• Todiramphus Lesson, R.P. 1827. Description du genre Todiramphe, et de deux espèces d'oiseaux qui le composent. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris 3: 419-422 [420] [gender masculine, see ICZN Art. 30(a)(iii); also as incorrect subsequent spelling, Todirhamphus e.g., by Cabanis, J. & Heine, F. 1860. Museum Heineanum. Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Pt 2. Halberstadt : R. Frantz 175 pp. [publication dated 1859-1860 Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.] (158); Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls (288); Peters, J.L. 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 5 xi 306 pp. (193); Todiramphus sacer Lesson, 1827 also designated as type species by Selby, P.J. 1840. A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub-generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds, arranged according to the Natural System. Newcastle : T. & J. Hodgson 70 pp. (35, no month); for identity of type species, see Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp., cf. Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls].

  Type species:

   Todiramphus sacer Lesson, 1827 by subsequent designation, see Gray, G.R. 1840. A List of the Genera of Birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London : R. & J.E. Taylor viii 80 pp. [Date published Apr 1840: published before Apr.] [10] (=Todiramphus tutus (Gmelin, 1788) (non Alcedo sacra Gmelin, 1788)).

  Secondary source:

   Selby, P.J. 1840. A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub-generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds, arranged according to the Natural System. Newcastle : T. & J. Hodgson 70 pp.; Cabanis, J. & Heine, F. 1860. Museum Heineanum. Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halberstadt : R. Frantz Part 2 175 pp. [publication dated 1859-1860 Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.]; Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls.; Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls.; Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp.; Peters, J.L. 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 5 xi 306 pp.
• Sauropatis Cabanis, J. & Heine, F. 1860. Museum Heineanum. Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halberstadt : R. Frantz Part 2 175 pp. [publication dated 1859-1860 Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.] [158] [described in footnotes, with eleven included species, including Halcyon sancta Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (as sanctus); also as incorrect subsequent spelling, Saupopatis by Mathews, G.M. 1916. List of additions of new sub-species to, and changes in, my "List of the Birds of Australia". Austral Avian Records 3(3): 53–68 (68)].

  Type species:

   Halcyon sancta Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 by subsequent designation, see Sharpe, R.B. 1871. A Monograph of the Alcedinidae: or, family of Kingfishers. London : R.B. Sharpe Vol. 1 lxxi 152 pp. 121 pls. [published between 1868–1871 Mathews, G.M. 1912. Dates of issue of Lear's Illustr. Psittacidae and of the Verhandelingen over de Naturlijke (sic) Geschiedenis.: Land-en Volkenkunde. Austral Avian Records 1: 23–24] [p. xiv, Pt XIV, 1871].

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1916. List of additions of new sub-species to, and changes in, my "List of the Birds of Australia". Austral Avian Records 3(3): 53-68 [Date published 4 Apr 1916].
• Todirhamphus Salvadori, T. 1880. Ornitologia della Papuasia e delle Molucche. Parte Prima. Torino : G.B. Paravia & Co. xii 573 pp. [468] [unjustified emendation of Todiramphus Lesson, 1827, see also Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls (288); Sibley, C.G. & Monroe, B.L., Jr 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New Haven : Yale University Press xxiv 1111 pp.].

  Secondary source:

   Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls.; Sibley, C.G. & Monroe, B.L., Jr 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New Haven : Yale University Press xxiv 1111 pp.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [362] (based on Halcyon chloris (Boddaert, 1783) and H. sancta Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 groupings in Mayr, E. 1941. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. XLVII Notes on the genera Halcyon, Turdus and Eurostopodus. American Museum Novitates 1152: 1–7; Fry, C.H. 1980. The evolutionary biology of kingfishers (Alcedinidae). Living Bird 18: 113–160; White, C.M.N. & Bruce, M.D. 1986. The Birds of Wallacea (Sulawesi, the Moluccas & Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia). An annotated check-list. B.O.U. Check-list No. 7. London : British Ornithologists' Union 524 pp. [Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp. Mathews, G.M. & Iredale, T. 1913. Notes on Billberg's Synopsis Faunae Scandinaviae. Austral Avian Records 2: 33–48])

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Islands of west Pacific, east to New Zealand, Society Ils, Tuamotu and Marquesas, north to Micronesia and Ryukyus, and west through Lesser and Greater Sundas to Philippines and S Asia as far as the Red Sea.

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Lord Howe Island terrestrial & freshwater, Norfolk Island terrestrial & freshwater, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands

Distribution References

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subspecies Arrangement

• Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [363] (based on Peters, J.L. 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 5 xi 306 pp. [207–213], as modified for W Australian populations by Johnstone, R.E. 1983. A review of the Mangrove Kingfisher, Halcyon chloris (Boddaert) in Australia, with a description of a new subspecies from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 11: 25–31)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, NT, Qld, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gascoyne (GAS), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Murchison (MUR), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Northern Territory: N Gulf, N coastal
  • Queensland: N Gulf, NE coastal, NE oceanic
  • Western Australia: N coastal, NW coastal
• Indonesia
  • Irian Jaya
• Papua New Guinea

Oriental Region

• Christmas Island (Aust. Terr.)

Details of nominate subspecies, not present in Australia

Alcedo chloris Boddaert, P. 1783. Table des Planches Enluminéez d'Histoire Naturelle, de M. d'Aubenton. Avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precédé d'une Notice des Principaux Ouvrages Zoologiques enluminées. Utrecht : Boddaert xv 58 + 9 pp. [published Dec. 1783 International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Third edition adopted by the XX General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences. London : International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature xx 338 pp. [Art. 3]] [49] [published without description but available under ICZN Art. 12(b)(1), being based by reference on the Martin-pêcheur à tête verte du Cap de Bonne-Espérance on pl. 783 (Fig. 2) of Daubenton, E.L. 1781. Planches Enluminées d'Histoire Naturelle. In Buffon, G.L. (1770–1786). Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. Paris : l'Imprimerie Royale Vols I–X. [published between as 1765-1781 Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.] (Vol. VIII, p. 66); original material possibly ex W.G. Graaf Bentinck collection, see Stresemann, E. 1952. On the birds collected by Pierre Poivre in Canton, Manila, India and Madagascar (1751–1756). Ibis 94: 499–523 [Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp. Zimmer, J.T. 1926. Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library. Field Museum of Natural History Publications, Zoological Series 16: 1–364 (Pt 1, Publ. 239), 365–706 (Pt 2, Publ. 240) Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B]]].

Type data: holotype (probable) MNHP (ex W.G. Graaf Bentinck coll. per Réaumur Museum?, destroyed?, figured on pl. 783 in Daubenton, E.L. 1781. Planches Enluminées d'Histoire Naturelle. In Buffon, G.L. (1770–1786). Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. Paris : l'Imprimerie Royale Vols I–X. [published between as 1765-1781 Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.].
Type locality: Buru, Moluccas (as Cap de Bon Espérance (=Cape of Good Hope), Africa), see Buffon, G.L. 1786. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. Paris : l'Imprimerie Royale Vol. I–X [published between 1770–1786] (Vol. VIII, p. 67); Hartert, E. 1904. The birds of the South-West Islands Wetter, Roma, Kisser, Letti and Moa. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 174–221 [Mathews, G.M. 1925. The Birds of Australia. Supplements 4 & 5. Bibliography of the Birds of Australia Pts 1 & 2. London : H.F. & G. Witherby viii 149 pp.].

General References

Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Ford, J. 1983. Taxonomic notes on some mangrove-inhabiting birds in Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 10: 381-451 (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Fry, C.H. 1980. The evolutionary biology of kingfishers (Alcedinidae). Living Bird 18: 113-160 (subspecific arrangement and specific limits)

Keast, A. 1957. Variation in the Australian kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 24: 61-72 (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement also most subsequent revisions)

Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. (subspecific arrangement)

Mayr, E. 1949. Artbildung und Variation in der Halcyon-chloris-Gruppe. pp. 55–60 in, Ornithologie als biologische Wissenschaft (Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Erwin Stresemann). Heidelberg : Carl Winter. (subspecific arrangement and specific limits)

Oberholser, H.C. 1919. A revision of the subspecies of the White-collared Kingfisher, Sauropatis chloris (Boddaert). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 55: 351-395 (subspecific arrangement)

Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls. (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Wolters, H.E. 1976. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische Liste mit Verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen Namen. Hamburg : Paul Parey pp. Lief. 2, 81-160. (subspecific arrangement and specific limits)

History of changes

• Sauropatis sordida colcloughi Mathews, G.M. 1916. "Sauropatis sordida colcloughi, subsp. nov.". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 36: 61 [61].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 639925 ♂ adult (G.M. Mathews coll., no. unspecified), Mud Is., Brisbane River, QLD (as Mud Island, near Brisbane)
  Comment: for identification of holotype and type locality, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Central coast of E Australia, north to region of Halifax Bay, QLD, south to mouths of Richmond and Clarence Rivers, NSW—also Fraser and Stradbroke Ils.

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Arboreal, arthropod-feeder, diurnal, estuary, littoral, mangrove, piscivore, sedentary, territorial, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Randomly dispersed, seasonal breeder, in littoral edges of lower estuarine and seaward mangroves, solitary or in dispersed pairs, feeds in pouncing sallies from vantage perches, nests in hollows and arboreal termitaria, both sexes share nidificational duties.

General References

Bell, H.L. 1960. Nesting notes of the Mangrove Kingfisher. The Emu 60: 64-65 (density, nidification)

History of changes

• Sauropatis chloris palmeri Oberholser, H.C. 1919. A revision of the subspecies of the White-collared Kingfisher, Sauropatis chloris (Boddaert). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 55: 351-395 [369].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Sight records of itinerant individuals by Pearson (1966) and Stokes et al. 1987 may be of any of the following regional subspecies in the central and west Indonesian archipelagoes: T. c. azela (Oberholser, 1919) from Enggano Is., T. c. palmeri (Oberholser, 1919) from Java and Bali, or T. c. laubmanniana (Grote, 1933) from southeastern Sumatra, see Peters, J.L. 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 5 xi 306 pp..

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

• Halcyon chloris pilbara Johnstone, R.E. 1983. A review of the Mangrove Kingfisher, Halcyon chloris (Boddaert) in Australia, with a description of a new subspecies from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 11: 25-31 [28].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM A16686 ♀ adult, mouth of Popes Nose Creek, 2 km SW of Point Samson, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Coast of Pilbara, between Balla Balla near Cape Cossigney and North West Cape (Point Cloates).

IBRA

WA: Carnarvon (CAR), Gascoyne (GAS), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Murchison (MUR), Pilbara (PIL), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: NW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Arboreal, arthropod-feeder, diurnal, estuary, littoral, mangrove, piscivore, sedentary, territorial, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Randomly dispersed, seasonal breeder, in estuarine and seaward edges of taller coastal mangroves, solitary or in dispersed pairs, feeds in pouncing sallies from vantage perches.

General References

Johnstone, R.E. 1983. A review of the Mangrove Kingfisher, Halcyon chloris (Boddaert) in Australia, with a description of a new subspecies from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 11: 25-31 (ecology, habitat)

History of changes

• Halcyon sordidus Gould, J. 1842. In Proceedings of meeting of Zoological Society of London, June 14, 1842. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1842: 72 [72] [based on two adults collected by B. Bynoe and figured on pl. 23 in Gould, J. 1848. The Birds of Australia. London : J. Gould Vol. 2 104 pls pp. [Pt 17, Dec. 1844]; for identification of type material, see Stone, W. in Stone, W. & Mathews, G.M. 1913. A list of the species of Australian birds described by John Gould, with the location of the type-specimens. Austral Avian Records 1: 129–180 and Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1957. On some avian types, principally Gould's, in the collection of the Academy. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 109: 123–246; lectotypification effected under ICZN Art. 74(a); type locality often restricted to Cape York, QLD, e.g., by Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171–455 [publication dated Jan. 1912, published 31 Jan.], and Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia Pt 1 Non-passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp.—but precision justified by available information only to north Australian coast between the Kimberley Division and Cape York Peninsula in view of the routes taken by H.M.S. Beagle when the collector Benjamin Bynoe was its surgeon, see Whittell, H.M. 1954. The Literature of Australian Birds: a History and Bibliography of Australian Ornithology. Perth : Paterson Brokensha xi 116 788 pp. (102–107)].

  Type data:

   Lectotype ANSP 21416 unsexed adult (Verreaux cat. no. 666), north coast of Australia.
  Paralectotype(s) ANSP 21417 unsexed adult (Verreaux cat. no. 667).

  Subsequent designation references:

  Stone, W. in Stone, W. & Mathews, G.M. 1913. A list of the species of Australian birds described by John Gould, with the location of the type-specimens. Austral Avian Records 1: 129-180 [Date published 28 Feb 1913].

  Type locality references:

  Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [364].
• Halcyon sordidus cooktowni Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] [289].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 639921 adult ♂ (G.M. Mathews' coll. no. 5867), Cooktown, north QLD
  Comment: for identification of holotype, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.
• Halcyon sordidus melvillensis Mathews, G.M. 1912. Additions and corrections to my Reference List to the Birds of Australia. Austral Avian Records 1(2): 25-52 [Date published 2 Apr 1912] [38] [published anonymously—authorship credited in Austral Avian Rec. 1: 65].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 639908 ♂ adult (G.M. Mathews' coll. no. 10874), Apsley Strait, Melville Is., NT (as Melville Island)
  Comment: for identification of holotype and type locality, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.
• Sauropatis chloris hyperpontia Oberholser, H.C. 1919. A revision of the subspecies of the White-collared Kingfisher, Sauropatis chloris (Boddaert). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 55: 351-395 [386].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 102000 ♀ subadult (ex Tristram coll.), Cape York, QLD or Australia (as Havannah Harbor, Vaté Island, New Hebrides).

  Type locality references:

  Mayr, E. 1931. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. XII Notes on Halcyon chloris and some of its subspecies. American Museum Novitates 469: 1-10 [6]; Peters, J.L. 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 5 xi 306 pp.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [364] (based on Peters, J.L. 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 5 xi 306 pp. [207–213])

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Patchy along coast of N Australia, west to Kimberley Division (Broome), east to E coast of Cape York Peninsula south to region of Halifax Bay, but scarce to absent around Gulf of Carpentaria—also main offshore islands including Melville-Bathurst, Groote Eylandt, Mornington, and islands in Torres Strait.

IBRA

NT, Qld, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Northern Territory: N Gulf, N coastal
  • Queensland: N Gulf, NE coastal
  • Western Australia: N coastal
• Indonesia
  • Irian Jaya
• Papua New Guinea

Ecological Descriptors

Arboreal, arthropod-feeder, diurnal, estuary, littoral, mangrove, piscivore, sedentary, territorial, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Randomly dispersed, seasonal breeder, sedentary in littoral edges of tall, seaward mangroves, solitary or in dispersed pairs, feeds in pouncing sallies from vantage perches, nests in hollows and arboreal termitaria, both sexes share nidificational duties.

General References

Keast, A. 1957. Variation in the Australian kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 24: 61-72 (distribution, movements)

Mayr, E. 1949. Artbildung und Variation in der Halcyon-chloris-Gruppe. pp. 55–60 in, Ornithologie als biologische Wissenschaft (Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Erwin Stresemann). Heidelberg : Carl Winter. (geographic variation)

Miller, R.S. 1937. The Mangrove Kingfisher. The Emu 36: 149-152 pl. 22 (distribution, movements, habitat, hunting, nidification)

Thompson, H.A.F. 1984. The status of kingfishers and their allies (Coraciiformes) in the Darwin area, N.T., 1974 to 1982. Northern Territory Naturalist 7: 18-29 (distribution, habitat, status)

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subspecies Arrangement

• Keast, A. 1957. Variation in the Australian kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 24: 61-72 [68-69] (for breeding Australian populations, and Wolters, H.E. 1976. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische Liste mit Verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen Namen. Hamburg : Paul Parey Lief. 2, 81–160 pp. (121) and Schodde, R., Fullagar, P. & Hermes, N. 1983. A Review of Norfolk Island Birds: Past and Present. Canberra : Aust. Natl Parks Wldlf. Serv. Spec. Publ. 8 viii (un–numbered) 119 pp. [published correction to p. 56] for Norfolk Is. and Lord Howe Is. populations)

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Lord Howe Island terrestrial & freshwater, Norfolk Island terrestrial & freshwater, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Lord Howe Island
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin
  • Norfolk Island
  • Northern Territory: N Gulf
  • Queensland: NE coastal, NE oceanic
  • South Australia: Lake Eyre basin, Murray-Darling basin, S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Western Australia: NW coastal, SW coastal, W plateau
• Indonesia
  • Irian Jaya
• New Zealand
• Papua New Guinea
• Solomon Islands

Oriental Region

• Christmas Island (Aust. Terr.)

General References

Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. (subspecific arrangement)

Fry, C.H. 1980. The evolutionary biology of kingfishers (Alcedinidae). Living Bird 18: 113-160 (subspecific arrangement and specific limits)

Hartert, E. 1930. III. List of the birds collected by Ernst Mayr. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 27-128 (subspecific arrangement)

Hindwood, K.A. 1940. The birds of Lord Howe Island. The Emu 40: 1-86 pl. 1 (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement also subsequent revisions)

Mayr, E. 1944. Timor and the colonization of Australia by birds. The Emu 44: 113-130 (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Peters, J.L. 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Vol. 5 xi 306 pp. (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls. (presenting alternative taxonomic arrangement)

History of changes

• Halcyon norfolkiensis Tristram, H.B. 1885. On two birds from Norfolk Island. Ibis 5 3: 48-49 [49] [also as incorrect subsequent spelling, norfolkensis and attributed to Layard and Tristram by Tristram, H.B. 1889. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds belonging to H.B. Tristram., D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Durham : H.B. Tristram xvi 278 pp. (93), and Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls (271); based on two specimens collected by E.L. Layard in Oct. 1879, cf. Mathews, G.M. 1928. The Birds of Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands and the Australasian South Polar Quadrant with Additions to "The Birds of Australia". London : H.F. & G. Witherby xii 139 pp. pls 1–45; for their identification and deposition, see Warren, R.L.M. 1966. Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1 Non-Passerines. London : British Museum ix 320 pp.; Wagstaffe, R. 1978. Type Specimens of Birds in the Merseyside County Museums. Liverpool : Merseyside County Museums, Merseyside County Council 33 pp.].

  Type data:

   Lectotype LIVCM T. 6527 ♂, Norfolk Is.
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1898.12.2.711 adult.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tristram, H.B. 1889. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds belonging to H.B. Tristram., D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Durham : H.B. Tristram xvi 278 pp. [93].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Presently restricted to main island.

Other Regions

Norfolk Island terrestrial & freshwater

Ecological Descriptors

Arboreal, arthropod-feeder, closed forest, diurnal, littoral, piscivore, sedentary, territorial, volant, woodland.

Extra Ecological Information

Randomly dispersed, seasonal breeder, feeds from forest edge to clearings and sea-shore in pouncing sallies from vantage perches, nests in hollows.

General References

Bassett-Hull, A.F. 1910. The Birds of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 34: 636-693 (nidification)

Mathews, G.M. 1928. The Birds of Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands and the Australasian South Polar Quadrant with Additions to "The Birds of Australia". London : H.F. & G. Witherby xii 139 pp. pls 1-45. (morphology)

Schodde, R., Fullagar, P. & Hermes, N. 1983. A Review of Norfolk Island Birds: Past and Present. Canberra : Aust. Natl Parks Wldlf. Serv. Spec. Publ. 8 viii (un-numbered) 119 pp. (status, ecology)

History of changes

• Halcyon sanctus Vigors, N.A. & Horsfield, T. 1827. A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 170-331 [Date published 17 Feb 1827: publication dated 1826] [206] [first described and illustrated as the Sacred Kingfisher in Phillip, A. 1789. The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay; with an Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson & Norfolk Island compiled from authentic papers. London : J. Stockdale viii x 298 lxxiv pp. 54 pls, and there confused with Alcedo sacra Gmelin, 1788 (=Todiramphus chloris (Boddaert, 1783)), see Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pts 1–5 499 +xii pp. pls 325–370].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1863.7.7.15 imm., New South Wales (as New Holland, but holotype labelled New South Wales)
  Comment: for identification of holotype, see Sharpe, R.B. 1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Picariae. Coraciae (contin.) and Halcyones. London : British Museum Vol. 17 xi 522 pp. XVII pls (269); Sharpe, R.B. 1906. Birds. pp. 79–515 in, The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum. London : British Museum Vol. 2. (415); Warren, R.L.M. 1966. Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1 Non-Passerines. London : British Museum ix 320 pp.
• Alcedo collaris Forster, J.R. 1791. Tagebuch einer Reise nach Neu Süd-Wallis von John White, Esq. Magazin von merkwürdigen neuen Reise Beschreibungen. Berlin : J.R. Forster Vol. 5. [127] [junior homonym of Alcedo collaris Scopoli, 1786 (=Todiramphus chloris (Boddaert, 1783)); based on the Sacred Kingfisher on p. 193 and associated plate in White, J. 1790. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales with Sixty-five Plates of Non descript Animals, Birds, Lizards, Serpents, curious Cones of Trees and other Natural Productions. London : J. Debrett 299 pp. 65 pls [published before Aug.]; later applied by the Forsters to Todiramphus veneratus (Gmelin, 1788), see Sharpe, R.B. 1906. Birds. pp. 79–515 in, The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum. London : British Museum Vol. 2. (182); for further details, see Iredale, T. 1937. J.R. & G. Forster, naturalists. Emu 37: 95–99; Mathews, G.M. 1942. Additions to the list of Australian birds and other notes. Australian Zoologist 10(suppl.): 161–166].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown (lost, figured on pl. opposite p. 193 in White, J. 1790. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales with Sixty-five Plates of Non descript Animals, Birds, Lizards, Serpents, curious Cones of Trees and other Natural Productions. London : J. Debrett 299 pp. 65 pls [published before Aug.]), region of Port Jackson, NSW.
• Halcyon westralasianus Campbell, A.J. 1901. Stray feathers. The Emu 1: 25-26 [25] [proposed conditionally under authorship of initials A.J.C. (= A.J. Campbell), and available under ICZN Art. 15].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown (possibly NMV H.L. White coll. no. 936, ex A.J. Campbell coll.), Vasse, southwest WA.
• Halcyon sanctus ramsayi Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] [289] [basionym cited as Sauropatis sanctus ramsayi Mathews, 1912 by Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. and by Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 639405 ♂ (G.M. Mathews' coll. no. 1298), Parry's Creek, near Wyndham, north WA (as North-West Australia (Parry's Creek))
  Comment: for identification of holotype and type locality, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.
• Halcyon sanctus confusus Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] [289].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 639497 ♂ (G.M. Mathews' coll. no. 5869), Cooktown, north QLD
  Comment: for identification of holotype, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Keast, A. 1957. Variation in the Australian kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 24: 61-72 [68-69]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

All Australia and main offshore islands except rainforests and central and western deserts, shrub steppe and grass plain—accidental trans-Bass Strait visitor to TAS and King Is., frequent passage migrant on Ashmore Reef, and rare transient migrant on Christmas Is., Indian Ocean.

IBRA

NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin
  • Northern Territory: N Gulf
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • South Australia: Lake Eyre basin, Murray-Darling basin, S Gulfs, SE coastal
  • Tasmania
  • Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Western Australia: NW coastal, SW coastal, W plateau
• Indonesia
  • Irian Jaya
• Papua New Guinea
• Solomon Islands

Oriental Region

• Christmas Island (Aust. Terr.)

Ecological Descriptors

Arboreal, arthropod-feeder, diurnal, mangrove, migratory, open forest, piscivore, territorial, volant, woodland.

Extra Ecological Information

Randomly dispersed, seasonal breeder, anuriphagous, lacertiphagous, solitary or in dispersed pairs, feeds in pouncing sallies from mid-height arboreal perches, nests in hollows, both sexes share nidificational duties, breeding summer migrant south of c. 20ºS, present year round in north, fanning out to winter from Torres Strait islands, New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago to Solomons in east and through Lesser and Greater Sundas to Sumatra in west.

General References

Bell, H.L. 1981. Information on New Guinean Kingfishers, Alcedinidae. Ibis 123: 51-61 (extra-Australian wintering status)

Disney, H.J. de S. 1973. Bird in the Hand. Sacred Kingfisher Halcyon sancta. Australian Bird Bander 11: 58-60 (sexual dimorphism, age classes)

Hartert, E. 1930. III. List of the birds collected by Ernst Mayr. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 27-128 [99] (nomenclature)

Keast, A. 1957. Variation in the Australian kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 24: 61-72 (taxonomy distribution)

Lea, A.M. & Gray, J.T. 1935. The food of Australian birds. An analysis of the stomach contents. Part II. The Emu 35: 63-98 (diet)

Lord, E.A.R. 1953. Nesting notes on four species. The Emu 53: 254-258 (nidification)

White, C.M.N. & Bruce, M.D. 1986. The Birds of Wallacea (Sulawesi, the Moluccas & Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia). An annotated check-list. B.O.U. Check-list No. 7. London : British Ornithologists' Union 524 pp. (extra-Australian wintering status)

History of changes

• Alcedo vagans Lesson, R.P. 1828. Manuel d' Ornithologie, ou Description des Genres et des principales Espèces d'Oiseaux. Paris : Roret Vol. 2 448 pp. [89].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MNHP (deposition of type material uncertain: not cited as in MNHP by Pucheran, J. 1853. Etudes sur les types peu connus du Musée de Paris. 6—Passereux syndactyles. Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris 2 5: 385–393), Bay of Islands, North Is., New Zealand (as baie des îles).
• Sauropatis sanctus adamsi Mathews, G.M. 1916. List of additions of new sub-species to, and changes in, my "List of the Birds of Australia". Austral Avian Records 3(3): 53-68 [Date published 4 Apr 1916] [68] [as Saupopatis sanctus adamsi, corrected by Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp.; syntype figured on pl. 18 in Mathews, G.M. 1928. The Birds of Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands and the Australasian South Polar Quadrant with Additions to "The Birds of Australia". London : H.F. & G. Witherby xii 139 pp. pls 1–45].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AMNH 639578–84, 639593, 639595 ♂ adults (G.M. Mathews' coll. nos unspecified), 'The Pines', Lord Howe Is. (as Lord Howe Island); AMNH 639585–86 ♂ imm. (G.M. Mathews' coll. nos unspecified), 'The Pines', Lord Howe Is. (as Lord Howe Island); AMNH 639587–88 ♀ adults (G.M. Mathews' coll. nos unspecified), 'The Pines', Lord Howe Is. (as Lord Howe Island); AMNH 639589–92, 639594 ♀ imm. (G.M. Mathews' coll. nos unspecified), 'The Pines', Lord Howe Is. (as Lord Howe Island)
  Comment: for identification of syntypes and type locality, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1-306.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp.; Mathews, G.M. 1928. The Birds of Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands and the Australasian South Polar Quadrant with Additions to "The Birds of Australia". London : H.F. & G. Witherby xii 139 pp. pls 1-45.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Wolters, H.E. 1976. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische Liste mit Verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen Namen. Hamburg : Paul Parey pp. Lief. 2, 81-160. [121]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

New Zealand and adjacent islands.

Other Regions

Lord Howe Island terrestrial & freshwater, Norfolk Island terrestrial & freshwater

Ecological Descriptors

Arboreal, arthropod-feeder, closed forest, diurnal, littoral, piscivore, sedentary, territorial, volant, woodland.

Extra Ecological Information

Randomly dispersed, seasonal breeder, lacertiphagous, solitary or in dispersed pairs, feeds from forest edge to coral reef in pouncing sallies from vantage perches, nests in hollows, both sexes share nidificational duties, apparently self-introduced from New Zealand in mid 1800s.

General References

Fullagar, P.J., McKean, J.L. & Van Tets, G.F. 1975. Report on the Birds, appendix F. pp. 55-72 in Recher, H.F. & Clark, S.S. (eds). Environmental Survey of Lord Howe Island A report to the Lord Howe Island Board. Sydney : Australian Museum viii 86 pp. (status, ecology)

Hindwood, K.A. 1940. The birds of Lord Howe Island. The Emu 40: 1-86 pl. 1 (status, biology of island population)

Mathews, G.M. 1928. The Birds of Norfolk & Lord Howe Islands and the Australasian South Polar Quadrant with Additions to "The Birds of Australia". London : H.F. & G. Witherby xii 139 pp. pls 1-45. (morphology)

Oliver, W.R.B. 1955. New Zealand Birds. Wellington : A.H. & A.W. Reed 661 pp. 12 pls. (general biology)

History of changes