History of changes

Introduction

The Diplura is a cosmopolitan order of narrow-bodied, primitively wingless, entognathous hexapods. It contains some 800 species in nine families. Species vary in size and form from symphylan-like campodeids ‹5 mm in length, to the dermapteran-like japigid Atlasjapyx atlas Chou & Huang in the subfamily Gigasjapyginae (Chou 1984) and which reaches almost 60 mm in length (Chou & Huang 1986).

Diplura have entognathous mouthparts, moniliform antennae, a pair of cerci and, usually, abdominal styli. Compound eyes and ocelli are absent. The cerci are variously developed and range in form from long, filiform and many-segmented to forceps-like and used for grasping prey. Body colour is generally white to yellowish but the posterior segments of some species, such as those with forceps-like cerci, are heavily sclerotised and pigmented.

Taxonomy
The phylogenetic relationships of the Diplura have not been resolved. Kristensen (1991) suggested two entognathan classes: the class Ellipura (= Parainsecta) comprising the orders Protura and Collembola and the class, and order, Diplura. Kukalová-Peck (1991), however, includes the Diplura as entognathans within the Insecta.

Diplura are reported to be represented in the fossil record in the Upper Carboniferous by a species of the genus Testajapyx. Bitsch (1994), however, in a review of the morphological groundplan of the Hexapoda, particularly the Apterygota, considers that this genus should not be attributed to Diplura, but its precise affinities remain to be established.

Paclt (1957) reviewed the world fauna and made major rearrangements of species. His classification, which is almost certainly artificial, has not been adopted entirely by other workers. Further works on the classification of the Diplura are mainly either regional or deal with only sections of the group. They include a monograph on the Campodeidae (Condé 1955a); the Campodeidae of South Africa (Condé 1955b); Campodeidae from caves of New Caledonia (Condé 1980); the Campodeidae of Papua New Guinea (Condé 1982); the Campodeidae of Greece (Condé 1984); the Japygidae of New Zealand (Pagés 1952a); the Parajapyginae of Angola (Pagés 1952b); the Japygidae of South Africa (Pagés 1955); the families and subfamilies of Diplura (Pagés 1959); the Japygoidea of Greece (Pagés 1979); the Japygoidea of North and Central America and the West Indies (Reddell 1983); and the Japygoidea of South America (Reddell 1985).

The Australian fauna is poorly known. There has been little recent work on the fauna and there is clearly a need for extensive collecting and ecological work, and for taxonomic revision. The Diplura section of the Zoological Catalogue of Australia (Houston 1994) was the first comprehensive account of the taxonomic, distributional and biological knowledge of the dipluran fauna of Australia for over 50 years. It provided a baseline and pointed to the many gaps in our knowledge of the fauna. It should also have raised the awareness of the scientific community to the need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the Australian Diplura.

Currently five families, Projapygidae, Campodeidae, Japygidae, Heterojapygidae and Parajapygidae are represented. Condé & Pagés (1991) believe that species of the families Anajapygidae and Procampodeidae will be discovered in Australia, but not Dinjapygidae and Evalljapygidae which are known only from the New World. Nine genera and 28 described species have been recorded from Australia but species in existing collections await description and there is little doubt that further collecting will increase significantly the total number of species.

The first native species described from Australia was Japyx longiseta by Silvestri (1908). He subsequently described a further 10 species and one subspecies from Australia (Silvestri 1911, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1947). Other workers were Tillyard (1924), who described one species; Womersley (1934, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1945), who described 14 species and two subspecies; Pagés (1952a), who, in his review of the world fauna was the most recent worker to list all the described species in Australia, renamed one of Womersley's subspecies. A European species, Campodea fragilis, which has been introduced into Australia, was described by Meinert (1865). Condé & Pagés (1991) gave a key to those families found or likely to be found in Australia and summarised the status of our knowledge of the fauna.

Biology
Diplura occur mainly in moist environments but they are also known from arid regions. They may be found in the soil, under rocks, in leaf litter, under bark of dead or dying trees and in rotten wood. Cavernicolous species are also known. They may be separated from litter or soil by the use of Berlese funnels, Winkler-Moczarski apparatus or by flotation (e.g. Southwood 1966, Upton 1991).

Van der Drift (1951), in a study of a beech forest in temperate regions in Europe, found the highest densities of campodeids (›100 per square metre) at the base of old litter in the humus/mineral soil layer. In tropical rainforest, campodeids were found to be more common in the litter layer while japygids were more abundant in the soil (Manton 1972). Price & Benham (1977) found japygids usually below a depth of 30 cm and the depth at which most specimens were collected was over 100 cm. Failure to sample deeply enough could account for the apparent rarity of Diplura.

Diplura are generally carnivorous and feed on soil micro-organisms but some species are herbivorous and are thought to feed on plant roots and organic detritus. Their economic significance as pests requires investigation. Zimmerman (1948) reported that Parajapyx isabellae (Grassi), which is known from many parts of the world but not Australia, fed on plant roots and caused damage to the root cortex of sugar cane. Rusek (1982) reported that Octostigma herbivora Rusek (a new genus and species in Projapygoidea, for which he created the new family Octostigmatidae) was collected from injured roots of peanuts and melons in Tonga. The gut of this species was filled with a mass of plant remains, including clearly visible cells and parenchymatous tissue.

Postembryonic development of Dipljapyx humberti (Grassi) was studied in detail by Gyger (1960) and Pagés (1967). Smith (1961) discussed the post embryonic development of Diplura and gave observations on the development of species of Parajapyginae and Evalljapyginae. Townsend (1970) figured an egg cluster of Heterojapyx novaezeelandie and gave brief notes about the adults and their associated cluster.

The external abdominal morphology of all known types of Diplura was studied in considerable detail by Pagés (1989). The skeletal anatomy of Heterojapyx was described by Snodgrass (1952) and the head structure and endognathy in Campodea was investigated by Manton (1964). Martin (1969) studied the anatomy of the cerci of Projapygidae and showed how the secretions from the cercal glands assisted in capturing prey.

Observations on the habits and habitats of Diplura were included in comparative studies of hexapod locomotory mechanisms by Manton (1972). Pagés (1967), in a detailed study of Dipljapyx humberti, provided data on the biology, ecology and behaviour of Japygiodea, while Reddell (1983) briefly summarised the general behaviour of the Japygoidea, with emphasis on the North American fauna. Both works are useful sources of references on the Diplura.

Acknowledgements

Preparation of this database, a section of the Zoological Catalogue of Australia, was undertaken as part of the author's work within the Zoological Catalogue Section of the Australian Biological Resources Study. The author would like to thank Dr B. Condé of the University of Nancy and Dr J. Pagés, Dijon, France, for comments on the manuscript; Graeme Smith, of Bayer Australia Ltd, for locating type material and providing additional information deposited at the IEA; and the librarians at the CSIRO Black Mountain Library for their help with locating many references.

Database Notes

The information on the Australian Faunal Directory site for the Diplura is derived from the Zoological Catalogue of Australia database compiled on the Platypus software program. It incorporates changes made to the work published on 21 November 1994 as (Houston, W.W.K., 1994).

Limital Area

Distribution data in the Directory is by political and geographic region descriptors and serves as a guide to the distribution of a taxon. For details of a taxon's distribution, the reader should consult the cited references (if any) at genus and species levels.

Australia is defined as including Lord Howe Is., Norfolk Is., Cocos (Keeling) Ils, Christmas Is., Ashmore and Cartier Ils, Macquarie Is., Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard and McDonald Ils, and the waters associated with these land areas of Australian political responsibility. Political areas include the adjacent waters.

Terrestrial geographical terms are based on the drainage systems of continental Australia, while marine terms are self explanatory except as follows: the boundary between the coastal and oceanic zones is the 200 m contour; the Arafura Sea extends from Cape York to 124 DEG E; and the boundary between the Tasman and Coral Seas is considered to be the latitude of Fraser Island, also regarded as the southern terminus of the Great Barrier Reef.

Distribution records, if any, outside of these areas are listed as extralimital. The distribution descriptors for each species are collated to genus level. Users are advised that extralimital distribution for some taxa may not be complete.

General References

Bitsch, J. 1994. The morphological groundplan of Hexapoda: critical review of recent concepts. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France ns 30: 103-129

Chou, I. 1984. Studo de Japigedoj (VI) (Dipluroj: Japigedoj). Entomotaxonomia 6: 55-57

Chou, I. & Huang, F. 1986. Novaj genro kaj specio de la subfamilio Gigasjapyginae. A new genus and species of the subfamily Gigasjapyginae (Diplura: Japygidae). Entomotaxonomia 8: 237-241

Condé, B. 1955a. Matériaux pour une monographie des Diploures Campodéidés. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] (A) Zoologie 12: 1-202

Condé, B. 1955b. Diplura: Campodeidae. pp. 60-73 in Hanström, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebeck, G. (eds). South African Animal Life. Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951. Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksel Vol. 2.

Condé, B. 1980. Diploures Campodéidés des grottes de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 87: 193-200

Condé, B. 1982. Diploures Campodéidés de Papouasie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 89: 731-748

Condé, B. 1984. Diploures Campodéidés (Insectes) de Grèce (1re note). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 91: 173-201

Condé, B. & Pagés, J. 1991. Diplura. pp. 269-271 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Drift, J. van der 1951. Analysis of the animal community in a beech forest floor. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 94: 1-168 + appendix

Houston, W.W.K. 1994. Diplura. 139-156, 157-164 (Appendix & Index) in Houston, W.W.K. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Protura, Collembola, Diplura. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 22 188 pp.

Kristensen, N.P. 1991. Phylogeny of extant hexapods. pp. 125-140 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. pp. 141-179 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Manton, S.M. 1964. Mandibular mechanisms and the evolution of arthropods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 247: 1-183

Manton, S.M. 1972. The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms. Part 10. Locomotory habits, morphology and evolution of the hexapod classes. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 51: 203-400

Meinert, F. 1865. Campodeae: en familie af Thysanurernes orden. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift. Kjøbenhavn 3 3: 400-440

Paclt, J. 1957. Diplura. Genera Insectorum 212: 1-123

Pagés, J. 1952a. Diploures Japygidés de Nouvelle-Zélande. Records of the Canterbury Museum 6: 149-162

Pagés, J. 1952b. Parajapyginae (Insecta, Entotrophi, Japygidae) de l'Angola. Subsídios para o Estudo de Biologia na Lunda 13: 51-95

Pagés, J. 1955. Diplura: Japygidae. pp. 74-82 in Hanström, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebeck, G. (eds). South African Animal Life. Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951. Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell.

Pagés, J. 1959. Remarques sur la classification des Diploures. Travaux du Laboratoire de Zoologie et de la Station Aquicole Grimaldi de la Faculté des Sciences de Dijon 26: 1-25 figs 1-2

Pagés, J. 1989. Sclérites et appendices de l'abdomen des Diploures (Insecta, Apterygota). Archives des Sciences, Genève Soc. Physique Hist. Nat. Genéve 42: 509-551

Price, D.W. & Benham, G.S. Jr 1977. Vertical distribution of soil-inhabiting microarthropods in an agricultural habitat in California. Environmental Entomology 6(4): 575-580

Reddell, J.R. 1983. A checklist and bibliography of the Japygoidea (Insecta: Diplura) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Texas Mem. Mus., Pearce-Sellards Series, No. 37. 41 pp.

Reddell, J.R. 1985. A checklist and bibliography of the Iapygoidea (Insecta: Diplura) of South America. Texas Mem. Mus., Pearce-Sellards Series, No. 42. 34 pp.

Rusek, J. 1982. Octostigma herbivora n.gen. & sp. (Diplura: Projapygoidea: Octostigmatidae n.fam.) injuring plant roots in the Tonga Islands. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 9: 25-32

Silvestri, F. 1908. Thysanura. 47-68 pls I-X in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds). Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse de Hamburger Südwest-Australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Jena : G. Fischer.

Silvestri, F. 1911. Materiali per lo studio dei Tisanuri. XV. Nova specie di Heterojapyx dell' Australia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 5: 97-99

Silvestri, F. 1928. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 48. Thysanura: Japygidae. Japyx mjöbergi sp. n. Arkiv för Zoologi 20(9): 1-4

Silvestri, F. 1930. Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli Japygidae (Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 23: 210-226

Silvestri, F. 1931. Nuovi Campodeidae (Insecta, Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 25: 275-285

Silvestri, F. 1947. On some Japygidae in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Dicellura). Psyche (Cambridge) Camb. 54: 209-229

Smith, L.M. 1961. Japygidae of North America, 8. Postembryonic development of Parajapyginae and Evalljapyginae (Insecta, Diplura). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 54: 437-444

Snodgrass, R.E. 1952. A Textbook of Arthropod Anatomy. Ithaca,. N.Y. : Comstock 363 pp.

Southwood, T.R.E. 1978. Ecological Methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations. London : Chapman & Hall xxiv 524 pp.

Tillyard, R.J. 1924. Primitive wingless insects. Part I: The silverfish, bristletails and their allies (Order Thysanura). New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 7: 232-242

Townsend, J.I. 1970. Some notes on Heterojapyx novaezeelandiae (Verhoeff) (Diplura: Japygidae). New Zealand Entomologist 4(1969): 100-102

Upton, M.S. 1991. Methods for collecting, preserving, and studying insects and allied forms. Miscellaneous Publications of the Australian Entomological Society 3: 1-86 Fourth Edn

Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37-47

Womersley, H. 1935. A new species of Japyx from Australia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 71: 86-87

Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172

Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer.

Womersley, H. 1945. New species of Diplura (Insecta, Apterygota) from Australia and New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 69: 223-228

Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Order Diplura Börner, 1904. pp. 38–42 in, Insects of Hawaii. A manual of the Insects of the Hawaiian Islands, including an enumeration of the species and notes on their origin, distribution, hosts, parasites, etc. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 2 Apterygota to Thysanoptera.

History of changes

Introduction

The family is represented in Australia by ten described and one undescribed species in four genera in the ubiquitous subfamily Campodeinae. Two of these species, Campodea (Campodea) fragilis Meinert and C. (Monocampa) tonnoiri Womersley, however, are probably introduced. Condé (1955), in a monograph on the Campodeidae, listed Campodea waterhousei Womersley as in incertae sedis but believed that it may belong to the subgenus Indocampa.

Australian members of this family are 2–6 mm in length, whitish and have long, moniliform antennae; cerci are paired, long, filiform and many segmented and resemble antennae; the thorax has three pairs of spiracles but the abdomen lacks spiracles; and the antennae have trichobothria on segments 3–6.

The pantropical subfamily Lepidocampinae is unknown from Australia but, as it forms about 90% of the Papua New Guinea fauna, it may occur in Queensland (Condé 1982).

General References

Condé, B. 1955. Matériaux pour une monographie des Diploures Campodéidés. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] (A) Zoologie 12: 1-202

Condé, B. 1982. Diploures Campodéidés de Papouasie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 89: 731-748

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subgeneric Arrangement

• Silvestri, F. 1932. Campodeidae (Thysanura) de España. Parte primera. Eos 8: 115-164 [115]
• Silvestri, F. 1933. First contribution to the knowledge of the Indo-Malayan Campodeidae (Thysanura-Entotropha). Records of the Indian Museum 35: 379-392 [379]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IBRA

NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar
• South Africa

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal
• New Caledonia
• New Zealand
• Papua New Guinea

Nearctic Region

Oriental Region

• Malaysia

Palaearctic Region

Distribution References

History of changes

• Campodea Westwood, J.O. 1842. Description of a new genus of apterous hexapod insects found near London. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 3: 231-234 pl. viii figs 14-25 [232] [Westwood, in this paper read Feb. 7, 1842, states "At the November meeting of this Society in 1840, I exhibited drawings of a minute wingless insect.."; in Westwood, J.O. 1842. Description of a new British genus of apterous insect. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10: 71 (71), dated July 12, 1842, he gave a modified description and stated "The insect described in this paper had been already brought before the Society (see Journal of Proceedings, November 2nd, 1840)."; the reference to the 1840 meeting was not traced and the publication in which the name of the species was apparently first made available has not been confirmed; the 1842 publication is used].

  Type species:

   Campodea staphylinus Westwood, 1842 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IBRA

SA, Tas, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Ben Lomond (BEL), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Distribution References

History of changes

• Campodea fragilis Meinert, F. 1865. Campodeae: en familie af Thysanurernes orden. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift. Kjøbenhavn 3 3: 400-440 [421] [description translated in Meinert, F. 1867. On the Campodeae, a family of Thysanura. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 20: 361–378 (377)].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) (whereabouts not traced), Copenhagen, Denmark.

  Secondary source:

   Meinert, F. 1867. On the Campodeae, a family of Thysanura. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 20: 361-378 (English translation of Meinert, 1865).

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IBRA

SA, Tas, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Ben Lomond (BEL), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

General References

Condé, B. 1954. Campodéidés endogés d'Afrique septentrionale. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 78: 358-377 [360] (distribution)

Condé, B. 1984. Diploures Campodéidés (Insectes) de Grèce (1re note). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 91: 173-201 [174] (distribution, taxonomy)

Womersley, H. 1928. Notes on a nematode parasite of Campodea. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 64: 65 [65]

Womersley, H. 1928. Notes on the antennal sensory organs of Campodea. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 64: 65 [65]

History of changes

• Indocampa Silvestri, F. 1933. First contribution to the knowledge of the Indo-Malayan Campodeidae (Thysanura-Entotropha). Records of the Indian Museum 35: 379-392 [379] [proposed as a subgenus of Campodea].

  Type species:

   Campodea (Indocampa) chaseni Silvestri, 1933 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Papua New Guinea to Polynesia.

IBRA

NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal
• New Caledonia
• New Zealand
• Papua New Guinea

Oriental Region

• Malaysia

Distribution References

History of changes

• Campodea froggattii Silvestri, F. 1931. Nuovi Campodeidae (Insecta, Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 25: 275-285 [278].

  Type data:

   Holotype ♀ (a slide of a specimen in two pieces plus a leg, but not labelled as a type specimen, is in the IEA, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Hobart, TAS.

Distribution

States

Tasmania

IBRA

Tas: Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Tasmania

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

General References

Condé, B. 1980. Diploures Campodéidés des grottes de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 87: 193-200 (taxonomy)

History of changes

• Campodea tillyardii Silvestri, F. 1931. Nuovi Campodeidae (Insecta, Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 25: 275-285 [276].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) IEA 2 specimens (in alcohol, Jar no. XLII, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Mt Lofty (as Montem Lofty), SA.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal
• New Caledonia
• New Zealand

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Monocampa Silvestri, F. 1932. Campodeidae (Thysanura) de España. Parte primera. Eos 8: 115-164 [116] [proposed as a subgenus of Campodea with two included species, Campodea navasi Silvestri, 1932 and Campodea quilisi Silvestri, 1932].

  Type species:

   Campodea quilisi Silvestri, 1932 by subsequent designation, see Paclt, J. 1957. Diplura. Genera Insectorum 212: 1-123 [24].

Distribution

States

South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Europe, N Africa and N America.

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• South Africa

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

Distribution References

History of changes

• Campodea tonnoiri Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [167].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♀, Adelaide, SA.
  Paratype(s) SAMA ♂.

Distribution

States

South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Possibly introduced.

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

General References

Paclt, J. von 1966. Über die Identität, geographische Verbreitung und Synonymie von Campodea (Monocampa) devoniensis Bagnall (Ins., Diplura). Senckenbergiana Biologica 47: 125-129 [127] (comparative taxonomy)

History of changes

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

History of changes

• Campodea waterhousei Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [169] [generic status uncertain, may belong to Indocampa].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA, Killara, NSW.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

General References

Condé, B. 1955. Matériaux pour une monographie des Diploures Campodéidés. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] (A) Zoologie 12: 1-202 [105] (taxonomy)

Condé, B. 1980. Diploures Campodéidés des grottes de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 87: 193-200 [197] (taxonomy, possible placement)

History of changes

• Campodella Silvestri, F. 1913. Tisanuri raccolti dal Dr. I. Trägårdh nel Natal e nel Zululand. Arkiv för Zoologi 8: 1-15 [3].

  Type species:

   Campodella clavigera Silvestri, 1913 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Victoria

IBRA

Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Flinders (FLI), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar
• South Africa

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Distribution References

History of changes

• Campodella tiegsi Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [58].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA ♂♀, Belgrave, VIC.

Distribution

States

Victoria

IBRA

Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Flinders (FLI), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In decaying fern-tree stump.

General References

Condé, B. 1956. Presence a Madagascar du genre Campodella Silvestri (Diplura Campodeidae). Le Naturaliste Malgache 8(2): 183-185

History of changes

• Metriocampa Silvestri, F. 1912. Nuovi generi e nuove specie di Campodeidae (Thysanura) dell'America settentrionale. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 6: 5-25 [18].

  Type species:

   Metriocampa packardi Silvestri, 1912 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Subgeneric Arrangement

• Silvestri, F. 1933. Quarto contributo alla conoscenza dei Campodeidae (Thysanura) del Nord America. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 27: 156-204 [170]
• Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [166]

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Flinders (FLI), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Nearctic Region

Oriental Region

• China (People's Republic)

Palaearctic Region

• Japan

Distribution References

History of changes

• Austrocampa Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [171] [proposed as a subgenus of Metriocampa].

  Type species:

   Metriocampa (Austrocampa) spinigera spinigera Womersley, 1937 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Flinders (FLI), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subspecies Arrangement

• Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [171]

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Flinders (FLI), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

History of changes

• Metriocampa (Austrocampa) spinigera spinigera Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [171].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA, Denmark and Porongorups, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Esperance Plains (ESP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR)

Ecological Descriptors

Swamp, under bark.

Extra Ecological Information

Under tea tree bark.

General References

Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [56]

History of changes

• Metriocampa (Austrocampa) spinigera victoriense Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [172].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA, Fern Tree Gully, VIC.

Distribution

States

Victoria

IBRA

Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Flinders (FLI), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Under fallen log.

General References

Paclt, J. 1957. Diplura. Genera Insectorum 212: 1-123 [37] (victoriense raised to species level and placed in Tricampodella Paclt, 1957, a new subgenus of Tricampa Silvestri, 1933)

Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [57]

History of changes

• Notocampa Silvestri, F. 1933. Quarto contributo alla conoscenza dei Campodeidae (Thysanura) del Nord America. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 27: 156-204 [170] [proposed as a subgenus of Metriocampa].

  Type species:

   Metriocampa leae Silvestri, 1931 by original designation.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

S America.

IBRA

SA, WA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR)

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar
• South Africa

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal
• New Zealand

Neotropical Region

Distribution References

History of changes

• Metriocampa leae Silvestri, F. 1931. Nuovi Campodeidae (Insecta, Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 25: 275-285 [280] [one specimen described but apparently labelled 'cotypus'].

  Type data:

   Holotype IEA ♀ (whole specimen in alcohol labelled 'cotypus', Jar no. XLV, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Mt Lofty (as Montem Lofty), SA.

Distribution

States

South Australia

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Metriocampa (Notocampa) westraliense Womersley, H. 1937. Studies in Australian Thysanura. 3. Campodeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61: 166-172 [170].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA, Kelmscott, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Jarrah Forest (JF), Warren (WAR)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

Introduction

The subfamily Heterojapyginae was erected by Womersley (1939) and raised to family level by Pagés (1972). Four species have been described from Australia. Townsend (1970) noted close relationships between the New Zealand species Heterojapyx novaezeelandie (Verhoeff) and the Australian species.

Australian members of this family are 25–50 mm in length; cerci are reduced to a pair of strong, 1-segmented, pigmented forceps; the thorax has four pairs of spiracles and the abdomen seven pairs; and the antennae have trichobothria on more than three segments.

General References

Pagés, J. 1972. The systematic importance of Heterojapyx (Insecta: Diplura) pp. 105. in, 14th International Congress of Entomology Abstracts. Canberra : Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Entomological Society.

Townsend, J.I. 1970. Some notes on Heterojapyx novaezeelandiae (Verhoeff) (Diplura: Japygidae). New Zealand Entomologist 4(1969): 100-102

Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer.

History of changes

• Heterojapyx Verhoeff, K.W. 1904. Zur vergleichenden Morphologie und Systematik der Japygiden, zugleich 2. Aufsatz über den Thorax der Insekten. Arch. Naturv. Christiania 70: 63-114 pls iv-vi [102] [name introduced in a key].

  Type species:

   Japyx novaezeelandiae Verhoeff, 1903 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Pamir.

IBRA

ACT, NSW, Qld, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Flinders (FLI), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • Victoria: SE coastal
• New Zealand

Palaearctic Region

• China (People's Republic)
  • Xizang (Tibet)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Heterojapyx evansi Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37-47 [43].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA, Condor Creek, ACT (as FCT).
  Paratype(s) SAMA ?.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales

IBRA

ACT, NSW: Australian Alps (AA), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Heterojapyx gallardi Tillyard, R.J. 1924. Primitive wingless insects. Part I: The silverfish, bristletails and their allies (Order Thysanura). New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 7: 232-242 [242].

  Type data:

   Holotype ♀, Epping, near Sydney, NSW.
  Paratype(s) ♂♀ (series).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Heterojapyx tambourinensis Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37-47 [43].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA, Mt Tamborine (as Mt Tambourine), QLD.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Heterojapyx victoriae Silvestri, F. 1911. Materiali per lo studio dei Tisanuri. XV. Nova specie di Heterojapyx dell' Australia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 5: 97-99 [97].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) IEA (8 specimens from Geelong, VIC and 2 specimens from VIC in alcohol, Jar no. XLIII), Ocean Grove and Timboon, VIC.

Distribution

States

Victoria

IBRA

Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Flinders (FLI), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

Introduction

Twelve species are known from Australia. Condé & Pagés (1991) stated that the Australian japygids are too poorly known to permit a correct generic assignment of all species. They consider that the monotypic Japygianus is the most distinctive; that Notojapyx, which is endemic to Australia, is relatively well characterised; and that some of the remaining species may belong in Indjapyx but certainly none in Burmjapyx or Teljapyx, as defined by Silvestri (1947).

Australian members of this family are 5–28 mm in length; cerci are reduced to a pair of strong, 1-segmented, pigmented forceps; the thorax has four pairs of spiracles and the abdomen seven pairs; and the antennae have trichobothria on segments 4–6 only.

The spelling of this family name has caused considerable confusion. The family was erected originally by Haliday (1864) based on Iapyx solifugus Haliday. Many subsequent authors, however, have used the emended name Japyx and its derivatives. Pagés (1959) used the emended form but inadvertently attributed the family to Lubbock (1873). Paclt (1951, 1952) discussed the orthography of scientific names and considered that it was not posssible to use Japyx instead of Iapyx. In his checklist of the world fauna, Paclt (1957) used the original spelling. Reddell (1985) agreed with Paclt, considered that Japyx was an unjustified emendation and used the original spelling Iapyx. The emended spelling is followed here in order to maintain nomenclatural stability, but a case needs to be made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to rule on the use of these names.

General References

Condé, B. & Pagés, J. 1991. Diplura. pp. 269-271 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Haliday, A.H. 1864. Iapyx, a new genus of insects belonging to the stirps Thysanura, in the order Neuroptera. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 24: 441-447

Lubbock, J. 1873. Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. London : Ray Society 8 Vols 267 pp. 78 pls.

Paclt, J. 1951. Concerning orthography of Scientific names. Science (Washington, D.C.) 114: 63-64

Paclt, J. 1952. Über die Behandlung der diakritischen Zeichen. Senckenbergiana Biologica 33: 357-361

Paclt, J. 1957. Diplura. Genera Insectorum 212: 1-123

Pagés, J. 1959. Remarques sur la classification des Diploures. Travaux du Laboratoire de Zoologie et de la Station Aquicole Grimaldi de la Faculté des Sciences de Dijon 26: 1-25 figs 1-2

Reddell, J.R. 1985. A checklist and bibliography of the Iapygoidea (Insecta: Diplura) of South America. Texas Mem. Mus., Pearce-Sellards Series, No. 42. 34 pp.

Silvestri, F. 1947. On some Japygidae in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Dicellura). Psyche (Cambridge) Camb. 54: 209-229

History of changes

• Japygianus Silvestri, F. 1947. On some Japygidae in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Dicellura). Psyche (Cambridge) Camb. 54: 209-229 [222].

  Type species:

   Japygianus wheeleri Silvestri, 1947 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

History of changes

• Japygianus wheeleri Silvestri, F. 1947. On some Japygidae in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Dicellura). Psyche (Cambridge) Camb. 54: 209-229 [222].

  Type data:

   Holotype MCZ ♂ (a slide of a leg from Kuranda, Qld, but not labelled as a type specimen, is in the IEA, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Kuranda, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx Haliday, A.H. 1864. Iapyx, a new genus of insects belonging to the stirps Thysanura, in the order Neuroptera. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 24: 441-447 [442] [emendation of Iapyx].
• Iapyx Haliday, A.H. 1864. Iapyx, a new genus of insects belonging to the stirps Thysanura, in the order Neuroptera. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 24: 441-447 [442].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Ben Lomond (BEL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal
• New Zealand

History of changes

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

The two subspecies listed below should be listed at species level under UNPLACED together with all of the other species listed under Japyx.

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

History of changes

• Japyx froggatti augens Silvestri, F. 1930. Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli Japygidae (Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 23: 210-226 [218].

  Type data:

   Holotype IEA ♀ (in alcohol, Jar no. XLVI; also two slides of leg, mouthparts head and body but not labelled as type material, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Loftus, NSW.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx froggatti froggatti Silvestri, F. 1930. Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli Japygidae (Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 23: 210-226 [215].

  Type data:

   Holotype IEA ♀ (in alcohol, Jar no. XLVI; also one slide of ♂ urosternite but not labelled as type material, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Atford, NSW.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx glauerti Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37-47 [40].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA, Serpentine Falls, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx leae Silvestri, F. 1930. Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli Japygidae (Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 23: 210-226 [213].

  Type data:

   Holotype ♀ (slide ♂ ?urotergite and 31/2 specimens from Hobart in Jar no. XLVIII, IEA, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Hobart, TAS.

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Victoria

IBRA

Tas, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

General References

Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [74] (as Japyx (Metajapyx) leae)

History of changes

• Japyx longiseta Silvestri, F. 1908. Thysanura. 47-68 pls I-X in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds). Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse de Hamburger Südwest-Australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Jena : G. Fischer. [63].

  Type data:

   Holotype IEA (slide, labelled 'typus', of leg and antenna, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Lunenburgh (as Lunenberg), WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx michaelseni Silvestri, F. 1930. Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli Japygidae (Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 23: 210-226 [218].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown ♂ (a slide, not labelled as a type specimen, is in the Sylvestri Coll. in the IEA, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Lion Mill, WA.

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Western Australia

IBRA

Tas, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Ben Lomond (BEL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Flinders (FLI), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), King (KIN), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Tasmania
  • Western Australia: SW coastal
• New Zealand

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx nichollsi Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37-47 [41].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA 5 specimens, Frankland River, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx onkaparinga Womersley, H. 1935. A new species of Japyx from Australia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 71: 86-87 [86].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA, Onkaparinga River, at Mylor, SA.

Distribution

States

South Australia

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx westraliense Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37-47 [39] [neither an Indjapyx sensu Silvestri, 1930 nor an Indjapyx sensu Paclt, 1957, Pagés, in litt., 1 May 1994].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA, Pinjarra, WA.
  Paratype(s) SAMA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx womersleyi Pagés, J. 1952. Diploures Japygidés de Nouvelle-Zélande. Records of the Canterbury Museum 6: 149-162 [161 (Addendum)] [as ?Japyx womersleyi; name given to sixteen specimens from Walpole Inlet and one specimen from Pinjarra, WA, that were misidentified and figured as Japyx froggatti Silvestri, 1930 by Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37–47 (38)].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA 17 specimens, Walpole Inlet and Pinjarra, WA,.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

General References

Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [74] (specimens from Pinjarra, WA as Japyx (Metajapyx) froggatti Silvestri, 1930)

History of changes

• Notojapyx Paclt, J. 1957. Diplura. Genera Insectorum 212: 1-123 [79].

  Type species:

   Japyx tillyardi Silvestri, 1930 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

IBRA

Qld, SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Plains (GUP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: N Gulf
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

History of changes

• Japyx mjobergi Silvestri, F. 1928. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 48. Thysanura: Japygidae. Japyx mjöbergi sp. n. Arkiv för Zoologi 20(9): 1-4 [1] [as mjöbergi].

  Type data:

   Holotype NHRM (a slide of a leg and maxilla, but not labelled as a type specimen, is in the IEA, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Chillagoe, QLD (type locality suspect).

  Type locality references:

  Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [76] (states 'Originally described from south-western Australia.').

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia

IBRA

Qld, SA: Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Plains (GUP), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mount Isa Inlier (MII)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: N Gulf
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subspecies Arrangement

• Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [71]

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

IBRA

SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

History of changes

• Notojapyx tillyardi pagesi Paclt, J. 1957. Diplura. Genera Insectorum 212: 1-123 [80] [nom. nov. for Japyx (Metajapyx) tillyardi relata Womersley, 1939].
• Japyx (Metajapyx) tillyardi relata Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [73] [junior primary homonyn of Iapyx barnardi relatus Silvestri, 1931].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA, Frankland River, Walpole Inlet and Swarbrick, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

• Japyx tillyardi Silvestri, F. 1930. Contribuzione alla conoscenza degli Japygidae (Thysanura) della regione australiana. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 23: 210-226 [211].

  Type data:

   Holotype IEA ♂ (in alcohol, Jar no. XLVI, and slide of ♂ maxilla, G. Smith, in litt., 8 June 1992), Mt Lofty (as Mons Lofty), SA.

Distribution

States

South Australia

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

History of changes

Introduction

The subfamily Parajapyginae was erected by Womersley (1939) and raised to family level by Pagés (1959). Two species have been described from Australia.

Australian members of this family are 3–5 mm in length; cerci are reduced to a pair of 1-segmented, pigmented forceps; the thorax has two pairs of spiracles and the abdomen seven; and the antennae lack trichobothria.

General References

Pagés, J. 1959. Remarques sur la classification des Diploures. Travaux du Laboratoire de Zoologie et de la Station Aquicole Grimaldi de la Faculté des Sciences de Dijon 26: 1-25 figs 1-2

Womersley, H. 1939. Diplura. pp. 45-77 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer.

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subgeneric Arrangement

• Pagés, J. 1952. Parajapyginae (Insecta, Entotrophi, Japygidae) de l'Angola. Publicaçoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 13: 55-95 [64]

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IBRA

Qld, SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Distribution References

History of changes

• Grassjapyx Pagés, J. 1952. Parajapyginae (Insecta, Entotrophi, Japygidae) de l'Angola. Publicaçoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 13: 55-95 [64] [first introduced as a subgenus of Parajapyx Silvestri, 1903].

  Type species:

   Parajapyx grassianus Silvestri, 1911 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Probably worldwide.

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Distribution References

History of changes

• Parajapyx queenslandica Womersley, H. 1945. New species of Diplura (Insecta, Apterygota) from Australia and New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 69: 223-228 [225].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA, Edge Hill, Cairns, QLD.
  Paratype(s) SAMA.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Under stones.

History of changes

• Parajapyx Silvestri, F. 1903. Descrizione di un nuovo genere di Projapygidae (Thysanura) trovato in Italia. Annali della Regia Scuola Superiore de Agricoltura in Portici 5: 1-8 [6].

  Type species:

   Japyx isabellae Grassi, 1886 by original designation.
• Hemijapyx Ewing, H.E. 1941. New North American genera and species of apterygotan insects of the family Japygidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 43: 69-75 [69].

  Type species:

   Hemijapyx unidentatus Ewing, 1941 by monotypy.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Pagés, J. 1952. Parajapyginae (Insecta, Entotrophi, Japygidae) de l'Angola. Publicaçoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 13: 55-95 [64]

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IBRA

SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Distribution References

History of changes

• Parajapyx swani Womersley, H. 1934. On the Australian species of Japygidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 58: 37-47 [44].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA 4 specimens, Pinjarra, WA.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

IBRA

SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Under damp stones.

History of changes

Introduction

The family, erected by Cook (1899), is founded on Projapyx stylifer Cook. Smith (1960) gave a distribution list of the then known world Projapygidae and Anajapygidae, together with a key to the families and genera. In Australia, two species are known; one from Queensland, and the other, an undescribed species, from Western Australia.

Australian members of this family are 2–3.5 mm in length; cerci are paired, short and multisegmented; the thorax has three pairs of spiracles, the abdomen seven pairs; and the antennae are long, moniliform and with trichobothria on segments 4–22.

General References

Cook, O.F. 1899. New Dicellura. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 4: 222-229

Smith, L.M. 1960. The family Projapygidae and Anajapygidae (Diplura) in North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53: 575-583

History of changes

• Symphylurinus Silvestri, F. 1909. Descrizioni preliminari di varii Artropodi, specialmente d'America. I. Nuovo genere e nuove specie di Projapygidae (Thysanura). II. Nuova specie di Acerentomidae (Protura). Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti 5 18(1): 7-10 [7] [first introduced in a key to genera].

  Type species:

   Symphylurinus grassii Silvestri, 1909 by monotypy (= Projapyx stylifer Silvestri, 1902).

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Ethiopia

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Nearctic Region

Neotropical Region

Oriental Region

Distribution References

History of changes

• Symphylurinus swani Womersley, H. 1945. New species of Diplura (Insecta, Apterygota) from Australia and New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 69: 223-228 [223].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♀, Atherton, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Soil dweller, terrestrial.

General References

Smith, L.M. 1960. The family Projapygidae and Anajapygidae (Diplura) in North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53: 575-583 [576] (list, key)

History of changes

Introduction

Protura are very small (<2 mm in length), elongate, delicate and usually unpigmented hexapods. They are known from all zoogeographic regions. Primitively wingless, they lack eyes, antennae and cerci, and the fore legs are modified for sensory purposes. Their mouth-parts are adapted for sucking and they have been observed feeding on both mycorhizoid and free soil hyphae (Sturm 1959; Nosek 1973).

Protura may be quite common, but are rarely seen. They are cryptic and occur in damp situations, such as in soil, moss, peat, leaf litter, and under bark and decaying wood. They are associated with high levels of organic matter and are more commonly recorded from forest habitats. Raw (1956) reported that they are a significant part of the arthropod fauna of agricultural soils. They can be separated from litter or soil by the use of Tullgren funnels or by flotation (e.g. Southwood 1966; Upton 1991).

Juveniles resemble adults and development is anamorphic. Bernard (1976) provided observations on eggs and embryology and showed that the prelarva is the first postembryonic stage. Aldaba (1985) described some prelarvae from Spain and Bernard & Tuxen (1987) provided a key to the families of proturan juveniles and described each stage.

The order was first recognised by Silvestri (1907), when he described Acerentomon doderoi and related it to the insects. Berlese (1909), in a monograph on the order, considered that Protura are closely related to the myriapods and called them Myrientomata. The class and order Protura is now placed, as the sister group to the Collembola, in the Ellipura (=Parainsecta) which is recognised as the sister group to the Insecta (Kristensen 1991; Kukalová-Peck 1991).

Imadaté (1991), based on the views of Tuxen (1963, 1964) and Imadaté (1966), divided the Protura into two superfamilies, the Eosentomoidea and the Acerentomoidea, each with two families. This classification is followed in the Catalogue.

Nosek (1973) erected a new suborder, Sinentomoidea, for the aberrant Chinese Proturan Sinentomon erythranum Yin. Tuxen (1977b), however, discussed the phylogenetic position of Sinentomon and considered that it belongs in the Protentomidae.

Yin (1983, 1984) considered the Acerentomoidea, which she divided into eight families, were the primitive group and the Eosentomoidea the more specialised group. Although Yin's classification is not used by Imadaté (1991), Imadaté states that it is supported by recent ultrastructure studies on proturan spermatozoa.

Yin (1992) and Yin & Xué (1993) proposed a new classification of the proturan families, again not followed by Imadaté (1994) as yet another classification was in preparation by Yin (Imadaté pers. comm.).

Phylogenetic trends in the Protura were discussed by Tuxen (1963) and information on Protura was consolidated by Tuxen (1964) in his monograph on the world fauna. In this work, he revised the phylogeny and also gave keys to the species described up to 1961. Manton discussed the systematics of Protura in her studies on mandibular mechanisms (1964) and on locomotory mechanisms (1972). Francois (et al. 1992) examined the cephalic anatomy of S. erythranum and compared them with other Protura and Apterygota.

Descriptive and other accounts of the proturan fauna of the world are mainly by country or region. Some of these areas, and works which describe their fauna and/or give a useful lead into the relevant literature, include: catalogue of the world fauna (Paclt 1955); monograph on the world fauna (Tuxen 1964); keys and diagnoses to world genera (Nosek 1978); Hawaii (Zimmerman 1948); Portugal (Cunha 1952); Japan (Imadaté & Yosii 1959; Imadaté 1964, 1974, 1994); Uganda (Condé 1961a); SE Asia (Imadaté 1965); Australia (Tuxen 1967); Europe (Nosek 1973); Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands (Tuxen & Imadaté 1975a); Brazil (Tuxen 1976); Angola and Nigeria (Tuxen 1977a); Kermadec Islands (Ramsey & Tuxen 1978); Madeira (Tuxen 1982); New Zealand (Tuxen 1985); N America—Eosentomon (Bernard 1985, 1990); Korea (Lee & Rim 1988); Poland (Szeptycki & Weiner 1990); and China (Yin 1992).

The presence of Protura in Australia was first reported by Dakin & Fordham (1926) but the samples were lost and their identification was not confirmed. Six years later, Womersley (1932) described six new species. He described another species in 1936. In a review of the Australian fauna, Womersley (1939) described a subspecies (later raised to species level), identified an Australian species—later accorded separate species status by Bonet (1942)—as a North American species, and gave a key to the families and subfamilies of Protura. The major worker on the Australian fauna, however, was Tuxen, who reviewed the fauna and described a further 16 species (Tuxen 1967). Tuxen & Imadaté (1975b) described a further two species. Tuxen (1967) and Nosek (1973) discussed the distinct zoogeographical position of the Australian Protura.

Several species, probably introduced into Australia, were described from material collected outside Australia. They are Acerentulus confinis (Berlese 1908), Gracilentulus gracilis (Berlese 1908) and Protentomon perpusillum (Berlese 1909) described from Italy; and Berberentulus capensis (Womersley 1931) described from South Africa. Prabhoo (1960) inadvertently published details of Baculentulus breviunguis (Prabhoo), a species known from India, that was subsequently described by Condé (1961b).

The proturan fauna of Australia is poorly known. Three families, 10 genera and 32 described species are recorded from Australia; at least four of the species are probably introduced. There has been little recent work on the fauna and extensive collecting, ecological work, and taxonomic revision is needed. Species in existing collections await description and undoubtedly further collecting will increase significantly the total number of species recorded from Australia.

Acknowledgements

Preparation of this database, a section of the Zoological Catalogue of Australia, was undertaken as part of the author's work within the Zoological Catalogue Section of the Australian Biological Resources Study. I would like to thank Professor G. Imadaté and Professor E. C. Bernard for comments on the manuscript; Ms P. Greenslade for assistance with bibliographic and distribution data; the ANIC for access to types; and the librarians at the CSIRO Black Mountain Library for their help with locating many references.

Database Notes

The information on the Australian Faunal Directory site for the Protura is derived from the Zoological Catalogue of Australia database compiled on the Platypus software program. It incorporates changes made to the work published on 21 November 1994 as (Houston, W.W.K., 1994)

Limital Area

Distribution data in the Directory is by political and geographic region descriptors and serves as a guide to the distribution of a taxon. For details of a taxon's distribution, the reader should consult the cited references (if any) at genus and species levels.

Australia is defined as including Lord Howe Is., Norfolk Is., Cocos (Keeling) Ils, Christmas Is., Ashmore and Cartier Ils, Macquarie Is., Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard and McDonald Ils, and the waters associated with these land areas of Australian political responsibility. Political areas include the adjacent waters.

Terrestrial geographical terms are based on the drainage systems of continental Australia, while marine terms are self explanatory except as follows: the boundary between the coastal and oceanic zones is the 200 m contour; the Arafura Sea extends from Cape York to 124 DEG E; and the boundary between the Tasman and Coral Seas is considered to be the latitude of Fraser Island, also regarded as the southern terminus of the Great Barrier Reef.

Distribution records, if any, outside of these areas are listed as extralimital. The distribution descriptors for each species are collated to genus level. Users are advised that extralimital distribution for some taxa may not be complete.

General References

Aldaba, J. 1985. Contribución al conocimiento de las prelarvas de los Proturos Ibéricos. Actas do Congresso Iberico de Entomologia 2: 177-183

Berlese, A. 1908. Nuovi Acerentomidi. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 5: 16-19 pl. I

Berlese, A. 1909. Monografia dei Myrientomata. Parte I. Sistematica e morfologia esterna. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 6: 1-182 [Pt I pp. 1-59 29 May 1909; Pt II pp. 60-182 14 Aug. 1909]

Bernard, E.C. 1976. Observations on the eggs of Eosentomon australicum (Protura: Eosentomidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 95: 129-130

Bernard, E.C. 1985. Two new species of Protura (Insecta) from North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 98: 72-80

Bernard, E.C. 1990. New species, clarifications, and changes in status with Eosentomon Berlese (Hexapoda: Protura: Eosentomidae) from the United States. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103: 861-890

Bernard, E.C. & Tuxen, S.L. 1987. Class and Order Protura. pp. 47-54 in Stehr, F.W. (ed.). Immature Insects. Dubuque, Iowa : Kendall/Hunt.

Bonet, F. 1942. Sobre algunos Prouros de Mexico (Nota preliminar). Ciencia (Mexico) 3: 14-17

Condé, B. 1961a. II Protures. British Museum (Natural History) Ruwenzori Expedition 1952 2(11): 69-80 [Jan. 1961]

Condé, B. 1961b. Un protoure nouveau a distribution Indo-Madécasse (Acerentulus breviunguis n. sp.). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 2 33: 318-321

Cunha, A.X da 1952. Quelques protures inédits de la fane portugaise. Mem. Estud. Mus. Zool. Univ. Coimbra No. 212. 15 pp. 7 figs

Dakin, W.J. & Fordham, M.G.C. 1926. Birth of Peripatus in England. Nature (London) 117(2955): 858 [Letter]

Francois, J., Dallai, R. & Yin, W.Y. 1992. Cephalic anatomy of Sinetomon erythranum Yin (Protura: Sinetomidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 21(3): 199-213

Houston, W.W.K. 1994. Protura. 1-18, 157-164 (Appendix & Index) in Houston, W.W.K. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Protura, Collembola, Diplura. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 22 188 pp.

Imadaté, G. 1964. Taxonomic arrangement of Japanese Protura (I). Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 7: 37-81

Imadaté, G. 1965. Proturans-fauna of Southeast Asia. pp. 195-302 in Kira, T. & Iwata, K. (eds). Nature and Life in Southeast Asia. Kyoto : Fauna and Flora Research Society.

Imadaté, G. 1966. Taxonomic arrangement of Japanese Protura (IV). Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 7: 37-81

Imadaté, G. 1974. Protura (Insecta). Fauna Japonica Tokyo : Keigaku Publishing Co. Ltd 351 pp.

Imadaté, G. 1991. Protura. pp. 265-268 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Imadaté, G. 1994. Contributions towards a revision of the Proturan fauna of Japan (IX). Collecting data of acerentomid and sinetomid species in the Japanese Islands. Bulletin of the Department of General Education, Tokyo Medical and Dental University 24: 45-70

Imadaté, G. & Yosii, R. 1959. A synopsis of the Japanese species of Protura. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory Kyoto University 6: 1-43

Kristensen, N.P. 1991. Phylogeny of extant hexapods. pp. 125-140 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. pp. 141-179 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Lee, B.H. & Rim, M.G. 1988. Acerentomid proturans (Insecta), with two new species and two new records for Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 4(1): 1-11

Manton, S.M. 1964. Mandibular mechanisms and the evolution of arthropods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 247: 1-183

Manton, S.M. 1972. The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms. Part 10. Locomotory habits, morphology and evolution of the hexapod classes. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 51: 203-400

Nosek, J. 1973. The European Protura. Their taxonomy, ecology and distribution with keys for determination. Geneva : Museum d'Histoire Naturelle 345 pp.

Nosek, J. 1978. Key and diagnoses of Proturan genera of the world. Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae, Bratislava 122: 1-59

Paclt, J. 1955. Protura. Genera Insectorum 211: 1-123

Prabhoo, N.R. 1960. Acerentulus breviunguis Condé (Protura: Acerentomidae) from India. Current Science. Bangalore 29: 273-274

Ramsay, G.W. & Tuxen, S.L. 1978. Protura (Insecta) from the Kermadec islands, and a redescription of Acerentulus nemoralis from Argentina. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5: 601-606

Raw, F. 1956. The abundance and distribution of Protura in grassland. Journal of Animal Ecology 25: 15-21

Silvestri, F. 1907. Descrizione di un novo genere d'insetti apterigoti rappresentante di un novo ordine. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 1: 296-311

Southwood, T.R.E. 1978. Ecological methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations. London : Chapman & Hall xxiv 524 pp.

Stumpp, J. 1990. Zur okologie einheimischer Proturen (Arthropoda: Insecta) in Fichtenforsten. Zoologische Beiträge. Berlin N.F. 33(3): 345-432

Sturm, H. 1959. Die Nahrung der Proturen. Beobachtungen an Acerentomon doeroi Silv. und Eosentomon transitorum Berl. Naturwissenschaften 46: 90-91

Szeptycki, A. 1988. New genera and species of Protura from Altai Mts. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31(7): 297-362

Szeptycki, A. & Weiner, W.M. 1990. 1. Protura—Peirwogonki. pp. 15-16 in Razowski, J. (ed.). Checklist of animals in Poland. Wyd. : PAN Vol. 1 Pt xxxii.

Tuxen, S.L. 1963. Phylogentical trends in the Protura as shown by relationship between recent genera. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 1: 277-310

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp.

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53

Tuxen, S.L. 1970. The systematic postition of entognathous apterygotes. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico 17(1968): 65-79 [30 Mar. 1970]

Tuxen, S.L. 1976. The Protura (Insecta) of Brazil, especially Amazonas. Amazoniana 5(4): 417-463

Tuxen, S.L. 1977a. Protura (Insecta) from Angola and Nigeria with a key to subsaharan Protura. Publicaçoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 89: 177-193

Tuxen, S.L. 1977b. The systematical position of Simentomon (Insecta: Protura). Bulletin of the National Science Museum Series A Zool. 3: 25-36

Tuxen, S.l. 1982. The Protura (Insecta) of Madeira. Bocagiana 65: 1-20

Tuxen, S.L. 1985. Fauna of New Zealand Number 9. Protura (Insecta). Wellington : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 80 pp.

Tuxen, S.L. & Imadaté, G. 1975a. The Protura of the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 31: 331-375

Tuxen, S.L. & Imadaté, G. 1975b. Corrections to S.L. Tuxen's "Australian Protura" (1967). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 193-195

Womersley, H. 1931. A South African species of Protura. Annals of the South African Museum 30: 89-91

Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75

Womersley, H. 1936. A new species of Protura from Australia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 72: 65-66

Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer.

Yin, W.Y. 1983. Grouping the known genera of Protura under eight families with keys for determination. Contributions from the Shanghai Institute of Entomology 3: 151-163 [in Chinese]

Yin, W.Y. 1984. A new idea on phylogeny of Protura with approach to its origin and systematic position. Scientia Sinica B 27(2): 149-160

Yin, W.Y. 1992. Protura. pp. 395-414 in Yin, W.Y. (ed.). Subtropical soil animals of China. Beijing : Science Press. [in Chinese]

Yin, W.Y. & Xué, L. 1993. Comparative spermatology of Protura and its significance on Proturan systematics. Scientia Sinica B 36(5): 575-589

Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Order Protura Silvestri, 1907. pp 42–43 in, Insects of Hawaii. A manual of the Insects of the Hawaiian Island, including and enumeration of the species and notes on their origin, distribution, hosts, parasites, etc. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 2 Apterygota to Thysanoptera.

History of changes

History of changes

Introduction

The Acerentomidae is a cosmopolitan family. The body form is slender and the mouth-parts are slender and prolonged. Lacinia of maxillae are long and pointed. Tracheae and thoracic spiracles are absent.

The family was erected by Silvestri (1907) when he described the new order Protura, based on his new genus and species Acerentomon doderoi. Womersley (1927) erected the subfamilies Acerentominae and Meroentomoninae, the latter based on an unnecessary replacement of Protentomon by Meroentomon. Protentomon was restored by Mills (1932) and thus also the subfamily name Protentominae (as Protentomoninae). The subfamily Protentominae was accorded family status by Ewing (1936).

Yin (1984) divided the Acerentomidae and created two new families, Berberentulidae (as Berberentomidae ?lapsus) and Acerellidae. In her classification, two genera found in Australia, Acerentulus and Australentulus, are retained in the Acerentomidae but four other genera, Amphientulus, Baculentulus, Berberentulus and Gracilentulus, are placed in the Berberentulidae. This system, however, is not followed by Imadaté (1991), who retains these genera in the Acerentomidae and whose classification is used in the Catalogue.

The family is represented in Australia by seven genera and 22 described species. At least three species, Acerentulus confinis (Berlese), Berberentulus capensis (Womersley) and Gracilentulus gracilis (Berlese), are probably introduced.

General References

Ewing, H.E. 1936. Synonymy and synopsis of the genera of the order Protura. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 49: 156-166

Imadaté, G. 1991. Protura. pp. 265-268 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Mills, H.B. 1932. Catalogue of the Protura. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 27: 125-130

Silvestri, F. 1907. Descrizione di un novo genere d'insetti apterigoti rappresentante di un novo ordine. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Facoltà Agraria in Portici 1: 296-311

Womersley, H. 1927. Notes on the British species of Protura, with description of new genera and species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 63: 140-148

Yin, W.Y. 1984. A new idea on phylogeny of Protura with approach to its origin and systematic position. Scientia Sinica B 27(2): 149-160

History of changes

• Acerentulus Berlese, A. 1908. Osservazioni intorno agli Acerentomidi. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 5: 110-122 [3 Dec. 1908] [122].

  Type species:

   Acerentomon confine Berlese, 1908 by original designation.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Europe, N Africa, N America.

IBRA

SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

• Japan

Distribution References

History of changes

• Acerentomon confine Berlese, A. 1908. Nuovi Acerentomidi. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 5: 16-19 pl. I [16].

  Type data:

   Lectotype IEA Slide 2.13 (coll. Berlese) ♂, Florence (as Firenze), Italy.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1960. Ergänzendes über die von Silvestri und Berlese beschriebenen Proturen. Entomologiske Meddelelser 29: 294-303.

Distribution

States

South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Europe, N Africa and USA.

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

General References

Condé, B. 1944. Sur la faune des Protoures de France. Revue Française d'Entomologie 11: 36-47 [36] (taxonomy)

Nosek, J. 1961. Contributions to the knowledge of Bulgarian Protura. Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) sci. Nat. 46: 153-158 (taxonomy)

Nosek, J. 1967. A new species of Protura from Czechoslovakia, Acerentulus carpaticus sp. n. Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol 4: 523-525 [523] (relationship to Acerentulus confinis)

Nosek, J. 1973. The European Protura. Their taxonomy, ecology and distribution with keys for determination. Geneva : Museum d'Histoire Naturelle 345 pp. (taxonomy, extralimital synonymy, distribution)

Szeptycki, A. 1969. Materials to the fauna of Protura of Poland. (Materialy do fauny Protura Polski). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia Engl. Trans. 14: 281-307 [286] (distribution)

Tuxen, S.L. 1956. Neues ueber die von Berlese beschriebenen Proturen. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 41: 227-258 [230] (redescription)

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [203] (taxonomy, extralimital synonymy)

History of changes

• Acerentulus sexspinatus Womersley, H. 1936. A new species of Protura from Australia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 72: 65-66 [65] [Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1–53 (18) states 'Womersley described this species from Noarlunga in South Australia and Porongorup in Western Australia…The specimens from Porongorup, however, belong to Gracilentulus tasmanicus mihi and Berberentulus nitidus Imad. & Yos. or are indeterminable.'].

  Type data:

   Lectotype SAMA I122244 ♀, Onkaparinga River, near Noarlunga, SA.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [102].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

IBRA

SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In moss.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [217] (taxonomy)

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [18] (taxonomy)

Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [286] (taxonomy, distribution)

History of changes

• Amphientulus Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137].

  Type species:

   Berberentulus validus Tuxen, 1967 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Palaearctic Region

• North Korea

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137]

History of changes

• Berberentulus aestuarii Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [38].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, Tourist Camp, Tidal River, VIC.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria

IBRA

SA, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In leaf litter of Banksia on very wet calcareous sand in coastal shrub woodland.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137] (new combination)

History of changes

• Berberentulus aliensis Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [42].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, "Laughing Waters", Boolarra, VIC.

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IBRA

Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Flinders (FLI), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In leaf litter of Acacia in wet sclerophyll forest.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137] (new combination)

History of changes

• Berberentulus ambiguus Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [40].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♂, Mt McDonald, Cotter Reserve, ACT.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, South Australia

IBRA

ACT, SA: Australian Alps (AA), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), South Eastern Highlands (SEH)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Rotting wood, woodland.

Extra Ecological Information

In decaying trunks of Xanthorrhoea australis in dry sclerophyll woodland.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137] (new combination)

History of changes

• Berberentulus gnangarae Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [40].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, Gnangara, 24 km NE of Perth, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Leaf litter of Eucalyptus marginatus and Banksia sp.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137] (new combination)

History of changes

• Berberentulus sinuosus Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [35] [holotype presented in 1961 by Womersley as Acerentulus tillyardi Womersley, but not published as such; paratype determined, but not published, as Acerentulus tillyardi by Womersley].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC ♀, Mylor, SA.
  Paratype(s) SAMA ♀.

Distribution

States

South Australia

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In moss.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137] (new combination)

History of changes

• Berberentulus validus Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [37].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA I22253 ♀, Brown Hill Creek, SA.
  Paratype(s) ZMUC ♂.

Distribution

States

South Australia

IBRA

SA: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1981. The systematic importance of the "striate band" and the abdominal legs in Acerentomidae (Insecta: Protura). With a tentative key to acerentomid genera. Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 15: 125-140 [137] (new combination)

History of changes

• Australentulus Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [18].

  Type species:

   Acerentulus australiensis Womersley, 1932 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Asia.

IBRA

ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal
• New Zealand

Oriental Region

General References

Imadaté, G. 1989. Proturans from Java. Acta Zoologica Asiae Orientalis 1: 91-118

Imadaté, G. 1991. Protura. pp. 265-268 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp. [268]

History of changes

• Acerentulus australiensis Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 [72].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA I22237 ♂, University Grounds, Crawley, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Leaf mould, leaf litter of Banksia and Eucalyptus, on coarse sand.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [97] (re type)

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [221] (taxonomy)

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [27]

Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [284] (taxonomy)

History of changes

• Australentulus intermedius Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [22].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♂, Dwellingup, c. 96 km S of Perth, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Eucalyptus leaf litter.

General References

Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 (determined as Acerentulus occidentalis Womersley, 1932)

History of changes

• Australentulus noseki Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [24].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, Mt Toolbrunup, Stirling Ranges, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In Eucalyptus and Davesia litter on sand.

General References

Prabhoo, N.R. 1972. South Indian Protura. 2. Two new records. Oriental Insects 6: 179-182 [180] (description, distribution)

History of changes

• Acerentulus occidentalis Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 [73].

  Type data:

   Lectotype SAMA I22242 ♀, University Grounds, Crawley, SA.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [100].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In Eucalyptus litter.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [218] (taxonomy)

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [20]

Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [285] (taxonomy)

History of changes

• Australentulus reginae Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [19].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♂, Forest Beach, Ingham, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

History of changes

• Acerentulus tillyardi Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 [73] [the slide containing the specimen from Blundells', F.C.T. [now ACT], which Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum 14: 63–106 (99) states 'appears to be lost', was located in the BMNH and is labelled 'Type' but the specimen was not designated as the type in the original description].

  Type data:

   Lectotype SAMA I22236 ♀, Belgrave, VIC.
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 214; SAMA pre-larva.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [99].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria

IBRA

ACT, NSW, SA, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: SE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial, woodland.

Extra Ecological Information

In dry or wet sclerophyll woodland, in leaf litter of Acacia, Banksia, Eucalyptus and tree-fern.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [222] (taxonomy, possible synonym of Australentulus australiensis (Womersley, 1932))

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [27] (and page 28; misidentification, description)

Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [284] (taxonomy)

History of changes

• Australentulus victoriae Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [25].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, Tourist Camp, Tidal River, VIC.

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Flinders (FLI), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In leaf litter of Banksia and Leptospermum on sand in coastal shrub woodland.

General References

Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 (determined as Acerentulus westraliensis Womersley, 1932)

History of changes

• Acerentulus westraliensis Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 [71] [Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1–53 [27] states 'The species was described from Crawley, Western Australia… The specimens from Crawley are partly westraliensis and partly victoriae mihi…'].

  Type data:

   Lectotype SAMA I22245 ♂, University Grounds, Crawley, SA.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [95].

Distribution

States

Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

Vic, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Riverina (RIV), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

General References