Species Coccus longulus (Douglas, 1887)

Museums

Regional Maps

• Lecanium longulum Douglas, J.W. 1887. Note on some British Coccidae (No. 8). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 24: 95-101, 165-171 [97].
• Lecanium chirimoliae Maskell, W.M. 1890. Further notes on Coccidae, with descriptions of new species from Australia, Fiji, and New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 22: 133-156 [dated 1889] [137].
• Lecanium ficus Maskell, W.M. 1897. On a collection of Coccidae, principally from China and Japan. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 33: 239-244 [243].
• Lecanium frontale Green, E.E. 1904. The Coccidae of Ceylon. London : Dulau & Co. Vol. 3. [192].
• Lecanium (Coccus) celtium Kuwana, S.I. 1909. Coccidae of Japan, IV. A list of Coccidae from the Bonin Islands (Ogasawarajima), Japan. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 17: 158-164 [162].
• Lecanium wistariae Brain, C.K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa – V. Bulletin of Entomological Research 11: 1-41 [8].
• Lecanium kraunhianum Lindinger, L. 1928. Bericht über die Tätigkeit der Abteilung für Pflanzenschutz. A. überwachung der Ein- und Ausfuhr von Obst und Pflanzen (amtliche Pflanzenbeschau). Jahresbericht, Institut für Angewandte Botanik. Hamburg [1928]: 94-110 [107] [replacement name for Lecanium wistariae Brain].
• Parthenolecanium wistaricola Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [349] [replacement name for Lecanium wistariae Brain].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. Notes on Lecanium, with a list of the West Indian species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 20: 49-56 [50] (synonymy of Lecanium chirimoliae Maskell, 1890)
• Sanders, J.G. 1909. The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale-insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 2: 428-448 [438] (synonymy of Lecanium ficus Maskell, 1897; synonymy of Lecanium frontale Green, 1904)
• Takahashi, R. 1955. Notes on the Coccus of Japan (Homoptera: Coccidae). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society 4: 78 [69] (synonymy of Lecanium (Coccus) celtium Kuwana, 1909)
• De Lotto, G. 1957. On some Ethiopian species of the genus Coccus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 20: 295-314 [301] (synonymy of Lecanium wistariae Brain, 1920)
• De Lotto, G. 1959. Further notes on Ethiopian species of the genus Coccus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 22: 150-173 [160] (synonym of Lecanium kraunhianum Lindinger, 1928)
• De Lotto, G. 1965. On some Coccidae (Homoptera), chiefly from Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 16: 175-239 [192] (synonymy of Parthenolecanium wistaricola Borchsenius, 1957)

Generic Combinations

• Coccus celtium (Kuwana, 1909). —
  Sasscer, E.R. 1911. Catalogue of recently described Coccidae – III. Technical Series, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture 16: 61-74 [66] (change of combination)
• Coccus ficus (Maskell, 1897). —
  Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [168] (change of combination)
• Lecanium (Coccus) frontale (Green, 1904). —
  Green, E.E. 1937. An annotated list of the Coccidae of Ceylon, with emendations and additions to date. Ceylon Journal of Science 20(Section B. Zoology and Geology): 277-341 [299] (change of combination)
• Coccus frontalis (Green, 1904). —
  Mamet, J.R. 1943. A revised list of the Coccoidea of the islands of the western Indian Ocean, south of the equator. Mauritius Institute Bulletin 2: 137-170 [151] (change of combination)
• Coccus frontalis (Green, 1904). —
  Sanders, J.G. 1906. Catalogue of recently described Coccidae. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology. Technical Series 12: 1-18 [8] (change of combination)
• Coccus longulum (Douglas, 1887). —
  Kirkaldy, G.W. 1902. Hemiptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis 3(2): 93-174 [106] (change of combination)
• Coccus (Lecanium) longulus (Douglas, 1887). —
  Hall, W.J. 1922. Observations on the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 22: 1-54 [19] (change of combination and rank)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [195] (female; New Zealand); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [76] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [82] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [38] (female; USA, Florida); (Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C., 1983) [63] (female; Taiwan); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [372] (female; Egypt); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [483] (female; Micronesia); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [293] (female; Hawaii)

SYSTEMATICS

Ben-Dov, Y. 1977. Taxonomy of the long brown scale Coccus longulus (Douglas) stat. n. (Homoptera: Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 67: 89–95 showed that the earliest available binomen for this species was Lecanium longulum Douglas and not Lecanium elongatum Signoret. The erroneous synonymy of L. elongatum over L. longulum and the erroneous usage of the former were introduced by Sanders, J.G. 1909. The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale-insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 2: 428–448. Lecanium elongatum Signoret is a junior synonym of Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius).

STRUCTURE

Adult female elongate oval; up to 7 mm long; dorsum of young female yellow with dark brown mottling, while in fully grown female it is uniformly brown. See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [fig. 6.10), Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.]. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan : Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute 98 pp., and Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

GENERAL

Most records of Coccus elongatus (Signoret) – of authors – until 1977, were misidentifications of Coccus longulus. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov, Y. 1977. Taxonomy of the long brown scale Coccus longulus (Douglas) stat. n. (Homoptera: Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 67: 89–95, Gill, R.J., Nakahara, S. & Williams, M.L. 1977. A review of the genus Coccus Linnaeus in America north of Panama (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Occasional Papers in Entomology, State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture 24: 44, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

BIOLOGY

El-Minshawy, A.M. & Moursi, K. 1976. Biological studies on some soft scale-insects (Hom. Coccidae) attacking guava trees in Egypt. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 81: 363–371 studied the duration of development and fecundity on guava in Egypt. Buckley, R.C. & Gullan, P.J. 1991. More aggressive ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) provide better protection for soft scales and mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccidae, Pseudococcidae). Biotropica 23(3): 282–286 showed, in Papua New Guinea, that attendance by the aggressive ant, Iridomyrmex nitidus (Mayr), reduces the rate of parasitization.

General References

Brain, C.K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa – V. Bulletin of Entomological Research 11: 1-41 [5] (Coccus elongatum: misidentification)

Douglas, J.W. 1887. Note on some British Coccidae (No. 7). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 24: 21-28 [25] (Lecanium angustatum: misidentification)

Moharana, S. 1990. Cytotaxonomy of Coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea). In, [Unknown] (ed.). Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, Part II. Cracow, Poland: August 6–12, 1990. Cracow : Agricultural University Press. [48] (Coccus logulus: misspelling of species name)

Sanders, J.G. 1909. Catalogue of recently described Coccidae – II. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology. Technical Series 16: 33-60 [438] (Coccus elongatus: incorrect synonymy discovered by : 89)

Seabra, A.F. de 1925. [Insects of S. Tomé arise from the study mission of Professor Sousa da Camara in 1920.] Insectes de S. Tomé provenant de la mission d'étude du Professeur Sousa da Camara en 1920. Anais do Instituto de Agronomia 2: 27-45 [37] (Leucanium frontal: misspelling of genus and species names)

Takahashi, R. 1955. Notes on the Coccus of Japan (Homoptera: Coccidae). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society 4: 78 [69] (Coccus celticum: misspelling of species name)

Common Name References

Gill, R.J., Nakahara, S. & Williams, M.L. 1977. A review of the genus Coccus Linnaeus in America north of Panama (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Occasional Papers in Entomology, State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture 24: 44 (Cited also by , , and ) (Long Brown Scale)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Long Soft Scale)

History of changes