Family CLIONAIDAE d'Orbigny, 1851

Museums

Regional Maps

• Clionaidae Bouchet, P. & Rützler, K. 2006. Case 3211. Clionidae d'Orbigny, 1851 (Porifera, Hadromerida): emended to Clionaidae to remove homonymy with Clionidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca, Pteropoda). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 63(1): 51-53 [emendation of Clionidae d'Orbigny, 1851].
• Clionidae d'Orbigny, A.C.V.D. [1849-1852] 1851. Cours élémentaire de paléontologie et de géologie stratigraphiques. Paris : Victor Masson, 2 parts in 1 volume; atlas pls 1-17. [preoccupied by Clionidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda)].
• Clioniadae Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [lapsus].
• Spirastrellidae Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [490].

Diagnosis

Hadromerida with limestone-excavating capability, having tylostyles as principal megascleres, in some genera accompanied by oxeas or styloid modifications. Microscleres may be absent entirely or in some specimens or populations. If present, they include spirasters, amphiasters, microxeas, microrhabds, or raphides; some spirasters display secondary branching of spines, microrhabds may be smooth or microspined, straight, bent, or spiral.

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA
(1) Sponges excavating chambers in limestone substrates, with ostial and oscular papillae remaining at the surface (alpha stage), or forming continuous encrustations (beta stage), or masses (gamma stage) that grow beyond the original substrate piece; without specialized aquiferous structures except, in some species, the original papillae --- 2
Sponges massive, without endolithic chambering in the adults, with specialized aquiferous morphology -------------- 7

(2) Spicules include oxeas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Spicules do not include oxeas ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

(3) Oxeas are spiny microxeas, located in the chambers (criss-cross fashion), and are accompanied by straight or sinuous spiny microrhabds -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pione
Oxeas are smooth and form a palisade in the papillae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

(4) Spiculation is restricted to tylostyles and oxeas, no microscleres ----------------------------------------------- Volzia
Spiculation includes spirasters in addition to tylostyles and oxeas ------------------------------------------- Clionaopsis

(5) Microscleres are raphides or spirasters, or missing altogether; spirasters may include diplastrose modifications or have lost spines entirely (sinuous microstrongyles) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Cliona
Microscleres are amphiasters or euasters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

(6) Microscleres are two types of amphiasters: stout, smooth, nodulose, and thin-rayed with terminal branching ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cliothosa
Microscleres are microspined amphiasters and smooth, thin-rayed oxyasters ----------------------------------- Thoosa

(7) Sponges irregularly massive, with cribiporal chones and simple but often multiple oscula ------ Spheciospongia
Sponges form large, branched, antler-like inhalant fistules and amorphous endopsammic masses with
exhalant stolons ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cervicornia

Diagnosis References

Rützler, K. 2002. Family Clionaidae D'Orbigny, 1851. pp. 173-185 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [173]

General References

Bavestrello, G., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Sarà, M. 1997. Alectona species from north-western Pacific (Demospongiae: Clionidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78(1): 59-73

Bergquist, P.R. 1978. Sponges. London : Hutchinson 268 pp. 12 pls 81 figs 15 tables.

Brien, P., Lévi, C., Sarà, M., Tuzet, O. & Vacelet, J. 1973. Spongiaires. pp. 1-716 485 figs in Grassé, P.P. (ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Paris : Masson et Cie Vol. 3(1).

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Hofman, C.C. & Kielman, M. 1992. The excavating sponges of the Santa Marta area, Colombia, with description of a new species. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 61(4): 205-217

Risk, M.J., Samarco, P.W., Edinger, E.N. 1995. Bioerosion in Acropora across the continental shelf of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 14: 79-86

Rosell, D. & Uriz, M.J. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships within the excavating Hadromerida (Porifera), with a systematic revision. Cladistics 13: 349-366

Rützler, K. 2002. Family Clionaidae D'Orbigny, 1851. pp. 173-185 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1.

Rützler, K. & Stone, S.M. 1986. Discovery and significance of Albany Hancock's microscope preparations of excavating sponges (Porifera: Hadromerida: Clionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 99(4): 658-675

History of changes