Species Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, 1900

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Regional Maps

• Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, G. 1900. Osservazioni intorno ad una nuova cocciniglia nociva agli agrumi in Italia ed al modo di immunizzare la parte legnosa delle piante contro la puntura delle coccinglie in generale e di distruggerle. Nuove Relazione della R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria. Firenze 3: 3-26 [3].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Mori, N., Pellizzari, G. & Tosi, L., 2001) [42] (female; Italy); (Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [185] (female; New Zealand); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [325] (female; northeastern North America); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [65] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Gill, R.J., 1988) [17] (female; USA, California); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [18] (female; USA, Florida); (Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A., 1974) [19] (female; USA); (Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M., 1972) [36] (female; USA, Virginia); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [451] (female; Palaearctic Region)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto, G. 1971. On some genera and species of wax scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 5: 133–153, Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841: 1–85, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp. and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp.. Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493.

BIOLOGY

One annual generation was reported in Italy on citrus by Monastero, S. & Zaami, V. 1959. Le cocciniglie degli agrumi in Sicilia Ceroplastes sinensis D.G. – Pseudococcus citri R. – Icerya purchasi M. Bollettino dell' Istituto di Entomologia Agraria dell Universita Palmero 3: 1–82; in USA, Virginia by Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp.; on pears in Italy by Frediani, D. 1960. Il Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guer. vivente su Pirus communis L. nella Toscana litoranea. Appunti di Biologia. Annali della Facolta d'Agraria. Pisa 21: 89–95. Snowball, G.J. 1970. Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Homoptera: Coccidae), a wax scale new to Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 9: 57–66 outlined the life history in New South Wales. Life history in Spain described by Llorens Climent, J.M. 1984. Las cochinillas de los agrios. Valencia, Spain : Servicio de Protecciön de los Vegetales 159 pp.. Beattie, G.A.C., Weir, R.G., Clift, R.G. & Jiang, L. 1990. Effect of nutrients on the growth and phenology of Gascardia destructor (Newstead) and Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae) infesting citrus. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 29(3): 199–203 studied the effect of nutrients in citrus (New South Wales, Australia) on the growth, size and phenology.

STRUCTURE

Adult female 3–7 mm long; convex. Dorsal wax cover formed of plates not very distinctly divided; anterior portion of the cover slightly lower than posterior; anterior portion white while the posterior is light brown or pink. See colour photograph in Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Katsoyannos, P. 1996. Integrated insect pest management for citrus in Northern Mediterranean countries. Athens, Greece : Benaki Phytopathologique Institute. 110 pp., Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp. and Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493. A sporadic pest of citrus in Italy and Spain. A serious pest of citrus in Australia (see Snowball, G.J. 1970. Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Homoptera: Coccidae), a wax scale new to Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 9: 57–66; Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1994. Taxonomy of the wax scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae) in Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 923–959).

Common Name References

Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp. (Carrapeta-branca, Craca)

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. (Cited also by , and ) (Chinese Wax Scale)

Llorens Climent, J.M. 1990. [Scale insects and their biological control.] Homoptera I, Cocchinillas de los cítricos y su control biológico. Alicante, Spain : Pisa Ediciones 260 pp. (Caparreta Blanca)

Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. & Broadley, R.H. 1997. Citrus Pests and their Natural Enemies: Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Brisbane, Australia : State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries, and Horticultural Research and Development Corp. 263 pp. (Cited also by , and ) (Hard Wax Scale)

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