibbler (syn. Antechinus apicalis; blood); Pseudomys fieldi (Waite, 1896) [MURIDAE] Djoongari, Shark Bay Mouse (blood (PCR)); Perameles gunnii Gray, 1838 [PERAMELIDAE] Eastern Barred Bandicoot (blood); Pseudonaja textilis (Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854) [ELAPIDAE] Eastern Brown Snake (syn. Diemenia textilis; blood); Litoria fallax (Peters, 1880) [HYLIDAE] Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog (blood); Macropus giganteus Shaw, 1790 [MACROPODIDAE] Eastern Grey Kangaroo (syn. M. canguru; blood (PCR)(culture)); Chelodina longicollis (Shaw, 1794) [CHELIDAE] Eastern Snake-necked Tortise, Eastern Long-necked Tortoise (blood); Sphecotheres viridis Vieillot, 1816 [ORIOLIDAE] Figbird (syn. S. maxillaris, Oriolus viridis; blood); Potorous gilberti (Gould, 1841) [POTOROIDAE] Gilbert’s Potoroo (= P. Tridactylus; (PCR)); Isoodon auratus (Ramsay, 1887) [PERAMELIDAE] Golden Bandicoot (blood (PCR)); Cracticus torquatus (Latham, 1801) [CRACTICIDAE] Grey Butcherbird (blood); Chtonobdella limbata Grube, 1866 [HAEMADIPSIDAE] Leech (crop); Philaemon sp. [HAEMADIPSIDAE] Leech; Micobdella sp. [HAEMADIPSIDAE] Leech; Litoria lesueuri (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841) [HYLIDAE] Lesueur’s Frog (syn. Hyla lesueuri; blood); Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) [PHALACROCORACIDAE] Little Pied Cormorant (blood); Acanthochaera chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) [MELIPHAGIDAE] Little Wattlebird, Brush Wattlebird (syn. Anellobia chrysoptera, A. mellivora, A. lunulata; blood); Pachycephala melanura Gould, 1842 [MUSCICAPIDAE] Mangrove Golden Whistler, Black-tailed Whistler (blood); Litoria nyakalensis Liem, 1974 [HYLIDAE] Nyakala Frog (blood); Oriolus sagittatus (Latham, 1801) [ORIOLIDAE] Olive-backed Oriole (syn. O. sagittarius; blood); Limnodynastes ornatus (Gray, 1842) [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Ornate Burrowing Frog (blood); Litoria peronii (Tschudi, 1838) [HYLIDAE] Peron’s Tree Frog (syn. Hyla peronii; blood); Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw & Nodder, 1799) [ORNITHORHYNCHIDAE] Platypus (blood, lung, liver, heart (PCR)); Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) [MACROPODIDAE] Quokka (PCR); Litoria chloris (Boulenger, 1893) [HYLIDAE] Red-eyed Tree Frog (blood); Litoria nasuta (Gray, 1842) [HYLIDAE] Rocket Frog (syn. Hyla nasuta; blood); Elseya latisternum Gray, 1867 [CHELIDAE] Saw-shelled Turtle (blood); Myzomela sanguineolenta (Latham, 1801) [MELIPHAGIDAE] Scarlet Honeyeater, Blood-bird (blood); Emydura signata Ahl, 1932 [CHELIDAE] Short-necked Tortoise (blood); Isoodon obesulus (Shaw, 1797) [PERAMELIDAE] Southern Brown Bandicoot (syn. Thylacis obesulus; blood); Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Günther, 1858 [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Spotted Grass Frog (blood); Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) [MACROPODIDAE] Swamp Wallaby (blood (culture)(PCR)); Dasyurus geoffroii Gould, 1841 [DASYURIDAE] Western Quoll, Chuditch (blood (PCR)); Lichenostomus penicillatus (Gould, 1837) [MELIPHAGIDAE] White-plumed Honeyeater (syn. Meliphaga penicillata, M. leilavalensis, Ptilotis penicillatus, Ptilotis leilavalensis; blood); Lichenostomus chrysops (Latham, 1801) [MELIPHAGIDAE] Yellow-faced Honeyeater (syn. Meliphaga chrysops, Ptilotis chrysop; blood); Anguilla sp. [ANGUILLIDAE]).
Extra Ecological Information
Unidentified species of Trypanosoma have been found in the listed parasite hosts.
General References
Adlard, R.D., Peirce, M.A. & Lederer, R. 2004. Blood parasites of birds from south-east Queensland. Emu 104: 191-196
Averis, S., Thompson, R.C.A., Lymbery, A.J., Wayne, A.F., Morris, K.D. & Smith, A. 2009. The diversity, distribution and host-parasite associations of trypanosomes in Western Australian wildlife. Parasitology 136: 1269-1279
Bancroft T.L. 1891. Exhibit: two apparently new infusorian parasites in the blood of a frog, Hyla nasuta, one of them is referable to the genus Trypanosoma. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 8: 13
Bettiol, S.S., Jakes, K., Le, D.D., Goldsmid, J.M. & Hocking, G. 1998. First record of trypanosomes in Tasmanian bandicoots. Journal of Parasitology 84: 538-541
Breinl, A. 1913. Parasitic protozoa encountered in the blood of Australian native animals. Report of the Australian Instute of Tropical Medicine 1911(April, 1913): 30-38
Cleland, J.B. 1915. The haematozoa of Australian birds. No. 3. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 39: 25-37
Cleland, J.B. 1922. The parasites of Australian birds. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 46: 85-118
Cleland, J.B. & Johnston, T.H. 1910. The haematozoa of Australian batrachians. No. 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 44: 252-261
Cleland, J.B. & Johnston, T.H. 1911. The haematozoa of Australian birds. No. II. Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales 45: 415-444
Cleland, J.B. & Johnston, T.H. 1912. Tabular statements of haematozoa occurring in wild and domesticated animals in Australia. Report of the Government Bureau of Microbiology 1912: 83-88
Delvinquier, B.L.J. 1988. On some Nyctotheridae of the Australian Anura with a description of Nyctotheroides raffae n. sp. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 99: 21-34
Durham, H.E. 1908. Notes on nagana and on some haematozoa observed during my travels. Parasitology 1: 227-235
Hamerton, A.E. 1933. Report on deaths occurring in the Society's Gardens during the year 1932. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1933: 451-482
Hamilton, P.B., Stevens, J.R., Gidley, J., Holz, P. & Gibson, W.C. 2005. A new lineage of trypanosomes from Australian vertebrates and terrestrial bloodsucking leeches (Haemadipsidae). International Journal for Parasitology 35: 431-443
Jakes, K.A., O'Donoghue, P., Munro, M. & Adlard, R. 2001. Hemoprotozoa of freshwater turtles in Queensland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37: 12-19
Johnston, T.H. 1910. On Australian avian entozoa. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 44: 84-122
Johnston, T.H. 1912. A census of Australian reptilian entozoa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 23: 233-249
Johnston, T.H. 1912. Internal parasites recorded from Australian birds. The Emu 12(2): 105-112
Johnston, T.H. 1916. A census of the endoparasites recorded as occurring in Queensland, arranged under their hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 28: 31-79
Johnston, T.H. & Cleland, J.B. 1910. The haematozoa of Australian Reptilia. No. 1. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 35: 677-685
Ladds, P. 2009. Pathology of Australian Native Wildlife. Collingwood : CSIRO Publishing 640 pp.
Mackerras, M.J. 1958. Catalogue of Australian mammals and their recorded internal parasites. Part I. Monotremes and marsupials. Part II. Eutheria. Part III. Introduced herbivora and the domestic pig. Part IV. Man. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 83: 101-160
Mackerras, M.J. 1961. The haematozoa of Australian reptiles. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 61-122
Mackerras, M.J. & Mackerras, I.M. 1960. The haematozoa of Australian birds. Australian Journal of Zoology 8: 226-260
Mackerras, M.J. & Mackerras, I.M. 1961. The haematozoa of Australian frogs and fish. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 123-139
McColl, K.A. 1983. Pathology in captive platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 19: 118-122
Noyes, H.A., Stevens, J.R., Teixeira, M., Phelan, J. & Holz, P. 1999. A nested PCR for the ssrRNA gene detects Trypanosoma binneyi in the platypus and Trypanosoma sp. in wombats and kangaroos in Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 29: 331-339
Owen, J. 1934. Trypanosoma in the monotreme. Canberra : Publ. Aust. Inst. Anatomy.
Pickering, J. & Norris, C.A. 1996. New evidence concerning the extinction of the endemic murid Rattus macleri from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Australian Mammalogy 19: 19-25
Richardson, L.R. & Hunt, P.J. 1967. Trypanosomes in the crop of an haemadispid leech. Australian Journal of Science 30: 374-375
Smith, A., Clark, P., Averis, S., Lymbery, A.J., Wayne, A.F., Morris, K.D. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2008. Trypanosomes in a declining species of threatened Australian marsupial, the brush-tailed bettong Bettongia penicillata (Marsupialia: Potoroidae). Parasitology 135: 1329-1335
Stevens, J.R., Noyes, H.A., Dover, G.A. & Gibson, W.C. 1999. The ancient and divergent origins of the human pathogenic trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi. Parasitology 118: 107-116
Stevens, J.R., Teixeira, M.M.G., Bingle, L.E.H. & Gibson, W.C. 1999. The taxonomic position and evolutionary relationships of Trypanosoma rangeli. International Journal for Parasitology 29: 749-757
Thompson, C.K., Godfrey, S.S. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2014. Trypanosomes of Australian mammals: A review. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3: 57–66
Thompson, R.C.A., Lymbery, A.J. & Smith, A. 2010. Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation. International Journal for Parasitology 40: 1163-1170
History of changes
| Published | As part of group | Action Date | Action Type | Compiler(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27-Jul-2016 | TRYPANOSOMATIDAE | 03-Jul-2024 | MODIFIED | |
| 12-Mar-2015 | EXCAVATA Cavalier-Smith, 2002 (emend. Simpson (2003)) | 12-Mar-2015 | MOVED | |
| 12-Mar-2015 | SARCOMASTIGOPHORA Honigberg & Balamuth, 1934 | 03-Jul-2024 | MODIFIED | |
| 26-Jul-2012 | 12-Mar-2015 | MODIFIED | ||
| 20-Jul-2011 | ADDED |