Species Neophema (Neonanodes) chrysogaster (Latham, 1790)

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• Psittacus chrysogaster Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. London : Leigh & Sotheby Vol. 1 & 2 xviii 920 pp. [97] [also as incorrect subsequent spelling, chrysogastra in combination with generic names of feminine gender, e.g., by Bonaparte, C.L. 1856. Beilage Nr .1. Tabellarische Uebersicht der Papageien. Naumannia 1856: Beilage 1a; Finsch, O. 1868. Die Papageien, monographisch bearbeitet. Leiden : E.J. Brill Vol. 2 vii 996 pp. 5 pls (168); Salvadori, T. 1891. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots. London : British Museum Vol. 20 xvii 658 pp. XVIII pls—misapplied mandatory change of a substantive in apposition under ICZN Art. 34(b); based on the Orange-bellied Parrakeet in Latham, J. 1787. Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds. London : Leigh & Sotheby iii 298 pp. pls CVII–CXIX [Sclater, P.L. 1893. List of the dates of delivery of the sheets of the "Proceedings" of the Zoological Society of London, from the commencement in 1830 to 1859 inclusive. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 435–440] (62), from a specimen examined via Thomas Pennant in the collection of Joseph Banks, and evidently taken on James Cook's second or third voyages to Australasia in Mar. 1773 and Jan. 1777 at Adventure Bay, Tasmania, see Mathews, G.M. 1917. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 6 pt 5 pp. 373–444 pls 308–316 [11 Sept. 1917, volume dated as 1916-1917 Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B] (Appendix B)] (439); cf. Stresemann, E. 1950. Birds collected during Capt. James Cook's last expedition (1776–1780). Auk 67: 66–88; Whittell, H.M. 1954. The Literature of Australian Birds: a History and Bibliography of Australian Ornithology. Perth : Paterson Brokensha xi 116 788 pp. (18–20); for dispersal and fate of Cook's collections from these voyages, see entries under Psittacus novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788 (316), P. caledonicus Gmelin, 1788 and P. elegans Gmelin, 1788 above].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown (dispersed and ?lost), Adventure Bay, TAS (published without locality).

  Type locality references:

  Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [156] (determined from data in Mathews, G.M. 1917. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 6 pt 5 pp. 373–444 pls 308–316 [11 Sept. 1917, volume dated as 1916-1917 Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B] (Appendix B)] [439]; cf. Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171–455 [publication dated Jan. 1912, published 31 Jan.]).
• Euphema aurantia Gould, J. 1841. The Birds of Australia. London : J. Gould Vol. 5 Pt 2 92 pls. [published Mar. 1841 1848 in Vol. 5] [text to pl. 39] [first read at meeting of Zoological Society of London, Nov. 10, 1840, but not published until July 1841 in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1840: 148, see Sclater, P.L. 1893. List of the dates of delivery of the sheets of the "Proceedings" of the Zoological Society of London, from the commencement in 1830 to 1859 inclusive. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 435–440; described from material collected by John Gould in southeast Tasmania between New Norfolk and the D'Entrecasteaux Channel and in South Australia on the east coast of St. Vincent Gulf between Glenelg (Holdfast Bay) and Port Adelaide, between Sept. 1838 and Aug. 1839: pre–1840 Gould specimens from both regions are thus part of the type series, including the male and female illustrated on pl. 39 to the original description, and the South Australian male ex J. Gould coll. in ANSP quoted by Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1957. On some avian types, principally Gould's, in the collection of the Academy. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 109: 123–246; the two types illustrated in the protologue are evidently the Tasmanian male and female in ANSP and include the lectotype (see Meyer de Schauensee (1957))].

  Type data:

   Lectotype ANSP 22935 ♂ adult (Verreaux cat. no. 335), southeast Tasmania (as Van Diemen's Land … neighbourhood of Hobart Town and New Norfolk … Actaeon Islands, at the entrance of D'Entrecasteaux Channel).
  Paralectotype(s) ANSP 22937 ♀ adult (Verreaux cat. no. 334); ANSP 22936 ♂ (Verreaux cat. no. 333).

  Subsequent designation references:

  Stone, W. in Stone, W. & Mathews, G.M. 1913. A list of the species of Australian birds described by John Gould, with the location of the type-specimens. Austral Avian Records 1: 129-180 [Date published 28 Feb 1913].

  Type locality references:

  Stone, W. in Stone, W. & Mathews, G.M. 1913. A list of the species of Australian birds described by John Gould, with the location of the type-specimens. Austral Avian Records 1: 129-180 [Date published 28 Feb 1913] (by choice of lectotype, in conjunction with specification of localityin original description).
• Nanodes gouldii Ewing, T.J. 1841. A catalogue of the birds of Tasmania. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 1: 52-58 [no month = 31 Dec. 1841, publication dated 1842] [55] [as Gouldii; nom. nov for Euphema aurantia Gould, 1841 (Mar.), by reference to The Orange-bellied parrakeet. A new species discovered by Mr. Gould].
• Psephotus chrysogaster mab Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] [278].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 623498 ♂ (G.M. Mathews' coll. no. 1168), The Pinery, Port Adelaide (=Seaton), SA (as South Australia)
  Comment: for identification of holotype, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.

  Type locality references:

  Mathews, G.M. 1917. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 6 pt 5 pp. 373-444 pls 308-316. [Date published 11 Sept. 1917: volume dated as 1916-1917 Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B] (Appendix B)] [438, 440].
• Neonanodes chrysogaster wallicus Mathews, G.M. 1924. In Proceedings of meeting of the British Ornithologists' Club, March 12, 1924. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 44: 69-70 [70] [published without description but based by reference on a previously published description and illustration in Mathews, G.M. 1917. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 6 pt 5 pp. 373–444 pls 308–316 [11 Sept. 1917, volume dated as 1916-1917 Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B] (Appendix B)] (438, pl. 316), and available under ICZN Art. 12(b)(1, 7); holotype illustrated on pl. 316, upper figure, in protologue—but not cited as in G.M. Mathews' collection in AMNH by Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH (G.M. Mathews' coll.; institution uncertain), New South Wales.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [203]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

TAS (mainly in west, south and alpine areas), islands in W Bass Strait, and coastal fringe of VIC and SA between Ninety-mile Beach, VIC, and Coorong, SA, formerly reaching south coast of NSW in east and Gulf St Vincent, SA, in west—breeding range now restricted to south of Macquarie Harbour, W TAS, and mainland non-breeding range largely to region of Westernport, W Port Phillip Bay, and the coastal South-East of SA.

IBRA and IMCRA regions

drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones

IBRA

NSW, SA, Tas, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Arboreal, diurnal, folivore, frugivorous, granivore, gregarious, low open shrubland, low shrubland, migratory, open heath, open scrub, tall open shrubland, terrestrial, tussock grassland, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Seasonal breeder, in coastal, dune and estuarine grasslands, heath and samphire, feeds on ground mainly on seeds of grasses, halophytes and shrubs, flocks in small to moderate-sized groups, flies directly with rapid wing beats punctuated by short glides on in-drawn wings, nests in tree hollows, incubation by female, both sexes rear pale grey-downed, yellowish-billed chicks, migrates north to winter on south-east mainland and south to breed in TAS—greatest wintering concentrations in salt marshes of W Port Phillip Bay, VIC.

General References

Brown, P.B. & Wilson, R.I. 1980. A survey of the Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster in Tasmania, Victoria & South Australia. A Report for World Wildlife Fund (Australia). Hobart : National Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania 65 pp. (distribution, status, ecological requirements)

Cain, A.J. 1955. A revision of Trichoglossus haematodus and of the Australian platycercine parrots. Ibis 97: 432-479 (synonymy)

Forshaw, J.M. 1981. Australian Parrots. 2nd (revised) Edn. Illustrated by W.T. Cooper. Melbourne : Lansdowne Edns 312 pp. 56 pls. (synonymy)

Hinsby, K.B. 1947. The Orange-bellied Parakeet. The Emu 47: 67-68 [Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.] (occurrence, feeding, nidification)

Immelmann, K. 1966. Die australischen Plattschweifsittiche. Wittenberg, Lutherstadt : A. Ziemsen (Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei) 128 pp. (synonymy)

Jarman, H. 1965. The Orange-breasted Parrot. Australian Bird Watcher 2: 155-167 [Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.] (distribution, movements, status, diet, nidification)

Lewitzka, F. 1974. Breeding the Orange-bellied Parrot (cont.). Bird Keeping in Australia 17: 58-60 (nidification)

Loftus, W.K. 1976. Orange-bellied Parrot at Goolwa. South Australian Ornithologist 27: 112 (occurrence)

Loyn, R.H., Lane, B.A., Chandler, C. & Carr, G.W. 1987. Ecology of Orange-bellied Parrots Neophema chrysogaster at their main remnant wintering site. The Emu 86: 195-206 (behaviour, ecology, seasonality)

Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement also subsequent revisions)

Milledge, D. 1972. The Orange-bellied Parrot in Tasmania. South Australian Ornithologist 26: 56-58 (distribution, status)

Peters, J.L. 1937. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 3 xiii 311 pp. (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Salvadori, T. 1891. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots. London : British Museum Vol. 20 xvii 658 pp. XVIII pls. (synonymy and specific limits)

Sharland, M. 1947. Notes on two Neophema parrots. The Emu 46: 258-264 (occurrence, nidification)

Wolters, H.E. 1975. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische Liste mit Verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen Namen. Hamburg : Paul Parey Lief. 1, 1-80 pp. (synonymy)

History of changes