Family BUPRESTIDAE Leach, 1815
Compiler and date details
2013-14 - ABRS (addition of plant associates from Bellamy et al. 2013)
2006 - ABRS, genus Castiarina updated, following Barker (2006)
2002 - C.L. Bellamy, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA (Bellamy, C.L., 2002)
- Bupresti Leach, W.E. 1815. Entomology. pp. 57-172 in Brewster (ed.). The Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Edinburgh : William Blackburn Vol. 9(1) 764 pp. [reprint 1830] [85].
Type genus:
Buprestis Linnaeus, 1758.
Introduction
The family Buprestidae is the eighth largest family of beetles in the world with approximately 14,700 species found in all biogeographical regions from the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere to many distant islands in the Pacific ocean. This Catalogue of the buprestids found in Australia documents four subfamilies, 24 tribes, 37 subtribes, 77 genera and 1205 species.
First proposed as Bupresti by Leach (1815), the more modern concepts of the family developed with Eschscholtz (1829), Laporte (1835) and Lacordaire (1857), thereafter followed by Kerremans (1893), Théry (1929), Obenberger (1926-1937), Cobos (1980) and Bellamy (1986). The extremes of dividing the family into subfamilies are found in the classification of Théry (1929) which recognized only two subfamilies for Australia: Buprestinae and Chalcophorinae, and that of Cobos (1980) which split the world fauna into 13 subfamilies and which was followed by Bellamy (1986) for the Australian fauna.
The structure of the classification in this section of the Catalogue follows that proposed by Holynski (1993) with a reduced system of subfamilies, tribes and subtribes although the particular order of the taxa and the reintroduction of the Chalcophorinae is from the recent work of Volkovitsh (2001). This differs from the traditional system used by Théry in Carter's checklist (1929) and that used in the last world catalogue by Obenberger (1926-1937). Formal species-aggregates have been proposed by various authors in the genera Calodema, Castiarina, Metaxymorpha and Temognatha. However, since Castiarina and Temognatha await complete revisions and since the species-groups presently defined therein do not contain all species placed in those genera, a note has been added to the available species name qualification indicating the species group membership, if defined. For the genera Calodema and Metaxymorpha, the aggregate category has been used.
A complete summary of the higher classification is given by Bellamy (2002). In the Catalogue, taxa are arranged in alphabetical order because of the ease of use of a self-indexing text.
While Holynski argued for a four subfamily system by including the Schizopodinae, the Polycestinae and Chalcophorinae are here treated at the subfamily level due to a combination of both adult and larval character states that support such a rank and this was tested cladistically by Bellamy & Westcott (1996) and supported recently by Kolibác (2001) and Volkovitsh (2001).
Several genera of Australian Buprestidae have had such a tortuous taxonomic history that the listings herein are likely to change whenever modern revisionary studies are completed. For now, the Catalogue reflects a synopsis of the last systematic studies of these respective taxa as well as the checklist of Carter (1929), the slightly earlier critique of Carter by Obenberger (1928, pp. 50-79: II. Meine Antwort an Herrn H. J. Carter), the catalogue volumes of Obenberger (1926-1937) and the last opinion published by Carter (1940). Simply stated, the author of this section of the Catalogue does not necessary accept the complete synonymies proposed for several genera. It is not certain that they were based on contemporary methods of type specimen comparison and far too many decisions appear to have been made solely from the literature and were negatively affected by the polemics of those active in the debates, i.e. Carter, Obenberger and Théry. The genera most in need of a fresh revisionary perspective are Anilara Saunders, Bubastes Laporte & Gory, Melobasis Laporte & Gory, Neocuris Saunders and Temognatha Solier.
One aspect that has bedeviled the taxonomy of Australian jewel beetles has been the long controversy about the authorship of taxa first proposed in the privately published pamphlet of Hope (1836). Most of Hope's names appeared again in Saunders (1868) revision, which led to a confusion of authorship listed in the sequential catalogues of Gemminger & Harold (1869) and Saunders (1871). Obenberger, in his catalogue volumes (1926-1937), continued to cite Hope as the author. Carter (1945) proposed that Hope's publication be formally supressed which was supported, and apparently accepted, by Jordan (1945). Thereafter, Obenberger (1956) attempted to resurrect his opinion by simply reprinting a facsimile of Hope's paper. For the purposes of current taxonomy in the Catalogue, the names first published in Hope's privately published paper are ignored; neither listed as unavailable nor as synonyms.
A final aspect of confusion comes from the volumes and authorship of the Monograph des Buprestides by F. L. de Laporte, Comte de Castelnau and H. L. Gory (1835-1841). In the first two volumes, these authors shared authorship of the many genus and species taxa described and discussed therein. In the final volume, volume 4, Gory alone authored the taxa. A discussion about the correct dates and order of authorship was presented by Nelson & Bellamy (1994).
One perhaps redundant caveat to be mentioned here is that the concepts of past authors, obviously several of whom differed substantially in their concepts and opinions, result herein in a synthesis of previously published taxonomy and synonymy. The synonymies listed in this volume are not my opinion, but that which I have found in the literature. Considering the number of genera awaiting modern revisionary studies, many synonymies may be found to be incorrect as listed here; all modern studies should verify the validity of all species names by the examination of all types and as many specimens as possible. The purpose of this catalogue is to summarize what is known, not to revise the entire systematics of Australian Buprestidae.
Distribution
The picture presented herein on distribution is very incomplete. French (1890) wrote an early essay on the subject and Whitlock (1947) published an account of the species from Western Australia. Many recent papers have helped fill in some of the picture for many species, but a complete account such as that done by Burns & Burns (1992) for Victoria, will take similar efforts to compile records from widely separated specimens. The very recent work by Cowie (2001) provides the most complete summary of records for species known from Tasmania.
Local Distribution
A few papers have provided an account of buprestid species from regions, districts or parks. Among these are Hawkeswood (1978) on the Blue Mountains, NSW; Hawkeswood (1990a) on the Townsville district, northern Queensland; Hawkeswood (1991) on the lower Blue Mountains, NSW; Hawkeswood (1993) on the Armidale, NSW; Turner & Hawkeswood (1994) Kanangra-Boyd National Park, NSW; Williams (1977) for East Minto, NSW; and Williams & Williams (1983) for the Sydney Basin, NSW. The work by Williams (1993) on eastern rainforest habitats discussed local distribution in this habitat; this book was reviewed by Bellamy (1994). The very recent field guide by Cowie (2001) lists records for all species known to occur in Tasmania.
Extracontinental Relationships
The obvious areas where certain taxa have radiated to or from are basically six-fold: 1) extracontinental islands within the Australasian biogeographic Region; 2) the islands from the Oceanic region; 3) elements from the Indo-Oriental region; 4) elements with a Gondwanan distribution now separated between Australasia and the Neotropical Regions; 5) those from a general Old World tropical distribution; and 6) elements from the few truly cosmopolitan lineages.
1. Extra-continental Australasia
Only two buprestid species apparently occur naturally in New Zealand habitats, both of which are from Australian lineages, i.e. Nascioides (see Williams 1987) and Maoraxia (see Bellamy & Williams 1985). Taxa that have radiated to New Caledonia include Prospheres (see Levey 1978), Astraeus (see Barker 1975), Nascioides (unpublished new species), Melobasis, and Maoraxia (see Bellamy 1991). Additional taxa are present in New Guinea: Calodema (see Sainval & Lander 1993, 1994), Castiarina (see Nylander 2001a), Cyphogastra, Metataenia and Metaxymorpha (see Nylander 2001b).
2. Oceania
The southern Polynesian islands appear to be the centre of distribution for Paracupta, which may have radiated from Australasia before diverging into niches not occupied by other chrysochroines or chalcophorines. Maoraxia and Sambus also occur in both Fiji and Tonga.
3. Indo-Oriental
The recently described species of Toxoscelus from northern Australia connect to this genus from India through Indonesia. Melobasis extends up as far as the Malayasian peninsula.
4. Neotropical connection
The relationship of the stigmoderine genera has been discussed several times in the past. The most recent and most thorough was by Gardner (1989). Holynski (1988) combined the Australian Nascio and Nascioides with the Patagonian Pterobothris into the Nascionina although this has been reversed by the more recent opinions of Volkovitsh (2001).
5. Old World Tropical
The large genus Sambus is present in tropical Africa, Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea, some larger islands east of New Guinea as far as Fiji and has even radiated to Japan.
6. Cosmopolitan lineages
The large genera Chrysobothris and Agrilus are found in all major biogeographic regions.
Oviposition behaviour
The structure of the ovipositor was singled out as an important aut- or synapomorphic character state by Bellamy (1988b) for the Australian Coraebini and by Gardner (1989) for the Stigmoderini. The literature on oviposition was briefly reviewed in an interesting paper by Peterson (1996).
Immature life stage descriptions
The large majority of Australian jewel beetles are unknown for any of the immature stages. Larval descriptions for some species are known from several recent works: Bellamy (1988b), Levey (1978) and Volkovitsh & Hawkeswood (1987, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1999). Barker (1989) described and figured the egg of Astraeus pygmaeus. Life histories were published by Froggatt (1893, 1894, 1895). Gall-making in buprestids was discussed by Froggatt (1892).
Pollination by jewel beetles
Any group that is so strongly associated with flowers must obviously have a role in pollination. Some recent references that discuss specifics of this, and that give additional host records, are by Hawkeswood (1990b), Williams (1995) and Williams & Adam (1994, 1998).
Host associations
There are a number of relatively recent papers that account for much of what is known about jewel beetle host plants, both adult and larval hosts. Many more unpublished records exist as anecdotal information, known by contemporary workers and collectors, and it would be helpful to have as much of these data published so that more of the biology of these fascinating animals could be shared more widely. In some of the papers listed below, or included in the Catalogue, host records for adults or larvae have been given but for which specific identification could not be made due to taxonomic confusion in the respective genera; eventually those records and specimens will be rectified and more biological information will be available. Some of the biological papers are those by Brooks (1948a, 1948b, 1965, 1969), Froggatt (1892, 1893, 1894, 1895), Hadlington & Gardner (1959), Hawkeswood (1986, 1988), Webb (1993), Williams (1977, 1985) and Williams & Williams (1983). The paper by Hawkeswood & Peterson (1982) was a thorough summary of larval/host records to that date.
Species of Buprestidae that are associated with the rainforests, and fragments thereof, from eastern Australia were noted by Brooks (1948a, 1948b, 1965, 1969) and Williams (1993). Froggatt (1927) discussed native buprestid species and introduced trees.
Of note with some of the more recent papers presenting biological and host association notes and records is the fact that for some genera, the taxonomy is so old and confused that names associated with various plants and hosts must be used with some degree of skepticism. The authors of these notes papers were working with what was and is available, mostly original descriptions and old, and likely incorrect, revisionary studies. Once the necessary revisions are complete and available, some of these host records can be reassigned to modern species concepts. This is particularly true for the genera Anilara, Bubastes, Cisseis, Curis, Germarica, Melobasis, Notographus and Pseudanilara.
Fossil Australian Buprestidae
Two fossil genera and four fossil species of Australian jewel beetles are listed here for completeness but, as they are not extant species, have not been placed within the Catalogue. Mesostigmodera Etheridge & Olliff (1890) is represented by a single species: typica Etheridge & Olliff (1890) from New South Wales. Lobites Tillyard & Dunstan (1923) is represented by three species: granulatus Tillyard & Dunstan, trivittatus Tillyard & Dunstan and tuberculatus Tillyard & Dunstan, all from Queensland.
Popular Accounts
These beautiful beetles have been frequently the subject of articles in popular or general wildlife and nature periodicals in Australia. Some of these are by Hanlon (1982), Hawkeswood (1980, 1987), Knowles (1984), and Sundholm & Catford (1982). The general works by Tepper (1887), Matthews (1985), and Lawrence & Britton (1991, 1994) will be of interest as well.
General Accounts with Colour Illustrations
Many older descriptive works often included colour lithographs to illustrate more lifelike habitus figures. Many Australian jewel beetles have been illustrated in colour in the general buprestid literature, e.g. Géhin (1855), Laporte & Gory (1836-1837), Gory & Laporte (1837-1839), Gory (1840) and Kerremans (1907, 1908, 1909). The checklist of Carter (1929) featured two colour plates, that by McMillan (1952) had one, and recently many of the descriptive papers by Barker included colour paintings of new species of Castiarina. Works with colour plates or photographs that include Australian buprestids include Akiyama & Ohmomo (2000, reviewed by Bellamy 2001); Carnaby (1987); Cowie (2001); Hawkeswood (1987, reviewed by Bellamy 1988a); Lawrence & Britton (1994, reviewed by Bellamy 1995); and Lawrence et al. (1999, reviewed by Bellamy 2000).
General References
Barker, S. 1975. Revision of the genus Astraeus Laporte & Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 99(9): 105-142
Barker, S. 1989. Contributions to the taxonomy of Australian Buprestidae (Coleoptera): new species of Astraeus and Stigmodera (Castiarina) and a key to Astraeus (s.s.). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 113(4): 185-194
Bellamy, C.L. 1986. The higher classification of Australian Buprestidae, with the description of a new genus and species (Coleoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology 34: 583–600
Bellamy, C.L. 1988a. The classification and phylogeny of the Australian Coroebini, Bedel, with a revision of the genera Paracephala, Meliboeithon and Dinocephalia (Coleoptera: Buprestridae: Agrilinae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 2: 413–453
Bellamy, C.L. 1988b. Review of: Hawkeswood, T. J. 1987. Beetles of Australia, Angus & Robertson Publ., 248 pp. The Coleopterists Bulletin 42(3): 262
Bellamy, C.L. 1991. Further review of the genus Maoraxia Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 5: 457-468
Bellamy, C.L. 1994. Review of: Williams, G. 1994. Hidden Rainforests: Subtropical Rainforests and their Invertebrate Diversity. The Coleopterists Bulletin 48(4): 309
Bellamy, C.L. 1995. Review of: J. F. Lawrence and E. B. Britton. 1994. Australian beetles. The Coleopterists Bulletin 49(1): 28
Bellamy, C.L. 2000. Software Review of: Lawrence, J.F., A.M. Hastings, M.J. Dallwitz, T.A. Paine and E.J. Zucher. 1999. Beetles of the World: A key and information system for families and subfamilies and Beetle Larvae of the World. The Coleopterists Bulletin 54(3): 409-410
Bellamy, C.L. 2001. Review of: Akiyama, K. & S. Ohmomo. 2000. The Buprestid Beetles of the World. Iconographic Series of Insects 4. The Coleopterists Bulletin 54(4): 532
Bellamy, C.L. 2003. An annotated summary of the higher classification of the superfamily Buprestoidea. Folia Heyrovskyana, Supplementum 10: 1–197
Bellamy, C.L., Williams, G.A., Hasenpusch, J. & Sundholm, A. 2013. A summary of the published data on host plants and morphology of immature stages of Australian jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), with additional new records. Insecta Mundi 0293: 1-172
Bellamy, C.L. & Westcott, R.L. 1996. The phylogenetic placement of two new genera and species of Buprestidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico. Journal of Natural History 30: 229-245
Bellamy, C.L. & Williams, G.A. 1985. A revision of the genus Maoraxia with a new synonym in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). International Journal of Entomology 27(1-2): 147-161
Brooks, J.G. 1948a. Some North Queensland Coleoptera and their food plants. North Queensland Naturalist 15(87): 26-29
Brooks, J.G. 1948b. Some North Queensland Coleoptera and their food plants. North Queensland Naturalist 16(89): 6-7
Brooks, J.G. 1965. North Queensland Coleoptera - their food and host plants. III. North Queensland Naturalist 32(138): 29-30
Brooks, J.G. 1969. North Queensland Coleoptera - their food and host plants. IV. North Queensland Naturalist 36: 3-5
Burns, G.G. & Burns, A.J. 1992. The distribution of Victorian jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) - an ENTRECS project. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Victoria 5: 1-53
Carter, H.J. 1929. A check list of the Australian Buprestidae. With tables and keys to sub-families, tribes, and genera (by A. Théry). The Australian Zoologist 5(4): 265-304 [Date published 24 Mar 1929]
Carter, H.J. 1940. Australian Buprestidae and the Junk Catalogue. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 6: 380-389
Carter, H.J. 1945. Proposal that the pamphlet entitled "Buprestidae" privately and anonymously issued by Hope (F.W.) in 1836 should be suppressed for nomenclatural purposes. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 1: 117-118
Cobos, A. 1980. Ensayo sobre los géneros de la subfamilia Polycestinae (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) (Parte I). EOS. Revista Española de Entomología 54: 15-94
Cowie, D. 2001. Jewel Beetles of Tasmania. Hobart : Tasmanian Field Naturalists' Club Inc. 41 pp.
Eschscholtz, J.F. 1829. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Theierarten, während des Flottcapitains v. Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die Welt, auf der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Kriegsschlupp Predpriaetië in den Jahren 1823-1826. Zoologischer Atlas 1: 1-17
Etheridge, Jr, R. & Olliff, A.S. 1890. The Mesozoic and Tertiary Insects of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Palaeontology 7: 1-12
French, C.A. 1890. Notes on the geographical distribution of some Australian Buprestidae. Victorian Entomologist 7: 34-37
Froggatt, W.W. 1893. Gall-making buprestids. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 7: 323-326 [Date published 1892]
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Froggatt, W.W. 1927. Native insects and introduced trees. Australian Naturalist 7: 12-14
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Géhin, J.-B. 1855. Coléoptères nouveaux ou peu connus. Première Décade. Buprestiens. Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle (du Département de la Moselle) de Metz 7: 53-65
Hadlington, P. & Gardner, M.J. 1959. Diadoxus erythrurus (White) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), attack of fire-damaged Callitris spp. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 84(3): 325-331
Hanlon, M. 1982. Jewel Beetles. Hemisphere 26(6): 322-326
Hawkeswood, T.J. 1978. Observations on some Buprestidae (Coleoptera) from the Blue Mountains, N.S.W. The Australian Zoologist 19(3): 257-275
Hawkeswood, T.J. 1980. Jewels among the beetles. Wildlife in Australia 17(1): 9-10
Hawkeswood, T.J. 1986. New larval host records for eight Australian jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 3: 173-177
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Hawkeswood, T.J. 1988. A review of larval host records for twelve Australian Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 4: 81-88
Hawkeswood, T.J. 1990a. A survey of the jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from the Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 5: 23-30
Hawkeswood, T.J. 1990b. Insect pollination of Bursaria spinosa (Pittosporaceae) in the Armidale area, New South Wales, Australia. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 5: 67-87
Hawkeswood, T.J. 1991. Additional notes on the jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from the lower Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Victorian Entomologist 21(2): 54-60
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Knowles, D. 1984. Flying Jewels. Geo. Australia's Geographical Magazine 5(4): 46-57
Kolibác, J. 2001. Classification and phylogeny of the Buprestoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 85: 113-184
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History of changes
| Published | As part of group | Action Date | Action Type | Compiler(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 04-Aug-2021 | BUPRESTIDAE Leach, 1815 | 27-May-2022 | MODIFIED | |
| 05-Mar-2019 | BUPRESTIDAE Leach, 1815 | 05-Mar-2019 | MODIFIED | |
| 28-Jan-2014 | BUPRESTIDAE Leach, 1815 | 28-Jan-2014 | MODIFIED | Dr Federica Turco (QM) |
| 12-Feb-2010 | (import) |