Species Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, 1881

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Species Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, 1881

Cochonilha-cerosa, Donagit Floridit, Escama De Cera, Florida Ceroplastes, Florida Wax Scale, Qenima Floridit, Qenimat Shaava Floridit

Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, J.H. 1881. Report of the Entomologist. Part II. Report on scale insects. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture 1880–1881: 276-349 [331].
Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret, V. 1872. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 9e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 2: 33-46 [38].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Ben-Dov, Y., Matile-Ferrero, D. & Gafny, R. 2000. Taxonomy of Ceroplastes rubens Maskell with description of a related new species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Reunion, including DNA polymorphism analysis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 36(4): 423-433 [424] (synonymy of Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret, 1872)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Mori, N., Pellizzari, G. & Tosi, L., 2001) [42] (female; Italy); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [325] (female; northeastern North America); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [304] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [65] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [18] (female; USA, Florida); (Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C., 1983) [93] (female; Taiwan); (Kawai, S., 1980) [166] (female; Japan); (Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A., 1974) [19] (female; USA); (Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M., 1972) [36] (female; USA, Virginia); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [371] (female; Egypt); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [480] (female; Beardsley); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [451] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Green, E.E., 1909) [277] (female; Ceylon); (Cockerell, T.D.A., 1895) [8] (female; West Indies)

GENERAL

Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto, G. 1969. A new genus of wax scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 27: 210–218, Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Ben-Dov, Y. 1970. A redescription of the Florida wax scale Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 33: 273–277, Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841: 1–85, Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum 36: 57–107, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press, Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp. and by Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp..

BIOLOGY

Balachowsky, A.S. 1933. Sur la biologie de 'Ceroplastes floridensis' Comst. et sur la repartition géographique des Ceroplastes dans la region paléarctique (Hem. Coccidae). Proceedings 5e Congres International d'Entomologie, Paris 1932 5: 79–87 studied and described the biology in southern France. Bodenheimer, F.S. 1951. Citrus entomology in the Middle East with special reference to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Turkey. The Hague : W. Junk 663 pp. discussed the biology and economic importance. Develops two annual generations on Citrus, in Israel (see Ben-Dov, Y. 1976. Phenology of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Homoptera: Coccidae) on citrus in Israel. Phytoparasitica 4: 3–7 and Podoler, H., Dreishpoun, Y. & Rosen, D. 1981. Population dynamics of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera: Coccidae) on citrus in Israel. 1. – A partial life-table. Acta Oecologica 2: 81–91), and in Greece (Argyriou, L.C. & Kourmadas, A.L. 1980. The phenology and natural enemies of Aspidiotus nerii Bouché in central Greece. Fruits 35: 633–638). Two generations per year develop in Queensland, Australia, see Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. & Broadley, R.H. 1997. Citrus Pests and their Natural Enemies: Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Brisbane, Australia : State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries, and Horticultural Research and Development Corp. 263 pp.. Methods for laboratory rearing given by Ben-Dov, Y. 1970. Laboratory rearing of wax scales. Journal of Economic Entomology 63: 1998. Population dynamics on Citrus in Israel studied by Podoler et al. (1981) and by Schneider, B., Podoler, H. & Rosen, D. 1987. Population dynamics of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera: Coccidae), on citrus in Israel. 4. Abundance. Acta Oecologica 8(3): 217–228. Yardeni, A. 1987. Evaluation of wind dispersed soft scale crawlers (Homoptera: Coccidae), in the infestation of a citrus grove in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 21: 25–31 and Yardeni, A. & Rosen, D. 1990. Wind dispersal and pattern of colonization of Ceroplastes floridensis on citrus in Israel. Cracow : Agricultural University Press studied the wind dispersal of crawlers.

SYSTEMATICS

Green, E.E. 1937. An annotated list of the Coccidae of Ceylon, with emendations and additions to date. Ceylon Journal of Science Section B. Zoology and Geology 20: 277–341 suggested that Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret, 1872 was very likely identical with C. floridensis, but since no type material was available, he could not verify the synonymy. Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. concluded that for the sake of stability, it was advisable to retain C. vinsonii, which antedated C. floridensis, as a valid, but unrecognizable species. Ben-Dov, Y., Matile-Ferrero, D. & Gafny, R. 2000. Taxonomy of Ceroplastes rubens Maskell with description of a related new species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Reunion, including DNA polymorphism analysis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 36(4): 423–433 concluded that C. vinsonii should be regarded a Nomen Oblitum and synonymized it with C. floridensis.

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [fig. 6.57], Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp., Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp., Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.]. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan : Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute 98 pp..

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A major citrus pest in Israel (see Bodenheimer, F.S. 1951. Citrus entomology in the Middle East with special reference to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Turkey. The Hague : W. Junk 663 pp. and Ben-Dov, Y. 1976. Phenology of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Homoptera: Coccidae) on citrus in Israel. Phytoparasitica 4: 3–7. A pest of many ornamentals in U.S.A. (see Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841: 1–85). Peleg, B.A. & Gothilf, S. 1981. Effect of the insect growth regulators Diflubenzuron and Methoprene on scale insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 74: 124–126 and Eisa, A.A., El-Fatah, M.A., El-Nabawi, A. & El-Dash, A.A. 1990. Inhibitory effects of some insect growth regulators on developmental stages, fecundity and fertility of the Florida Wax Scale, Ceroplastes floridensis. Phytoparasitica 19: 49–55 studied the adverse effects of several insect growth regulators on this pest. Peleg, B.A. 1987. Resistance of adult Florida wax scale to commercial formulations of Carbaryl. Alon Hanotea 41: 601–603 reported on resistance to commercial formulation of carabaryl in Israel. Yardeni, A. & Shapira, E. 1995. Thinning populations of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Coccidae), by use of potassium nitrate and spray oil, as an option in IPM of citrus groves in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 271–276 proposed and applied a control method of the scale by thinning its population using a nutritional spray of 4% potassium nitrate with 2% spray oil.