Species Cryptosporidium parvum Tyzzer, 1912

Museums

Regional Maps

• Cryptosporidium parvum Tyzzer, E.E. 1912. Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a Coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse. Archiv für Protistenkunde 26: 394-412.

Distribution

IBRA and IMCRA regions

IBRA

Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Kimberley (CK), Coolgardie (COO), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Dampierland (DL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 [CANIDAE] Domestic Dog (faeces (+PCR)); Dugong dugon (P.L.S. Müller, 1776) [DUGONGIDAE] Dugong (small intestine (PCR)); Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 [MURIDAE] House Mouse (syn. M. domesticus; faeces, gut (+ PCR) (exptl. infection)); Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (faeces (+ PCR), antibodies); Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss, 1817) [PHASCOLARCTIDAE] Koala (faeces); Myotis adversus (Horsfield, 1824) [VESPERTILIONIDAE] Large-footed Mouse-eared Bat (mispelt Myotus; faeces, intestines (+ PCR)); Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Ox (faeces (culture) (PCR)); Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 [SUIDAE] Pig (faeces (+PCR)); Macropus rufus (Desmarest, 1822) [MACROPODIDAE] Red Kangaroo (syn. Megalia rufus; faeces (+PCR)); Pseudechis porphyriacus (Shaw, 1794) [ELAPIDAE] Red-bellied Black Snake (faeces (+ PCR)); Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 [BOVIDAE] Sheep (faeces (PCR)); Sillago vittata McKay, 1985 [SILLAGINIDAE] Western School Whiting (gut scraping (+ PCR)); Aspidites ramsayi (Macleay, 1882) [BOIDAE] Woma (faeces (+ PCR))).

Associated Fauna References

Becher, K.A., Robertson, I.D., Fraser, D.M., Palmer, D.G. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2004. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dairy calves originating from three sources in Western Australia. Veterinary Microbiology 123: 1-9 (Bos taurus)

Boxell, A., Hijjawi, N., Monis, P. & Ryan, U. 2008. Comparison of various staining methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium in cell-free culture. Experimental Parasitology 120: 67-72 (Bos taurus)

Casemore, D.P., Wright, S.E. & Coop, R.L. 1997. Cryptosporidiosis — human and animal epidemiology. pp. 65-92 in Fayer, R. (ed.). Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton : CRC Press. (Homo sapiens)

Chalmers, R.M., Ferguson, C., Caccio, S., Gasser, R.B., El-Osta, Y.G.A., Heijnen, L., Xiao, L., Elwin, K., Hadfield, S., Sinclair, M. & Stevens, M. 2005. Direct comparison of selected methods for genetic categorisation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis species. International Journal for Parasitology 35: 397-410 (Homo sapiens)

Fall, A., Thompson, R.C.A., Hobbs, R.P. & Morgan-Ryan, U.M. 2003. Morphology is not a reliable tool for delineating species within Cryptosporidium. Journal of Parasitology 89: 399-402 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Field, A.S. 2002. Light microscopic and electron microscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients. Pathology 34: 21-35 (Homo sapiens)

Frost, F.J., Muller, T.B., Fairley, C.K., Hurley, J.S., Craun, G.F. & Calderon, R.L. 2000. Serological evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst findings in the water supply for Sydney, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 10: 35-40 (Homo sapiens)

Gasser, R.B., Zhu, X., Caccio, S., Chalmers, R., Widmer, G., Morgan, U.M., Thompson, R.C.A., Pozio, E. & Browning, G.F. 2001. Genotyping Cryptosporidium parvum by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of ribosomal and heat shock gene regions. Electrophoresis 22: 433-437 (Bos taurus)

Hawkins, P., Swanson, P. & Morgan, U.M. 2001. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium in Sydney's catchments. Water 28: 38-41 (Bos taurus)

Henderson, W.R. 2009. Pathogens in Vertebrate Pests in Australia. Canberra, Australia : Invasive Animnals Cooperative Research Centre 30 pp. (Mus musculus)

Hijjawi, N.S., Meloni, B.P., Morgan, U.M. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2001. Complete development and long-term maintenance of Cryptosporidium parvum human and cattle genotypes in cell culture. International Journal for Parasitology 31: 1048-1055 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Hijjawi, N.S., Meloni, B.P., Ng'anzo, M., Ryan, U.M., Olson, M.E., Cox, P.T., Monis, P.T. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2004. Complete development of Cryptosporidium parvum in host cell-free culture. International Journal for Parasitology 34: 769-777 (Bos taurus)

Hijjawi, N.S., Meloni, B.P., Ryan, U.M., Olson, M.E. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2002. Successful in vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium andersoni: evidence for the existence of novel extracellular stages in the life cycle and implications for classification of Cryptosporidium. International Journal for Parasitology 32: 1719-1726 (Mus musculus)

Holt, D.C., McCarthy, J.S. & Carapetis, J.R. 2010. Parasitic diseases of remote indigenous communities in Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 40: 1119-1126 (Homo sapiens)

Hunter, P.R. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2005. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. International Journal for Parasitology 35: 1181-1190 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Jex, A.R., Ryan, U.M., Ng, J., Campbell, B.E., Xiao, L., Stevens, M. & Gasser, R.B. 2007. Specific and genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium from a broad range of host species by nonisotopic SSCP analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Electrophoresis 28: 2818-2825 (Homo sapiens)

Jex, A.R., Smith, H.V., Monis, P.T., Campbell, B.E. & Gasser, R.B. 2008. Cryptosporidium – biotechnological advances in the detection, diagnosis and analysis of genetic variation. Biotechnology Advances 26: 304-317 (Homo sapiens)

Jex, A.R., Whipp, M., Campbell, B.E., Caccio, S.M., Stevens, M., Hogg, G. & Gasser, R.B. 2007. A practical and cost-effective mutation scanning-based approach for investigating genetic variation in Cryptosporidium. Electrophoresis 28: 3875-3883 (Homo sapiens)

Jex, A.R. & Gasser, R.B. 2009. Genetic richness and diversity in Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum reveals major knowledge gaps and a need for the application of “next generation” technologies – research review. (doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.08.003). Biotechnology Advances (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Kharmtsov, N.V., Chung, P.A., Dykstra, C.C., Griffiths, J.K., Morgan, U.M., Arrowood, M.J. & Upton S.J. 2000. Presence of double-stranded RNAs in human and calf isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Journal of Parasitology 86: 275-282 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Kukuruzovic, R., Robins-Browne, R.M., Anstey, N.M. & Brewster, D.R. 2002. Enteric pathogens, intestinal permeability and nitric oxide production in acute gastroenteritis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 21: 730-739 (Homo sapiens)

McCarthy, S., Ng, J., Gordon, C., Miller, R., Wyber, A. & Ryan, U.M. 2008. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in animals in irrigation catchments in the southwest of Australia. Experimental Parasitology 118: 596-599 (Bos taurus)

Meloni, B.P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1996. Simplified methods for obtaining purified oocysts from mice and for growing Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 82: 757-762 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus; Mus musculus)

Morgan, U.M., Constantine, C.C., O'Donoghue, P.J., Meloni, B.P., O'Brien, P.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1995. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans and other animals using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52: 559-564 (Phascolarctos cinereus; Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Morgan, U.M., Forbes, D.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1998. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. European Journal of Protistology 34: 262-266 (Homo sapiens)

Morgan, U.M., Monis, P.T., Fayer, R., Deplazes, P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among isolates of Cryptosporidium: evidence for several new species. Journal of Parasitology 85: 1126-1133 (Phascolarctos cinereus; Homo sapiens; Mus musculus)

Morgan, U.M., O'Brien, P.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1996. The development of diagnostic PCR primers for Cryptosporidium using RAPD-PCR. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 77: 103-108 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Morgan, U.M., Pallant, L., Dwyer, B.W., Forbes, D.A., Rich, G. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1998. Comparison of PCR and microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens: clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 995-998 (Homo sapiens)

Morgan, U.M., Sargent, K.D., Deplazes, P., Forbes, D.A., Spano, F., Hertzberg, H., Elliot, A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1998. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from various hosts. Parasitol. Parasitology 117: 31-37 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus; Mus musculus)

Morgan, U.M., Sturdee, A.P., Singleton, G., Gomez, M.S., Gracenea, M., Torres, J., Hamilton, S.G., Woodside, D.P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1999. The Cryptosporidium "mouse" genotype is conserved across geographic areas. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37: 1302-1305 (Myotis adversus; Mus musculus)

Morgan, U.M., Xiao, L., Fayer, R., Graczyk, T.K., Lal, A.A., Deplazes, P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from captive reptiles using 18S rDNA sequence data and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Journal of Parasitology 85: 525-530 (Aspidites ramsayi; Pseudechis porphyriacus; Homo sapiens; Bos taurus; Mus musculus)

Morgan, U.M., Xiao, L., Fayer, R., Lal, A.A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1999. Variation in Cryptosporidium: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus. International Journal for Parasitology 29: 1733-1751 (Phascolarctos cinereus; Homo sapiens; Canis familiaris; Mus musculus)

Morgan, U.M., Xiao, L., Hill, B.D., O'Donoghue, P., Limor, J., Lal, A. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2000. Detection of the Cryptosporidium parvum 'Human' genotype in a dugong (Dugong dugon). Journal of Parasitology 86: 1352-1354 (Dugong dugon)

Morgan, U.M. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1998. PCR detection of Cryptosporidium: the way forward? Parasitology Today 14: 241-245 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Morgan, U.M. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1999. Identification of Cryptosporidium using DNA methods. Water 26: 9-10 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Ng, J., Eastwood, K., Durrheim, D., Massey, P., Walker, B., Armson, A. & Ryan, U. 2008. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium in rural New South Wales. Experimental Parasitology 119: 192-195 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Ng, J., MacKenzie, B. & Ryan, U. 2010. Longitudinal multi-locus molecular characterisation of sporadic Australian human clinical cases of cryptosporidiosis from 2005-2008. Experimental Parasitology 125: 348-356 (Homo sapiens)

Ng, J.S.Y, Pingault, N., Gibbs, R., Koehler, A. & Ryan, U. 2010. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium outbreaks in Western and South Australia. Experimental Parasitology 125: 325-328 (Homo sapiens)

O'Brien, E., McInnes, L. & Ryan, U. 2008. Cryptosporidium GP60 genotypes from humans and domesticated animals in Australia, North America and Europe. Experimental Parasitology 118: 118-121 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Pangasa, A., Jex, A.R., Campbell, B.E., Bott, N.J., Whipp, M., Hogg, G., Stevens, M.A. & Gasser, R.B. 2009. High resolution melting-curve (HRM) analysis for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in humans. Molecular and Cellular Probes 23: 10-15 (Homo sapiens)

Reid, A., Lymbery, A., Ng, J., Tweedle, S & Ryan, U. 2010. Identification of novel and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in marine fish. Veterinary Microbiology 168: 190-195 (Sillago vittata)

Rochelle, P.A., Jutras, E.M., Atwill, E.R., De Leon, R. & Stewart, M.H. 1999. Polymorphisms in the alpha-tubulin gene of Cryptosporidium parvum differentiate between isolates based on animal host but not geographic origin. Journal of Parasitology 85: 986-989 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Ryan, U., Read, C., Hawkins, P., Warnecke, M., Swanson, P., Griffith, M., Deere, D., Cunningham, M. & Cox, P. 2005. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium from Sydney water catchment areas. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98: 1221-1229 (Bos taurus; Ovis aries)

Schindler, A.R., Abs El-Osta, Y.G., Stevens, M., Sinclair, M.I. & Gasser, R.B. 2005. Capillary electrophoretic analysis of fragment length polymorphism in ribosomal markers of Cryptosporidium from humans. Molecular and Cellular Probes 19: 394-399 (Homo sapiens)

Singleton, G.R., Brown, P.R., Pech, R.P., Jacob, J., Mutze, G.J. & Krebs, C.J. 2005. One hundred years of eruptions of house mice in Australia – a natural biological curio. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 84: 617-627 (Mus musculus)

Spano, F., Putignani, L., Crisanti, A., Sallicandro, P., Morgan, U.M., Le Blancq, S.M., Tchack, L., Tzipori, S. & Widmer, G. 1998. Multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from different hosts and geographical origins. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 3255-3259 (Homo sapiens)

Sulaiman, I.M., Morgan, U.M., Thompson, R.C.A., Lal, A.A., & Xiao, L. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 2385-2391 (Macropus rufus; Phascolarctos cinereus; Sus scrofa; Bos taurus)

Thompson, R.C.A., Morgan, U.M., Mellor, K.J. & Hopkins, R. 1999. Genotyping Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Today's Life Science 11: 80-86 (Homo sapiens)

Thompson, R.C.A., Olson, M.E., Zhu, G., Enomoto, S., Abrahamsen, M.S. & Hijjawi, N.S. 2005. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. Advances in Parasitology 59: 77-158 (Homo sapiens)

Truong, Q. & Ferrari, B.C. 2006. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of Cryptosporidium faecal purification procedures for the isolation of oocysts suitable for proteomic analysis. International Journal for Parasitology 36: 811-819 (Bos taurus)

Warren, K.S., Swan, R.A., Morgan-Ryan, U.M., Friend, J.A. & Elliot, A. 2003. Cryptosporidium muris infection in bilbies (Macrotis lagotis). Australian Veterinary Journal 81: 739-741 (Mus musculus)

Widmer, G. 1998. Genetic heterogeneity and PCR detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Advances in Parasitology 40: 223-239 (Homo sapiens; Bos taurus)

Xiao, L., Limor, J., Morgan, U.M., Sulaiman, I.M., Thompson, R.C.A. & Lal, A.A. 2000. Sequence differences in the diagnostic target region of the oocyst wall protein gene of Cryptosporidium parasites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 5499-5502 (Macropus rufus)

Xiao, L., Morgan, U.M., Limor, J., Escalante, A., Arrowood, M., Schulaw, W., Thompson, R.C.A., Fayer, R. & Lal, A.A. 1999. Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 3386-3391 (Macropus rufus; Sus scrofa)

Xiao, L., Sulaiman, I.M., Ryan, U.M., Zhou, L., Atwill, E.R., Tischler, M.L., Zhang, X., Fayer, R. & Lal, A.A. 2002. Host adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health. International Journal for Parasitology 32: 1773-1785 (Homo sapiens)

Yang, R., Jacobson, C., Gardner,G., Carmichael, I., Campbell, A.J.D., Ng-Hublin, J. & Ryan, U. 2014. Longitudinal prevalence, oocyst shedding and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium species in sheep across four states in Australia. Veterinary Parasitology 200(1-2) [Date published 24 February 2014] (Ovis aries)

Yang, R., Jacobson, C., Gordon, C. & Ryan, U. 2009. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in pre-weaned sheep in Australia. Veterinary Microbiology 161: 19-24 (Ovis aries)

General References

Yang, R., Jacobson, C., Gardner,G., Carmichael, I., Campbell, A.J.D., Ng-Hublin, J. & Ryan, U. 2014. Longitudinal prevalence, oocyst shedding and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium species in sheep across four states in Australia. Veterinary Parasitology 200(1-2) [Date published 24 February 2014]

History of changes