Species Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861)

Museums

Regional Maps

• Lecanium nigrum Nietner, J. 1861. Observations on the enemies of the coffee tree in Ceylon. Ceylon Times. 31 pp. [9].
• Lecanium depressum Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1867. Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Milano 3(3): 1-87 [29].
• Lecanium depressum simulans Douglas, J.W. 1887. Note on some British Coccidae (No. 7). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 24: 21-28 [28] [taxon also cited as nom. nud. under Coccus hesperidum hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758].
• Lecanium begoniae Douglas, J.W. 1892. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 23). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 28: 207-209 [209].
• Lecanium caudatum Green, E.E. 1896. Catalogue of Coccidae collected in Ceylon. Indian Museum Notes 4: 2-10 [10].
• Lecanium (Saissetia) pseudonigrum Kuwana, S.I. 1909. Coccidae of Japan, IV. A list of Coccidae from the Bonin Islands (Ogasawarajima), Japan. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 17: 158-164 [162].
• Lecanium (Saissetia) sideroxylium Kuwana, S.I. 1909. Coccidae of Japan, IV. A list of Coccidae from the Bonin Islands (Ogasawarajima), Japan. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 17: 158-164 [162].
• Saissetia cuneiformis Leonardi, G. 1913. Contribuzione allo studio delle cocciniglie dell'Eritrea (Africa Orientale). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 7: 27-38 [33].
• Lecanium (Saissetia) signatum Newstead, R. 1917. Observations on scale-insects (Coccidae) – III. Bulletin of Entomological Research 7: 343-380 [363].
• Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum nitidum Newstead, R. 1920. Observations on scale-insects (Coccidae) – VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research 10: 175-207 [191].
• Saissetia perseae Brain, C.K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa – V. Bulletin of Entomological Research 11: 1-41 [11].
• Lecanium (Saissetia) crassum Green, E.E. 1930. Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrag Nr. 65). Coccidae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 73: 279-297 [287].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Maskell, W.M. 1894. On a new species of coccid on fern roots. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 2 8: 225-226 [166] (synonymy of Lecanium begoniae Douglas, 1892; synonymy of Lecanium depressum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867; synonymy of Lecanium depressum simulans Douglas, 1887)
• Takahashi, R. 1955. Notes on the Coccus of Japan (Homoptera: Coccidae). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society 4: 78 [70] (synonymy of Lecanium (Saissetia) pseudonigrum Kuwana, 1909; synonymy of Lecanium (Saissetia) sideroxylium Kuwana, 1909)
• De Lotto, G. 1956. The identity of some East African species of Saissetia (Homoptera, Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 47: 239-249 [240] (synonymy of Saissetia cuneiformis Leonardi, 1913)
• De Lotto, G. 1957. Notes on some African species of Saissetia (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 20: 170-182 [175] (Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum nitidum Newstead, 1920; Lecanium (Saissetia) signatum Newstead, 1917; synonymy of Saissetia perseae Brain, 1920)
• Williams, D.J. 1963. Some taxonomic notes on the Coccoidea (Homoptera). The Entomologist 96: 100-101 [100] (synonymy of Lecanium (Saissetia) crassum Green, 1930)
• Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Taiwan Museum 36: 57-107 [76] (synonymy of Lecanium caudatum Green, 1896)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [199] (female; New Zealand); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [374] (female; Egypt); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [494] (female; Micronesia); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [332] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [320] (female; Hawaii)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Ben-Dov, Y. 1978. Taxonomy of the nigra scale, Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), with observations on mass rearing and parasites of an Israeli strain. Phytoparasitica 6: 115–127, Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press, Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp. and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

BIOLOGY

Smith, R.H. 1944. Bionomics and control of the nigra scale, Saissetia nigra. Hilgardia 16: 225–288 studied the life history, ecology, and natural enemies in California. The nigra scale successfully develops under laboratory conditions on Cucurbita squashes, and on sprouting potato tubers. On squashes, at 24°C a generation is completed within 45–60 days. The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) was studied by Blumberg, D. & Goldenberg, S. 1992. Encapsulation of eggs of two species of Encyrtus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) in six parasitoid-host interactions. Israel Journal of Entomology 25–26: 57–65. Life history and pest status on coffee discussed by Le Pelley, R.H. 1968. In: Pests of Coffee. London : Longmans 588 pp..

STRUCTURE

Colour photograph by Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [figs 6,44], Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp., Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.]. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan : Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute 98 pp., and Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A potential pest of litchi in Israel (see Wysoki, M., Ben-Dov, Y., Swirski, E. & Izhar, Y. 1993. The arthropod pests of mango in Israel. Acta Horticulturae (Fourth International Mango Symposium) 341: 452–466).

General References

Balachowsky, A.S. 1939. Les cochenilles de Madère (seconde partie). II. Lecaniinae – Eriococcinae – Dactylopinae – Ortheziinae – Margarodidae. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d'Entomologie Agricole de France 25: 255-272 [257] (Saissetia nigra depressa: incorrect citation of 'Douglas' as author)

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T.V. 1930. A contribution to our knowledge of South Indian Coccidae (Scales and Mealybugs). Bulletin of the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research, Pusa, India 197: 1-73 [45] (Saissetia nigrum depressum: incorrect citation of 'Cockerell' as author)

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Nigra Scale)

History of changes