Introduction

2004 INTRODUCTION
Now recognised to include nine families.

Diagnosis

Calcaronea with a skeleton composed of exclusively free spicules, without calcified non-spicular reinforcements. The aquiferous system is asconoid, syconoid, sylleibid, or leuconoid. In the latter case, the radial organisation around a central atrium can generally be detected by a well-formed atrial skeleton tangential to the atrial wall, and/or a subatrial skeleton consisting of subatrial tri- or tetractines with the paired actines tangential to the atrial wall and the unpaired actine perpendicular to it. The post-larval development passes (presumably always) through an olynthus stage.

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA
(1) Homocoel organisation: all the internal cavities are lined by the choanoderm------------------------------------------2
Heterocoel organisation; with separate choanocyte chambers and an exhalant aquiferous system devoid of choanocytes, with or without a separate inhalant system--------------------------------------------------------------------4

(2) Skeleton contains only diactines-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ascyssa
Skeleton composed of diactines, triactines and/or tetractines---------------------------------------------------------------3

(3) Giant longitudinal diactines forming a continuous layer on the external surface-----------------------------Ascute
No giant longitudinal diactines----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Leucosolenia

(4) Skeleton composed exclusively of diactines---------------------------------------------------------------------Sycyssa
Skeleton composed of diactines, triactines and/or tetractines--------------------------------------------------------------5

(5) Sponge body composed of a central atrial tube bearing, at least in its median region, radial tubes lined with choanoderm and ending in conspicuous distal cones that are frequently crowned by tufts of radial diactines------6
Sponge body covered by a cortex supported by tangential spicules----------------------------------------------------10

(6) Elongate radial tubes regularly arranged around the central tube are completely separate from one another; no inhalant aquiferous system, the incurrent water enters directly through pores into the radial choanocyte chambers-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sycetta
Radial tubes are coalescent at least in their proximal region------------------------------------------------------------7

(7) Radial tubes are parallel and regularly arranged and are occasionally ramified in their distal part. Radial tubes are coalescent for most of their length, with inhalant canals in between that open to the outer surface between the distal cones through ostia--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
A thin sponge wall consisting of the atrial skeleton supporting irregularly grouped short radial tubes that are coalescent or fused proximally, with free distal cones; each group of tubes communicates through a common opening with the atrial cavity; large irregular inhalant cavities are left between the groups of radial tubes, and frequently reach the outer surface of the central atrial tube-----------------------------------------------Sycantha

(8) The atrial cavity contains an internal tissue network supported by a skeleton of parallel bundles of diactines-------------------------------------------------------------------------Sycandra
No network inside the atrial cavity-----------------------------------------------------------------------------9

(9) Pseudosagittal spicules are present in the distal cones of the radial tubes-----------------------Syconessa
No pseudosagittal spicules in the distal cones-------------------------------------------------------------------Sycon

(10) The whole sponge is covered by a continuous cortex supported by tangential spicules-------------------11
Only the grouped distal cones are covered by a cortical network supported by tangential triactines, leaving large openings to the inhalant cavities, and giving to the external surface a honeycombed aspect-----------------------------------------------Dermatreton

(11) Presence of a distinct layer of subcortical pseudosagittal spicules-----------------------------------------12
Absence of a distinct layer of subcortical pseudosagittal spicules------------------------------------------------17

(12) Inarticulated choanoskeleton composed of the unpaired actines of subatrial spicules and the centripetal paired actines of subcortical pseudosagittal spicules----------------------------------------------------------13
Articulated choanoskeleton, containing few to several rows of tube spicules, which are more or less scattered between the subatrial and subcortical spicules--------------------------------------------------------14

(13) Pseudosagittal spicules are triactines only----------------------------------------------------------Sycettusa
Pseudosagittal spicules are tetractines and triactines---------------------------------------------------Grantilla

(14) Sylleibid or leuconoid organisation--------------------------------------------------Vosmaeropsis
Syconoid organisation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

(15) Without large longitudinal diactines in the cortical or atrial skeleton---------------Grantessa
With large longitudinal diactines in the cortical or atrial skeleton------------------------------------16

(16) Longitudinal diactines in the cortical skeleton only------------------------------------Heteropia
Longitudinal diactines in the cortical and atrial skeleton------------------------------Paraheteropia

(17) Articulated choanoskeleton, with at least some trace of the tube organisation; the majority of spicules have the unpaired actine pointing towards the outer surface of the sponge-------18
Inarticulated choanoskeleton, or choanoskeleton composed of an external inarticulated layer supported by apical actines of cortical tetractines, and an internal layer of scattered triactines and/or tetractines, without any apparent order-------------------------------------------------------34

(18) Without a tangential atrial skeleton substituted by subatrial chiactines (Achramorphidae fam. nov.)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
With tangential atrial skeleton composed of triactines and/or tetractines----------------------20

(19) Syconoid organisation------------------------------------------------------------Achramorpha
Sylleibid or leuconoid organisation------------------------------------------------------Megapogon

(20) Spicular tracts in the choanoskeleton (Lelapiidae)-------------------------------------------21
No spicular tracts (Grantiidae)------------------------------------------------------------------------24

(21) Spicular tracts made of 'nail-shaped' triactines, with highly reduced paired actines ----22
Spicular tracts made of diapasons --------------------------------------------------------------------23

(22) Tubular sponge, syconoid or sylleibid organisation, choanoskeleton with short, radially arranged tracts between the distal parts of the radial tubes------------------------ Grantiopsis
Massive sponge with a thick wall containing large diactines, choanoskeleton with long tracts in an approximately radial arrangement----------------------------------------------------------Kebira

(23) Cortex composed of giant longitudinal diactines, which do not invade the choanoskeleton -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paralelapia
Giant diactines in the choanoskeleton -------------------------------------------------------Lelapia

(24) Absence of longitudinal diactine in the atrial and/or cortical skeleton--------------------25
Presence of longitudinal diactines in the atrial and/or cortical skeleton------------------------29

(25) Syconoid organisation---------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Sylleibid or leuconoid organisation------------------------------------------------------------------27

(26) Diameter of the osculum smaller than that of the atrium--------------------------Grantia
Diameter of the osculum larger than that of the atrium: pedunculate calyciform sponge with a thin folded wall--------------------------------------------------------------------------Teichonopsis

(27) Septa with a specific skeleton of minute triactines within the atrial cavity--------Leucettaga
No septa within the atrial cavity------------------------------------------------------------------28

(28) Cortex composed of triactines and possibly diactines, which protrude from the cortex making it hispid-------------------------------------------------------------------------Leucandra
Cortex with triactines and tetractines---------------------------------------------Leucandrilla

(29) Leuconoid organisation--------------------------------------------------------Aphroceras
Syconoid organisation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------30

(30) Sponge with individual syconoid tubes or an arborescent cormus composed of separate tubes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Massive cormus composed of coalescent syconoid units, covered by a common cortex----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Synute

(31) Longitudinal diactines present only in the cortex--------------------------------------32
Longitudinal diactines present in the atrial skeleton----------------------------------------33

(32) Tufts of thin radial diactines decorate the distal parts of the radial tubes, and cross the cortex between the longitudinal diactines---------------------------------------------Sycute
No tufts of radial diactines-------------------------------------------------------------------Ute

(33) Longitudinal diactines present only in the atrial skeleton----------------Sycodorus
Longitudinal diactines present both in the atrial and the cortical skeleton---------------------------Amphiute

(34) Giant cortical tetractines (Amphoriscidae)---------------------------------------------35
No giant cortical tetractines (Jenkinidae)----------------------------------------------------37

(35) Syconoid organisation.----------------------------------------------------Amphoriscus
Sylleibid or leuconoid organisation-----------------------------------------------------------36

(36) Inarticulated choanoskeleton; scattered spicules occasionally between subcortical and subatrial layers------------------------------------------------------Leucilla
Choanoskeleton divided in two parts: the external part has an inarticulated organisation, while the internal one is intercalated between the subatrial spicules and the atrial skeleton, and is supported by scattered triactines and/or tetractines-------------------------------Paraleucilla

(37) Syconoid organisation-------------------------------------------------------38
Sylleibid or leuconoid organisation---------------------------------------------------------40

(38) Thin cortical skeleton, composed of one to several layers of triactines-------------------------Breitfussia
Reinforced cortical skeleton-----------------------------------------------------------------39

(39) Skeleton reinforced with giant tangential triactines, which are also scattered in the choanoskeleton--------------------------------------------------------------------Anamixilla
Reinforced skeleton with longitudinal diactines---------------------------------Uteopsis

(40) Without scattered spicules in the choanoskeleton---------------------------------41
With scattered spicules in the choanoskeleton, smaller than those of the cortex, and without defined position------------------------------------------Polejaevia

(41) Sponge growing as small individual tubes---------------------------------Jenkina
Sponge forming a large cormus composed of copiously anastomosed and ramified tubes----------------------------------------------Leucascandra

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1157]

General References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. (1157)

History of changes

Introduction

Staurorrhaphidae Jenkin, 1908 have solitary, tubular or sac-shaped growth forms with a well-developed fringe of spicules around the terminal oscule. There is a continuous cortex covering all the choanosome and this is perforated by ostia. There are no ectosomal tetractines and a tangential atrial skeleton is present only in the region of the oscule. Subatrial quadriradiates ('chiactines') (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 159–160) are present and equiangular, symmetrical and asymmetrical triradiates (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 147, 152, 155) and oxeas (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 164–166) are freely scattered in the choanosomal skeleton and projecting through the cortex. The aquiferous system is syconoid or leuconoid.

Staurorrhaphidae is a small family comprising only two genera, Achramorpha and Megapogon, both with Australian representatives, differentiated mainly by the possession of syconoid versus leuconoid water canal system organisation. Some authors have included these genera in the Grantiidae (Hartman 1982) whereas Borojevic (1968) maintains this family as distinct. Burton (1963) further suggested that the two genera are synonyms but this suggestion is rejected given major differences in their aquiferous systems (Borojevic 1968). The few known species are widely distributed from the North Atlantic, NW Pacific to Antarctica, at depths ranging to 500 m (Burton 1963).

Reviews of the genera are given by Dendy & Row (1913), Burton (1963) and Borojevic (1968).

Diagnosis

Leucosolenida with a continuous cortex covering all the choanosome. Cortical tetractines are absent. The organisation of the aquiferous system is syconoid, sylleibid or leuconoid. A tangential atrial skeleton is present only in the oscular region. In the atrial cavity, only the paired actines of subatrial chiactines support the atrial surface, while the apical actine is bent and points into the atrial cavity, making its surface hispid.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1180]

General References

Borojevic, R. 1968. Systématique et évolution des éponges Calcaires. Dieuxième Thèse. Université de Paris. 33 pp.

Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375.

Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1–620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

History of changes

• Achramorpha Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [30].

  Type species:

   Achramorpha nivalis Jenkin, 1908 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [765].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Circum-Antarctic, Arctic and N Pacific.

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Achramorphidae with syconoid organisation.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1180]

History of changes

• Achramorpha glacialis Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [31].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.101 wet, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°07´04˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.103 5 specimens, whereabouts of 3 unknown, wet; BMNH 1907.8.6.104 wet.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–385 m.

History of changes

• Achramorpha grandinis Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [32].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.8.6.108 wet, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [621].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–385 m.

History of changes

• Achramorpha nivalis Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [33].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.119, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.111; BMNH 1907.8.6.116; BMNH 1907.8.6.122–130.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, off Amery Ice Shelf and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–437 m.

History of changes

• Megapogon Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [36].

  Type species:

   Leuconia crucifera Poléjaef, 1884 by original designation.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Tropical NE Atlantic Ocean, Azores, New Zealand Antarctic Terr., Antarctica.

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Achramorphidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organisation.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1181]

History of changes

• Megapogon crispatus Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [41].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.8.6.131, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paratype(s) 3 specimens.

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [622].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, Enderby Land, Mawson Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

• Megapogon pollicaris Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [40].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.8.6.135, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paratype(s).

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [622].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, Enderby Land, Mawson Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

• Megapogon varipilus Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [38].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.139, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.140 2 specimens; BMNH 1907.8.6.145.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, Enderby Land, Mawson Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

• Megapogon villosus Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [37].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.146, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.151 wet; BMNH 1907.8.6.152 wet; BMNH 1907.8.6.153 wet.

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [622].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, Enderby Land, Mawson Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

Introduction

Amphoriscidae Dendy, 1892 have massive, tubular, ovoid and spherical growth forms, usually clustered together. They have a distinct cortex supported by tangentially placed tetractines (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 157, 158) in which apical rays cross each other entirely and for a least a large part of the choanosome. Tetractines (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 147–156) may also be present in the cortex. The choanosomal skeleton is composed of apical rays of the cortical tetractines and triactines and the unpaired rays of subatrial spicules. Triactines and/or tetractines may also be present in the choanosomal skeleton. An atrial skeleton is always present, and the aquiferous system is syconoid or leuconoid. Nuclei of the collared cells are always apical (Borojevic 1968; Borojevic & Boury-Esnault 1987).

Two genera are included, although four others may be referred here as incertae sedis (Syculmis, Kuarraphis, Leucettaga and Baeria). These are widely distributed in the oceans and occur from intertidal habitats to depths of at least 567 m (Hartman 1982). Two of these genera have known Australian distributions.

Reviews and discussions of the family include those of Dendy (1893a, with Heteropegma, Amphoriscus, Syculmis, Leucilla, Paraleucilla; Dendy 1893b); Dendy & Row (1913, Heteropegma was Leucaltis, transferred to Leucaltidae); Hartman (1958, family referred to Sycettida); Hartman (1982); and the recent revision of Borojevic & Boury-Esnault (1987).

Diagnosis

Leucosolenida with syconoid, sylleibid or leuconoid organisation, and a distinct cortex supported by tangential tetractines whose centripetal apical actines cross the outer part or the whole of the choanosome. Tangential triactines and small tetractines may be also present in the cortex. The choanoskeleton is typically inarticulated, composed of apical actines of cortical tetractines and the unpaired actines of subatrial spicules. In species with a thick wall scattered triactines and/or tetractines may be also present, either among the spicules of the inarticulated choanoskeleton, or forming a distinct subatrial layer. An atrial skeleton is always present.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1177]

General References

Borojevic, R. 1968. Systématique et évolution des éponges Calcaires. Dieuxième Thèse. Université de Paris. 33 pp.

Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. 1987. Revision of the genus Leucilla Haeckel, 1872, with a re-description of the type species Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872. pp. 29-40 in Jones, W.C. European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges. Publications of the Sherkin Island Marine Station 1

Dendy, A. 1893. Studies on the comparative anatomy of sponges. V. Observations on the structure and classification of the Calcarea Heterocoela. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 2 35: 159-257 pls 10-14

Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116

Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813

Hartman, W.D. 1958. A re-examination of Bidder's classification of the Calcarea. Systematic Zoology 7: 97-110

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1–620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

History of changes

• Amphoriscus Haeckel, E. 1870. Prodromus eines Systems der Kalkschwämme. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medizin und Naturwissenschaft 5: 236-254 [also appeared in English as: Haeckel, E. 1870. Prodromus of a system of the Calcareous sponges. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)5:176–191] [238].

  Type species:

   Ute chrysalis Schmidt, 1864 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [782].
• Sycilla Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [248].

  Type species:

   Sycilla cyathiscus Haeckel, 1872 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [795].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [795]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-Malayan region, Southern Ocean, S Africa, NE Atlantic, Mediterranean and West Indian region.

IMCRA

Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Amphoriscidae with syconoid organisation of the aquiferous system. Scattered spicules in the choanosome are always absent.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1178]

History of changes

• Sycilla cyathiscus Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [250].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, PMJ ? (not found), coast of southern Australia.

Distribution

States

South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

S coast.

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1105]

History of changes

• Sycilla cylindrus Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [254].

  Type data:

   Holotype PMJ ? (not found (coord for Hvar Is)), 300 m, Lesina, Hvar Is., Yugoslavia, Adriatic Sea [43°10'22"N 16°26'34"E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 60–90 m (Adriatic).

General References

Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [114]

Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1103]

Whitelegge, T. 1889. List of the Marine and Freshwater Invertebrate Fauna of Port Jackson and the Neighbourhood. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 23: 163-323 [180]

History of changes

• Leucilla Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [132].

  Type species:

   Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. 1893. Studies on the comparative anatomy of sponges. V. Observations on the structure and classification of the Calcarea Heterocoela. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 2 35: 159-257 pls 10-14 [245].
• Polejna Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1115].

  Type species:

   Leucilla uter Poléjaeff, 1884 by monotypy.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [793]

Distribution

States

Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-Malayan region, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Japan, E Pacific, S Africa, NE Atlantic and West Indian region.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Amphoriscidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organisation. The choanoskeleton is formed primarily by the apical actines of giant cortical triactines and the unpaired actines of subatrial triactines or tetractines. It may contain dispersed spicules, but a typical articulated choanoskeleton is always absent.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1179]

History of changes

• Leucandra saccharata Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [228].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) PMJ ? (not found), Bass Strait [39°20'S 145°30'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 0–90 m.

History of changes

• Leucilla uter Poléjaeff, N. 1884. Report on the Calcarea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 8: 1-76 pls 1-9 [53].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1884.4.22.21 2 parts, wet and dry fragments of type, 170 m, off Cebu Is., Philippines [10°25'08"N 123°48'10"E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1884.4.22.31 wet; BMNH 1924.2.6.94 slide; BMNH 1924.2.6.95 slide; ZMB fragment of type(s?), 2 slides (ex Dendy Collection, from one of the former? with corresponding fragment of type in NMNZ).
• Leuconia johnstoni australiensis Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 126-149 [133] [junior secondary homonym of Leuconia fistulosa australiensis Carter, 1886].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.7.12.72 dry, Port Phillip Heads (and Western Port Bay?), VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1887.7.12.28 wet, Port Phillip Heads (and Western Port Bay?), VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [635] (both specimens mistakenly cited as holotype).
• Leucilla proteus Dendy, A. 1913. Report on the calcareous sponges collected by H.M.S. Sealark in the Indian Ocean. In Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. Vol. 5. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2nd Series Zoology 16: 1-29 pls 1-5 [25].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1920.12.9.60 wet, 69 m, Amirante, Indian Ocean [6°55'37"S 52°06'03"E].
• Leucilla oblata Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [802].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH, Shark Bay district, WA [25°30'S 113°30'E].
  Paratype(s) ZMH; BMNH 1925.11.1.93 wet; BMNH 1925.11.1.1468 wet; BMNH 1925.11.1.1494 wet.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Borojevic, R. & Peixinho, S. 1976. Eponges calcaires du nord-nord-est de Brésil. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [published 1907-1971] Zool. 279: 987-1036
• Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. 1987. Revision of the genus Leucilla Haeckel, 1872, with a re-description of the type species Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872. pp. 29-40 in Jones, W.C. European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges. Publications of the Sherkin Island Marine Station 1

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 59–183 m.

General References

Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. 1987. Revision of the genus Leucilla Haeckel, 1872, with a re-description of the type species Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872. pp. 29-40 in Jones, W.C. European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges. Publications of the Sherkin Island Marine Station 1 [35]

Fell, H.B. 1950. The Kirk Collection of sponges (Porifera) in the Zoology Museum, Victoria University College. Zoological Publications of Victoria University College 4: 1-12 1 pl. [9]

Poléjaeff, N. 1884. Report on the Calcarea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 8: 1-76 pls 1-9

History of changes

• Paraleucilla Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [77].

  Type species:

   Leucandra cucumis Haeckel, 1872 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Palk Strait, Sri Lanka.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Amphoriscidae with leuconoid organisation. The thick wall is divided into two regions. The outer region is supported by the skeleton which remains essentially inarticulated, with the apical actines of cortical tetractines pointed inwards, and a layer of triactines and/or tetractines with the unpaired actine pointed outwards. The inner region of the choanoskeleton is intercalated between the original subatrial skeleton and the atrial one, and it is supported by large triactines and/or tetractines, that are scattered in disarray, and whose form is similar to the spicules found in the outer layer of the choanoskeleton, or inside the atrial skeleton. Since the original subatrial layer still remains in the outer part of the choanosome, facing the cortical tetractines, there are no typical subatrial spicules adjacent to the atrial skeleton.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1179]

History of changes

• Leucandra cucumis Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [205] [in part–Leucandra cucumis var. bassensis only, not Leucandra cucumis var. palcensis, see Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1–693 figs 1–375. (116), figures are not collated with varieties, no nominate subspecies is distinguished].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) PMJ ? (not found), Gulf St Vincent, SA [35°00'S 138°05'E].
• Leucandra bassensis Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [206].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) PMJ ? (not found), Bass Strait [39°20'S 145°30'E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [116, 546]

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Gulf St Vincent.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [116, 546] (Leucandra bassensis Haeckel, 1872 also as Leucandra cucumis var. bassensis =nominate subspecies)

History of changes

Introduction

Grantiidae Dendy, 1893 are very variable and include encrusting, lobate, tubular, sac-shaped, ovoid, spherical, vase-shaped and many other growth forms, either solitary or grouped and sessile, substipitate, or stipitate. The surface has a distinct dermal cortex and a proper cortical skeleton of tangential radiates (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 158), sometimes supplemented by, and occasionally replaced by, oxeas (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 164–174). The ectosomal cortex sometimes has quadriradiates (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 158) in association with choanosomal triradiates (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 147–153). The skeleton of the chamber layer ranges from regularly articulate to irregularly scattered, typically with subgastral sagittal radiates (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 155). Some subdermal pseudosagittal triradiates may occur, but these are regarded as derived from normal choanosomal spicules, and do not form a continuous distict layer as in the Heteropiidae. Subdermal quadriradiates (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 157, 158), if present, are always associated with the chamber-layer skeleton containing confused triradiates. Nuclei of collared cells are probably always apical. Choanocyte chambers are asconoid, elongate and radially arranged, or small, spherical and irregularly scattered in the choanosome (leuconoid).

The Grantiidae includes 25 recognised genera, among which 14 are recorded in the Australian fauna. The family has a generally widespread geographical distribution and occurs from intertidal habitats to depths of at least 2195 m (Hartman 1982).

Haeckel (1872) established Leucones as a supra-generic group for Leuconia and other genera, and it was later used at subfamily level by de Laubenfels (1936). Prior to Dendy (1893), both Leuconiinae Haeckel, 1872 and Grantiinae Lendenfeld, 1885 were used only at the subfamily level. We accept that Leuconiidae Haeckel, 1872 has priority over Grantiidae Dendy, 1893 under the ICZN: Art. 36a (Principle of co-ordination in family group taxa and names), however, we are reticent to change the established use of Grantiidae pending a thorough review of the order.

Reviews are available in Lendenfeld (1885a); Lendenfeld (1885b; as Grantinae); Dendy (1893a, 1893b; with Grantia, Grantiopsis, Ute, Synute, Utella, Anamixilla, Sycyssa, Leucandra, Lelapia, Leucyssa); Dendy & Row (1913; Lelapia removed to Lelapiidae; the following added: Teichonopsis, Sycute, Achramorpha, Uteopsis, Megapogon, Baeria, Leucopsilla, Aphroceras, Leucettaga, Paraleucilla, Lamontia, Trichogypsia, Kuarrhaphis, Eilhardia); Tanita (1943; key to genera); Hartman (1958; family referred to Sycettida); Borojevic (1966, 1968; discussion, differentiation from Heteropiidae); and Hartman (1982).

Diagnosis

Leucosolenida in which there is always a cortex, supported by a skeleton of tangential spicules that can be diactines, triactines, tetractines, or any combination of these. The aquiferous system is either syconoid with radial and elongate choanocyte chambers, or sylleibid or leuconoid with elongate or spherical, scattered choanocyte chambers. The inhalant and exhalant aquiferous systems are always fully developed. The choanoskeleton is articulate, tubular in syconoid species, and contains few to several rows of triactines and/or tetractines, or is, in leuconoid species, arranged without apparent order. In the latter case, the choanoskeleton always preserves traces of the radial organisation, particularly at the level of the subatrial triactines and/or tetractines. The atrial skeleton consisting of tangential triactines and/or tetractines is well developed.

ID Keys

See Order Lecusolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1163]

General References

Borojevic, R. 1966. Eponges calcaires des côtes de France. I. Amphiute paulini Hanitsch; les genres Amphiute et Paraheteropia. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 106: 665-670 2 figs

Borojevic, R. 1968. Systématique et évolution des éponges Calcaires. Dieuxième Thèse. Université de Paris. 33 pp.

Dendy, A. 1893. Studies on the comparative anatomy of sponges. V. Observations on the structure and classification of the Calcarea Heterocoela. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 2 35: 159-257 pls 10-14

Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116

Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813

Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430]

Hartman, W.D. 1958. A re-examination of Bidder's classification of the Calcarea. Systematic Zoology 7: 97-110

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1–620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map

Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67

Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Kalkschwämme. Zoologischer Anzeiger 8: 211-215

Tanita, S. 1943. Studies on the Calcarea of Japan. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University Biology 17: 353-490 pls 11-18

History of changes

• Aphroceras Gray, J.E. 1858. Description of Aphroceras, a new genus of Calcareous Spongiadae brought from Hong Kong by Dr. Harland. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 113-114 pl. 10 figs 1-2 [113].

  Type species:

   Aphroceras alcicornis Gray, 1858 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-Malayan region, E Pacific, Indian Ocean, S Africa, E and N Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Grantiidae with leuconoid organisation. The cortex is supported, at least in part, by giant longitudinal diactines.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1167]

History of changes

• Aphroceras alcicornis Gray, J.E. 1858. Description of Aphroceras, a new genus of Calcareous Spongiadae brought from Hong Kong by Dr. Harland. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 113-114 pl. 10 figs 1-2 [113].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1955.11.2.31 dry, Hong Kong [22°26'37"N 114°05'43"E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [633].
• Cyathiscus actinia Haeckel, E. 1870. Prodromus eines Systems der Kalkschwämme. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medizin und Naturwissenschaft 5: 236-254 [also appeared in English as: Haeckel, E. 1870. Prodromus of a system of the Calcareous sponges. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)5:176–191] [241] [available by indication: monotypy of defined genus; cited as synonym of Leucandra alcicornis (Gray, 1858) by Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer . [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] (184)].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, PMJ ? (not found), Honolulu, Hawaii [21°19'44"N 157°51'43"W].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [491]

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Victoria

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra cataphracta Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [203].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, PMJ 2 specimens (not found), Sydney, NSW [33°53'S 151°12'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Grantia Fleming, J. 1828. A History of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. Edinburgh (London) : Bell & Bradfute (and James Duncan) xxiii, 565 pp. [162].

  Type species:

   Spongia compressa Fabricius, 1780 by subsequent designation, see Bowerbank, J.S. 1862. On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part III. On the generic characters, the specific characters, and on the method of examination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 152: 1087-1135 pls 72-74 [1093].
• Vosmaeria Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1111].

  Type species:

   Vosmaeria gracilis Lendenfeld, 1885 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [796].
• Dermatreton Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [22].

  Type species:

   Dermatreton chartaceum Jenkin, 1908 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [789].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [795-796]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Grantiidae with syconoid organisation. The cortex is composed of tangential triactines and/or tetractines, occasionally with small perpendicular diactines. Longitudinal diactines, if present, are not found exclusively in the cortex, but cross obliquely, at least a part of the choanosome and protrude from the external surface.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1163]

History of changes

• Dermatreton chartaceum Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [22].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.8.6.68, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].

  Type locality references:

  Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [615].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

• Hypograntia extusarticulata Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 34-55 [43].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.7.12.57 wet, 2 fragments, Port Phillip Heads or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [618].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Grantia compressa fistulata Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 34-55 [37].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.7.12.51 dry fragment (in two parts or lectotype + 1 paralectotype), Port Phillip Heads or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Grantia genuina Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [781].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH, Shark Bay, WA [25°30'S 113°30'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Vosmaeria gracilis Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1111].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.6.7.35, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [88, 618].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Dermatreton hodgsoni Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [23].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.8.6.74, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°07´04˜E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [618].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

• Sycortis laevigata Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [285].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) PMJ Porif.131 wet (NMV photo 56/24–25), Gulf St Vincent, SA [35°00'S 138°05'E].

Generic Combinations

• Grantia laevigata (Haeckel, 1872).

Distribution

States

South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Grantia ramulosa Dendy, A. 1924. Porifera. Part 1. Non-antarctic sponges. pp. 269–392 pls 1–15 in, British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, Zoology Vol. 6. [281].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1923.10.1.8, 36 m, Mouth of Bay of Ils, New Zealand [35°12'57"S 174°04'58"E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [619].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Mawson Coast, also New Zealand Antarctic Terr. and New Zealand.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

• Tenthrenodes scotti Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [10].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.8.6.27, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.33.

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [619].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Mawson Coast, also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow waters.

History of changes

• Grantia transgrediens Brøndsted, H.V. 1931. Die Kalkschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. pp. 1–47 in Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 20 (Zool. 12). [28].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 86333 2 slides, 350–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 350–385 m.

History of changes

• Grantia vitiosa Brøndsted, H.V. 1931. Die Kalkschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. pp. 1–47 in Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 20 (Zool. 12). [29].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, ZMB 8730 2 slides, 350–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2'9''S 89°38'E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

350–385 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [170].

  Type species:

   Sycinula egedi Schmidt, 1870 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [770].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Borojevic, R. 1968. Systématique et évolution des éponges Calcaires. Dieuxième Thèse. Université de Paris. 33 pp.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Grantiidae with sylleibid or leuconoid organisation. Longitudinal large diactines, if present, are not restricted to the cortex, but lie obliquely across the external part of the sponge wall and protrude from the surface of the sponge.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1166]

History of changes

• Leucaltis bathybia Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [156] [with var. perimina and arabica].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 226 (var. perimina), Perim Is., Red Sea; Jiddah, Red Sea [21°32'34"N 39°10'22"E]; ZMB 2549 (var. perimina).

  Secondary source:

   Breitfuss, L.L. 1898. Catalog der Calcarea der Zoologischen Sammlung des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 63: 205-226 2 figs [222] (for var. perimina).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 4–626 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra brumalis Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [16].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.34, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°07´04˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.36 3 specimens; BMNH 1907.8.6.37; BMNH 1907.8.6.38.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–110 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra cirrata Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [18].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.39, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.43.

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [624].
• Grantia cirrata aurorae Dendy, A. 1918. Calcareous sponges. Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Research Expedition 1911-1914 C 6: 17 pp. 1 pl. [11].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1956.4.26.85–92, 600 m, off George V Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°55´S 145°21´E]; BMNH 1956.4.26.97, 600 m, off George V Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°55´S 145°21´E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [615].
• Grantia cirrata tenuipilosa Burton, M. 1932. Sponges. Discovery Reports 6: 237-392 56 figs pls 48-57 [262].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1928.2.15.708, 0–179 m, Falkland Ils, Subantarctic [51°41'38"S 58°36'43"W].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1928.2.15.50; BMNH 1928.2.15.51; BMNH 1928.2.15.709; BMNH 1928.2.15.710.

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [615].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [453]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra comata Brøndsted, H.V. 1931. Die Kalkschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. pp. 1–47 in Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 20 (Zool. 12). [43].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 8700–8706 wet, 9 slides, 680–720 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E]; ZMB 8747 wet, slide, 680–720 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 350–385 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra conica Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1126] [original number of specimens not given; 8 parts, here interpreted as lectotype and 7 paralectotypes rather than 8 fragments of holotype].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.6.7.70–77 wet, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AM G3594 fragment of type, slide (ex BMNH); AM 9096 fragment (NMV photos 12/28,29); ZMB 1110 2 fragments.

  Secondary source:

   Breitfuss, L.L. 1898. Catalog der Calcarea der Zoologischen Sammlung des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 63: 205-226 2 figs [224] (for ZMB).

Distribution

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucortis elegans Lendenfeld, R. von 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. London : Taylor & Francis 260 pp. 12 pls. [8].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.6.7.45 wet (=AM G3597 2 fragments of type, slide), East Coast.
  Paralectotype(s) AM G9100 wet (NMV photos 15/23,24); ZMB 1108 wet.

  Secondary source:

   Breitfuss, L.L. 1898. Catalog der Calcarea der Zoologischen Sammlung des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 63: 205-226 2 figs [208, 224].
• Leuconia lendenfeldi Breitfuss, L.L. 1898. Catalog der Calcarea der Zoologischen Sammlung des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 63: 205-226 2 figs [208] [based on ZMB paralectotype of Leucortis elegans Lendenfeld, 1888, which is erroneously treated as ms name].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 1108 wet, East Coast.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [771]

Generic Combinations

• Leucandra elegans (Lendenfeld, 1888).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra erinaceus Lendenfeld, R. von 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. London : Taylor & Francis 260 pp. 12 pls. [14].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.6.7.46 wet, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AM G9092 wet (NMV photos 16/13–15).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucetta expansa Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [749].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMH, Shark Bay, WA [25°30'S 113°30'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra frigida Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [15].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.44, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.46; BMNH 1907.8.6.48; BMNH 1907.8.6.50; BMNH 1907.8.6.51; BMNH 1907.8.6.52.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–110 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra gausapata Brøndsted, H.V. 1931. Die Kalkschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. pp. 1–47 in Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 20 (Zool. 12). [42].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 8699 wet, 3 slides, 350–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 350–385 m.

History of changes

• Leucetta gaussi Brøndsted, H.V. 1931. Die Kalkschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. pp. 1–47 in Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 20 (Zool. 12). [21].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 6590 wet, Observatory Bay, Duck's Bay, Kerguelen, Subantarctic [no coords availableable]; ZMB 8611–8619 14 slides, Observatory Bay, Duck's Bay, Kerguelen, Subantarctic [no coords availableable]; ZMB 8737 slide, Observatory Bay, Duck's Bay, Kerguelen, Subantarctic [no coords availableable].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Macquarie Is.; also Kerguelen Is.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra gelatinosa Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [17].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.53, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.61.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [626].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–110 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra gladiator Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [101].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV G2362 wet, outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1893.6.9.21 wet; MONZ wet; BMNH 1893.6.9.21a slide.

  Secondary source:

   Fell, H.B. 1950. The Kirk Collection of sponges (Porifera) in the Zoology Museum, Victoria University College. Zoological Publications of Victoria University College 4: 1-12 1 pl. [8]; Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [627]; Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [103].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucaltis helena Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1119].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.6.7.42 wet, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [627].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra hiberna Jenkin, C.F. 1908. Porifera. III. Calcarea. pp. 1-52 pls 27-38 in, National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural History. London : British Museum. [19].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1907.8.6.62, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1907.8.6.31 slide.

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [627].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra hirsuta Topsent, E. 1907. Eponges calcaires recueillies par le Français dans l'Antarctique (Expédition du Dr. Charcot). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 13: 539-544 [541].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, MNHN Paris (coord for Palmer Archipelago), Booth-Wandel Is., Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula [64°11'31"S 64°50'59"W].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast and Palmer Archipelago.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–150 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra joubini Topsent, E. 1907. Eponges calcaires recueillies par le Français dans l'Antarctique (Expédition du Dr. Charcot). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 13: 539-544 [542].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHN Paris, Booth-Wandel Is., Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula [64°11'31"S 64°50'59"W].
• Leucetta macquariensis Dendy, A. 1918. Calcareous sponges. Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Research Expedition 1911-1914 C 6: 17 pp. 1 pl. [9].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1920.12.9.89–92 slides, Macquarie Is. [54°37'S 158°54'E]; BMNH 1935.10.20.152 slide, Macquarie Is. [54°37'S 158°54'E]; BMNH 1935.10.20.155 slide, Macquarie Is. [54°37'S 158°54'E]; BMNH 1935.10.20.163 slide, Macquarie Is. [54°37'S 158°54'E]; BMNH 1956.4.26.54–64 slides, Macquarie Is. [54°37'S 158°54'E]; BMNH 1957.7.17.7 slide (possible), Macquarie Is. [54°37'S 158°54'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [595].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [480]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Macquarie Is., Aust. Antarctic Terr.; circum-Antarctic and Southern Ocean.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 0–236 m.

History of changes

• Leucilla lanceolata Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [795].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH, Albany district, WA [35°02'S 117°53'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leuconia loricata Poléjaeff, N. 1884. Report on the Calcarea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 8: 1-76 pls 1-9 [63].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1884.4.22.47 wet, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [629].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 55–64 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra mawsoni Dendy, A. 1918. Calcareous sponges. Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Research Expedition 1911-1914 C 6: 17 pp. 1 pl. [13].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1920.12.9.95 slide, 115 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [65°42´S 92°10´E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [629].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast and also New Zealand Antarctic Terr.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–110 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra meandrina Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1128].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.6.7.47 wet (=AM G3596 slide), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AM G9084 (NMV photos 20/12–14); ZMB 1111 wet.

  Secondary source:

   Breitfuss, L.L. 1898. Catalog der Calcarea der Zoologischen Sammlung des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 63: 205-226 2 figs [225].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 18–37 m.

History of changes

• Leucandra minima Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [785].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH, Shark Bay district, WA [25°30'S 113°30'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra nicolae Woerheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2003. New species of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from cryptic habitats of the southern Great Barrier Reef (Heron Island and Wistari Reef, Capricorn-Bunker Group, Australia). Journal of Natural History 37: 1-47 [20].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G313672 preserved, Northern side of Wistari Reef, Great Barrier Reef [23°27.2'S 151°53.2'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, benthic, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Leucandra pallida Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [788].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH, Shark Bay district, WA [25°30'S 113°30'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucetta pandora Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [127] [included the varieties omnibus (pl. 23), intermedia, anomala (pl. 22 fig. 32), and loculifera (pl. 22 figs 3b,c)].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, PMJ ? (21 specimens, not found (coords for Bass Strait)), Gulf St Vincent, SA; Bass Strait, TAS [39°20'S 145°30'E].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813

History of changes

• Leucandra phillipensis Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [100].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV G2395 wet, Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [104].

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Port Phillip Heads and Shark Bay.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucilla princeps Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [799].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH, Fremantle district, WA [32°03'S 115°46'E].
  Paratype(s) ZMH; BMNH 1925.11.1.90 wet; BMNH 1925.11.1.1483 wet; BMNH 1925.11.1.1504 wet.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucortis pulvinar Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [162] [divided in var. indica and semitica without nominate subspecies].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) formerly in PMJ (not found), Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean; Red Sea [8°23'31"N 80°11'24"E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Also Red Sea and Indian Ocean.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra sphaeracella Woerheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2003. New species of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from cryptic habitats of the southern Great Barrier Reef (Heron Island and Wistari Reef, Capricorn-Bunker Group, Australia). Journal of Natural History 37: 1-47 [16].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G313656 preserved, 'Tenements', north side of Heron Island [23°26.05'S 151°57.1'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, benthic, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Leucandra thulakomorpha Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. 1931. Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University 4 6: 727-809 17 figs pls 19-21 [791].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, ZMH, Albany district, WA [35°02'S 117°53'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra vaginata Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1133].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.6.7.66 wet (2 fragments of lectotype: AM G9085 wet (NMV photos 28/22,23), and AM G3593 (slide)), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1886.6.77.67.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leucandra villosa Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1131].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.6.7.50 wet, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AM G9090 wet (NMV photos 27/18–20)); ZMB 1112 wet.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [633].

  Secondary source:

   Breitfuss, L.L. 1898. Catalog der Calcarea der Zoologischen Sammlung des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 63: 205-226 2 figs [226].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Synute Dendy, A. 1892. Preliminary account of Synute pulchella, a new genus and species of calcareous sponges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 4: 1-6 [1].

  Type species:

   Synute pulchella Dendy, 1892 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Diagnosis

Grantiidae with a cormus composed entirely of fused syconoid units and surrounded by a common cortex with a special skeleton containing giant longitudinal diactines (Dendy 1892b).

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1165]

History of changes

• Synute pulchella Dendy, A. 1892. Preliminary account of Synute pulchella, a new genus and species of calcareous sponges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 4: 1-6 [2].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV G2404 wet, Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
  Paratype(s) NMV G2406 slide; BMNH 1925.11.1680 slide; MONZ fragment of type.

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [105]

Fell, H.B. 1950. The Kirk Collection of sponges (Porifera) in the Zoology Museum, Victoria University College. Zoological Publications of Victoria University College 4: 1-12 1 pl. [7]

History of changes

• Teichonopsis Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [761].

  Type species:

   Teichonella labyrinthica Carter, 1878 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Diagnosis

Pedunculate calyciform Grantiidae with syconoid organisation and an expanded atrium. The thin wall is highly folded and the convoluted edge corresponds to the oscular margin.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1165]

History of changes

• Teichonella labyrinthica Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 34-55 [37].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1955.11.2.104, Fremantle, WA [32°03'S 115°46'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [619].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [761]

Sorokin, S.J., Laperousaz, T.C.D. & Collings, G.J. 2008. Investigator Group Expedition 2006: Sponges (Porifera). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 132(2): 163-172 [167]

History of changes

• Ute Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813 [not Ute Schmidt, 1862 (invalid type species designation)].

  Type species:

   Ute glabra Schmidt, 1864 by monotypy.
• Sycophractus Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [295] [proposed as subgenus of Sycandra Haeckel, 1872].

  Type species:

   Ute glabra Schmidt, 1864 by monotypy.
• Sycurandra Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin : Georg Reimer Vol. 1 pp. 1-396; Vol. 2 pp. 1-418; Vol. 3, pls 1-30. [part translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)11: 241–262, 421–430] [389] [proposed as a subgenus of Sycurus Haeckel, 1872 and Sycandra Haeckel, 1872; junior objective synonym of Sycophractus Haeckel, 1872].

  Type species:

   Ute glabra Schmidt, 1864 by subsequent designation, see Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [194].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Indian Ocean, Japan, NE Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Grantiidae with syconoid organisation. The cortex is supported by giant longitudinal diactines, and the choanoskeleton is articulated, composed of several rows of triactines with occasional tetractines. There are no radial fascicles of diactines.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1165]

History of changes

• Ute ampullacea Woerheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2003. New species of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from cryptic habitats of the southern Great Barrier Reef (Heron Island and Wistari Reef, Capricorn-Bunker Group, Australia). Journal of Natural History 37: 1-47 [25].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G313669 preserved, Northern side of Wistari Reef, Great Barrier Reef [23°27.2'S 151°53.2'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Ute spenceri Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [94].

  Type data:

   Lectotype NMV G2423 wet, Watson's Bay, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°17'E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1925.11.1.1678 slide of above; NMV G2425 wet; BMNH 1925.11.1.1679 slide of above.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [105] (type data)

History of changes

• Ute spiculosa Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [92].

  Type data:

   Holotype MONZ 1 fragment of type, Watson's Bay, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°17'E].
  Paratype(s) NMV G2426 wet fragment of type; NMV G2427 slide of NMV G2426; BMNH 1893.6.19.16 wet fragment of type; BMNH 1893.6.12.16a slide of above.

  Secondary source:

   Fell, H.B. 1950. The Kirk Collection of sponges (Porifera) in the Zoology Museum, Victoria University College. Zoological Publications of Victoria University College 4: 1-12 1 pl. [7]; Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [105].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Aphroceras syconoides Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 126-149 [135].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.7.12.74 dry, 2 fragments (coord for Port Phillip), Port Phillip Heads or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [620].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Port Jackson, Port Phillip Heads of Westernport Bay, and also Indian Ocean.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Hypograntia infrequens Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 34-55 [39].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.7.12.54 dry fragments, Port Phillip Heads or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [620].

History of changes

Introduction

Heteropiidae Dendy, 1893 (with Djeddeidae de Laubenfels, 1936 in synonymy) includes massive, tubular, pear-shaped and branching growth forms with syconoid or leuconoid organisation. They occur as solitary sponges or in groups. They usually have a well developed cortex supported by the tangential triactine (triradiate) spicules, typically asymmetrical with unequal angles (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 150, 152–156), which entirely covers the choanocyte chamber layer. The inarticulated or articulated tubular skeleton is characterised by a distinct subdermal zone formed by pseudosagittal triactines, but an articulated choanosomal spicule skeleton may be present or absent. The cortical triradiates are believed to have originated from the articulate chamber skeleton through reorientation of the spicules, so that one of the paired rays becomes the sagittal ray and the other pairs up with the remaining ray. The asymmetry of the newly paired rays and the angle of one of them is evidence of the rotation of the spicule as it has shifted from a position in the chamber skeleton to a cortical position.

The five genera in the family are widely distributed. Three are recorded in the Australian fauna. These sponges are found in shallow waters to depths of at least 1000 m (Hartman 1982).

The family is reviewed and discussed in Dendy (1893); Minchin (1900; Grantessa, Heteropia and Vosmaeropsis included); Dendy & Row (1913; Grantessa, Heteropia, Amphiute, Vosmaeropsis and Grantilla included); Hartman (1958; referred to Sycettida); Burton (1963; Heteropiidae dropped); Borojevic (1966; revised diagnosis; Amphiute removed to Grantiidae; Paraheteropia gen. n. added); and Borojevic (1968; revised diagnosis and five genera included). Other reviews are given by Brien et al. (1973) and Hartman (1982).

Diagnosis

Leucosolenida with syconoid or leuconoid organisation. The choanoskeleton is composed of a proximal layer of subatrial triactines and a distinct distal layer of pseudosagittal triactines and/or pseudosagittal tetractines, often separated by an intermediate layer that is supported by several rows of triactines and/or tetractines. The atrial skeleton is well developed.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1174]

General References

Borojevic, R. 1966. Eponges calcaires des côtes de France. I. Amphiute paulini Hanitsch; les genres Amphiute et Paraheteropia. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 106: 665-670 2 figs

Borojevic, R. 1968. Systématique et évolution des éponges Calcaires. Dieuxième Thèse. Université de Paris. 33 pp.

Brien, P., Lévi, C., Sarà, M., Tuzet, O. & Vacelet, J. 1973. Spongiaires. pp. 1-716 485 figs in Grassé, P.P. (ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Paris : Masson et Cie Vol. 3(1).

Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375.

Dendy, A. 1893. Studies on the comparative anatomy of sponges. V. Observations on the structure and classification of the Calcarea Heterocoela. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 2 35: 159-257 pls 10-14

Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [75]

Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1913: 704-813

Hartman, W.D. 1958. A re-examination of Bidder's classification of the Calcarea. Systematic Zoology 7: 97-110

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Minchin, E.A. 1900. Porifera. pp. 1-178 in Lankester, E.R. (ed.). A Treatise on Zoology. The Porifera and Coelenterata. London : Adam and Charles Black Part 2.

History of changes

• Grantessa Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 3. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9: 1083-1150 pls 59-67 [1098].

  Type species:

   Grantessa sacca Lendenfeld, 1885 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region, Japan, Arctic, NE, NW and SW Atlantic and Subantarctic.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Heteropiidae with syconoid organisation and an articulated choanoskeleton. A thin cortex is formed by triactines but lacks longitudinal large diactines. The distal part of the radial tubes is frequently decorated by tufts of radially arranged diactines, indicating a close relationship to the genus Syconessa.

ID Keys

See Order Leucosolenida Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. pp. 1157-1184 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1177]

History of changes

• Sycon boomerang Dendy, A. 1893. Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela, with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 5: 69-116 [82].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV G2321, Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [600]; Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [101].

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Borojevic, R. 1967. Eponges calcaires recueillies en Nouvelle-Calédonie par la Mission Singer-Polignac. In, Expéd. Franç. Récifs Coral. Nouv. Caléd Paris : Fond. Singer-Polignac. Vol. 2. 11 pp. 4 figs [8] (transfer to Grantessa Lendenfeld, 1885)

History of changes

• Heteropia compressa Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 34-55 [51].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.7.12.20 wet, Port Phillip Heads or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1925.11.1.1066 slide of BMNH 1925.11.1.1066.

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [609] ('cotype' erroneous).

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Heteropia erecta Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 34-55 [53].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.7.12.22 wet, Port Phillip Heads or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [609].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Leuconia erinaceus Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 126-149 [130].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.7.12.70 dry, Port Phillip Heads or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [609].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Hypograntia hirsuta Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 34-55 [41].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.7.12.1 either 2 specimens or 2 parts of 1 specimen, 4 wet, Port Phillip Bay or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1887.7.12.55 dry, Port Phillip Bay or Westernport Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1963. A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. London : British Museum pp. 1-693 figs 1-375. [609].

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes