Family Linguatulidae Haldeman, 1851
- Linguatulidae Haldeman, S.S. 1851. Invertebrates. pp. 220-400 in Baird, S.F. Outlines of General Zoology. New York : Rudolph Garrigue. [reprinted from the Zoological portion of the work entitled "Iconographic Encyclopedia of Sciences, Literature and Art. Systematically arranged by J.G. Heck, translated from the German with additions, and edited by Spencer F. Baird, A.M., M.D., Professor of Natural Sciences in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. ...] [49, also numbered 253] (while being based on Heck’s (1849) work, much was “entirely rewritten” and the “part on Zoology … has been compiled entirely anew by its authors and will be found to contain much original matter never before published.” Neither the genus nor family name appears in Heck’s (1849) book).
- Linguatulida Vogt, C. 1851. Zoologische Briefe : Naturgeschichte lebenden und untergegangenen Thiere, für Lehrer, höhere Schulen und Gebildete aller Stände. Frankfurt a.M. : Literarische Anstalt Vol. 1. [499] [as 'Familie der Zungenwürmer (Linguatulida [sic.])'. Validity of this spelling and priority over Haldeman's name has not been established].
Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy
- Heck, J.G. 1849. Bilder-Atlas zum Conversations-Lexikon : ikonographische Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste. Erste Abtheilung: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaften. Entworfen und nach den vorzüglichsten Quellen bearbeitet. Leipzig : F.A. Brockhaus. (no mention of Linguatula nor Linguatulidae)
- Poore, G.C.B. 2011. Taxonomic decision, http://biodiversity.org.au/afd (decision on authorship of family name)
Introduction
Linguatula is the only genus, with around half a dozen species. Linguatula serrata has dozens of junior synonyms. All members of the family are parasites of carnivorous mammals and caribou and reindeer. All have possibly direct development. Besides the described species, undescribed species of Linguatula have been recorded from the native rodents, Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy and Melomys littoralis Lonnberg (Mackerras 1958). The family name is the oldest of all Pentastomida. Authorship is often been ascribed to Heymons (1935) but Sambon (1922) and Shipley (1898) are two examples of earlier use. The earliest reference to Linguatulidae as a family name is by Haldeman (1851) whose authority is applied here. An alternative, spelled as Linguatulida, appeared in the same year (Vogt 1851). Almeida & Christoffersen (1999) attributed Linguatulidae to Leuckart (1860) but the name does not appear in his book.
Diagnosis
Body in adults long and slender, pointed toward the posterior end, flattened and spatulate. Annuli in adults not thickened. Rostrum in adults absent. Mouth in adults before anterior hooks. Podial lobes in adults absent. Proximal podomere of appendages 3 and 4 modified as fulcrum, campanulate in larvae and boat-shaped in adults; fulcrum in adults proportional to length of hooks. Primary hooks in adults not reduced, trapezoidal; accessory hooks present and dorsal from larvae to nymph, absent in adults; hooks without spines. Cirrus sac in adults present, long. Terminal papillae in adults absent. Testes double. Ejaculatory bulbs in adults elongate. Nervous system in adults all ganglia fused into single suboesophagic nerve mass. Uterus in adults tubular. Female gonopore in adults subterminal, posterior, adjacent or fused to anus (opisthogyne condition). Thorax in larvae elongate, not segmented. Medium spine of penetrating apparatus in primary larvae simple. Lateral spines of penetrating apparatus in primary larvae bifid. Spines of annuli in nymph present. Spiny eggshells in adults absent. (derived from Almeida & Christoffersen 1999)
Testes double. Body lanceolate, very long, strongly narrowed posteriorly, with ventral surface very flat, dorsum more or less rounded in the middle, edges straight. Hooks simple, smooth, arranged on a curved line. Mouth between the internal hooks. Anus terminal. Vulva immediately anterior to the anus. Nymph with double hooks and strongly spinose cuticle. (translated from Fain 1961)
Diagnosis References
Almeida, W.O. & Christoffersen, M.L. 1999. A cladistic approach to relationships in Pentastomida. Journal of Parasitology 85: 695-704
Fain, A. 1961. Les pentastomides de l'Afrique centrale. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Tervuren Belgique sér. 8, Zool. 92: 1-115
General References
Almeida, W.O. & Christoffersen, M.L. 1999. A cladistic approach to relationships in Pentastomida. Journal of Parasitology 85: 695-704
Haldeman, S.S. 1851. Invertebrates. pp. 220-400 in Baird, S.F. Outlines of General Zoology. New York : Rudolph Garrigue. [reprinted from the Zoological portion of the work entitled "Iconographic Encyclopedia of Sciences, Literature and Art. Systematically arranged by J.G. Heck, translated from the German with additions, and edited by Spencer F. Baird, A.M., M.D., Professor of Natural Sciences in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. ...]
Heymons, R. 1935. Pentastomida. In, Bronns, H.G. (ed.). Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Fünfter Band. IV Abteilung, 1. Buch. Leipzig : Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H. pp. 1–268.
Mackerras, M.J. 1958. Catalogue of Australian mammals and their recorded internal parasites. II. Eutheria. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 83: 126-143
Sambon, L.W. 1922. A synopsis of the family Linguatulidae. New species described since the publication of my "Synopsis of the family Linguatulidae." Part I. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 25: 391-428
Sambon, L.W. 1922. A synopsis of the family Linguatulidae [part I]. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 25: 188-206
Shipley, A.E. 1898. An attempt to revise the family Linguatulidae. Archives de Parasitologie 1: 52-80
History of changes
| Published | As part of group | Action Date | Action Type | Compiler(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21-Mar-2012 | 21-Mar-2012 | MODIFIED | ||
| 28-Feb-2012 | 28-Feb-2012 | MODIFIED | ||
| 20-Oct-2011 | 20-Oct-2011 | MODIFIED | ||
| 12-Apr-2011 | 12-Apr-2011 | MOVED | ||
| 31-Mar-2011 | ADDED |