Species Toxidia xanthomera (Meyrick & Lower, 1902)
Xanthomera Skipper, Yellow Grass-skipper
- Telesto xanthomera Meyrick, E. & Lower, O. 1902. Revision of the Australian Hesperiadae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 26(2): 38-129 [80].
Type data:
Lectotype SAMA 3759 ♂, Townsville QLD (Meyrick & Lower originally gave Cairns and Brisbane, QLD).
Paralectotype(s) SAMA 3759 2♀
Comment: Meyrick & Lower in the original description referred to two specimens; Waterhouse, G.A. 1933. Notes on the type specimens of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) in the museums in Australia, with special reference to those in the South Australian Museum. Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 5(1): 49–62 [58] (later suggested that more were described); Waterhouse (1933: 58) discussed Lower's type specimens, type locality and label information on the four specimens in SAMA; discrepancies between Lower's descriptions and Waterhouse's observations were examined; differences in size of specimens and locality were noted, Waterhouse considered the specimens to be syntypes.Subsequent designation references:
Lower, O.B. 1911. Revision of the Australian Hesperiadae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 35: 112-172 [132] (referred to types and as this is not individual it is not accepted as a lectotype designation); Waterhouse, G.A. 1933. Notes on the type specimens of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) in the museums in Australia, with special reference to those in the South Australian Museum. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 5(1): 49-62 [58] (discussed the problems he had in identifying Lower's type material); Waterhouse, G.A. 1937. Australian Hesperiidae. VII. Notes on the types and type localities. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 62(3–4): 107-125 [116] (mentioned a holotype); Edwards, E.D., Newland, J. & Regan, L. 2001. Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 31.6. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia. x 615 pp. (interpret Waterhouse's (1937) reference to a holotype as a lectotype designation (Art. 74, ICZN 1985)).Type locality references:
Lower, O.B. 1911. Revision of the Australian Hesperiadae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 35: 112-172 [132] (repeated his localities as Cairns and Brisbane, QLD); Waterhouse, G.A. 1933. Notes on the type specimens of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) in the museums in Australia, with special reference to those in the South Australian Museum. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 5(1): 49-62 [58] (recorded label information and gave localities as Townsville, Cooktown and Brisbane, and fixed the type locality as Townsville); Waterhouse, G.A. 1937. Australian Hesperiidae. VII. Notes on the types and type localities. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 62(3–4): 107-125 [116] (confirmed type locality as Townsville, QLD).
Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy
- Toussaint, E.F.A., Braby, M.F., Müller, C.J., Petrie, E.A. and Kawahara, A.Y. 2022. Molecular phylogeny, systematics and generic classification of the butterfly subfamily Trapezitinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Hesperiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1407–1421 [Date published August 2022]
Generic Combinations
- Neohesperilla xanthomera (Meyrick & Lower, 1902).
- Toxidia xanthomera (Meyrick & Lower, 1902).
Distribution
States
New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland
Extra Distribution Information
Melville Is. and Mt Burrell, NT, Mt White near Coen, QLD, to Grafton, NSW, and inland to Mt Moffatt, Carnarvon National Park, QLD.
Australian Endemic.
IBRA
NSW, NT, Qld: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), Pine Creek (PCK), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Wet Tropics (WT)
Ecological Descriptors
Larva: herbivore (associated flora: Heteropogon sp. [POACEAE]).
Extra Ecological Information
Recorded September to April.
General References
Common, I.F.B. & Waterhouse, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Sydney : Angus & Robertson xiv 682 pp. 49 pls. [145] (biology)
Johnson, S.J., Valentine, P.S. & Lane, D.A. 1994. Notes on life histories and biology of the species of Neohesperilla Waterhouse and Lyell (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Australian Entomologist 21(2): 55-59 [58] (biology)
Waterhouse, G.A. & Lyell, G. 1914. The Butterflies of Australia: a monograph of the Australian Rhopalocera introducing a complete scheme of structural classification, and giving descriptions and illustrations of all the butterflies found in Australia, including a number now recorded for the first time. Sydney : Angus & Robertson 239 pp. 38 pls + 3 unnumbered colour pls. [Date published 25 July 1914] [194] (description)
History of changes
| Published | As part of group | Action Date | Action Type | Compiler(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 07-Mar-2024 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 04-Feb-2023 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 22-Dec-2023 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby (ANU) |
| 13-May-2022 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 26-Feb-2021 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 04-Jun-2020 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 06-Sep-2017 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | |
| 06-Sep-2017 | HESPERIIDAE | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Lyn Randall |
| 05-Mar-2013 | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | ||
| 05-Mar-2013 | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | ||
| 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED |