• Rhizoecidae.

History of changes

• Geococcus Green, E.E. 1902. Three new genera of Coccidae from Ceylon. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 38: 260-263 [262].

  Type species:

   Geococcus radicum Green, 1902 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

ID Keys

(Tang, F.T., 1992) [44] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [38] (female; Central and South America); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [187] (female; Central and South America); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1988) [17] (female; tropical South Pacific region); (Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A., 1987) [4] (female; India); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [35] (female; Australia); (Wang, T.C., 1982) [19] (female; China); (Kawai, S., 1980) [121] (female; species Japan); (Paik, W.H. (ed.), 1978) [(female; South Korea); (Williams, D.J., 1969) [516-517] (female; world); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [44] (female; North America); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [404] (female; Federated States of Micronesia); (Hambleton, E.J., 1946) [12] (female; species world); (Kuwana, S.I., 1923) [50-51] (female; species Japan)

GENERAL

Good definition and characters given by Ferris in Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., De Lotto, G. 1964. Observations on African mealy bugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 14: 343–397, Williams, D.J. 1969. A revision of the genus (Geococcus) Green (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 59: 505–517; Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp., Paik, W.H. (ed.) 1978. Illustrated flora and fauna of Korea. Insecta (VI). [Korea] : Min. Education (Samhwa Publ. Co. Ltd) Vol. 22 481 pp., Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 1. The armoured scales (Diaspididae). London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 290 pp., Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp., Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp. and by Williams, D.J. 1998. Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Entomology Series (London) 67: 1–64. Williams, D.J. 1969. A revision of the genus (Geococcus) Green (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 59: 505–517 revised the genus.

General References

Beardsley, J.W. 1966. Insects of Micronesia. Homoptera: Coccoidea. Insects of Micronesia 6: 377-562 [415] (taxonomy)

Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Andover, UK : Intercept Limited 686 pp. [171] (catalogue)

De Lotto, G. 1964. Observations on African mealy bugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 14: 343-397 [353] (taxonomy)

Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [115] (catalogue)

Ferris, G.F. 1922. Notes on Coccidae – X. (Hemiptera). The Canadian Entomologist 54: 246-248 [247] (taxonomy)

Green, E.E. 1902. Three new genera of Coccidae from Ceylon. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 38: 260-263 [262] (taxonomy)

Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [121] (taxonomy, description)

Kuwana, S.I. 1932. The genus Antonina (Family Coccidae) of Japan. Dobutsugako Zasshi, Tokyo (Journal of the Zoological Society of Japan) 44: 213-219 [50] (taxonomy, description)

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. [44] (taxonomy, description)

Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206 [84] (taxonomy, catalogue)

Paik, W.H. (ed.) 1978. Illustrated flora and fauna of Korea. Insecta (VI). [Korea] : Min. Education (Samhwa Publ. Co. Ltd) Vol. 22 481 pp. (taxonomy)

Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp. [45] (taxonomy, description)

Tao, C.C.C. 1999. List of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of China. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Special Publication No. 78: 1-176 [15] (taxonomy)

Williams, D.J. 1969. A revision of the genus (Geococcus) Green (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 59: 505-517 [505-517] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp. [35, 168] (taxonomy)

Williams, D.J. 1998. Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology) 67: 1-64 [26] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp. [186-187] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2: The mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 260 pp. [85] (taxonomy, description)

Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed.). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp. [148, 158] (taxonomy, description)

History of changes

• Geococcus coffeae Green, E.E. 1933. Notes on some Coccidae from Surinam, Dutch Guiana, with descriptions of new species. Stylops 2: 49-58 [54].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Tang, F.T., 1992) [45] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1988) [85] (female; tropical South Pacific region); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [151] (female; Hawaiian islands)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams, D.J. 1958. Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae: Homoptera) described by W.M. Maskell, R. Newstead, T.D.A. Cockerell and E.E. Green from the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 6: 205–236, Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 1. The armoured scales (Diaspididae). London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 290 pp., Kozarzhevskaya, E.F. 1992. Pests of ornamental plants – armoured scales, soft scales, mealybugs. Moscow : Nauka 358 pp. and by Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp.. Good description of the adult female given by Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp.. Williams, D.J. 1969. A new species of Parlagena McKenzie attacking coconut trees in Trinidad (Hom., Coccoidea, Diaspididae). Bulletin of Entomological Research [1969]: 97–99 discussed the misidentication of this species as Geococcus radicum Green by various authors.

BIOLOGY

Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya, E.F. 1992. Pests of ornamental plants – armoured scales, soft scales, mealybugs. Moscow : Nauka 358 pp.. Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

Common Name References

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. (Cited also by ) (Hemisphaerical Scale)

Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp. (Cochnilha-hemisferica)

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. (Cited also by and ) (Hemispherical Scale)

Llorens Climent, J.M. 1990. [Scale insects and their biological control.] Homoptera I, Cocchinillas de los cítricos y su control biológico. Alicante, Spain : Pisa Ediciones 260 pp. (Caparreta Hemisferica)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Coffee Root Mealybug)

Picart, J.L. & Matile-Ferrero, D. 2000. [Mealybugs in collection greenhouses.] Cochenilles en serres de collections. Phytoma 524: 44-46 (La Cochenille De Serre)

Quezada, J.R., Cornejo, C., Diaz de Mira, A. & Hidalgo, F. 1972. [The main species of insects associated with citrus crops in El Salvador.]. San Salvador, E. Salvador : Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia 49 pp. (Escama Hemisferica)

Samuel, S.D., Balakrishnan, M.M. & Bhat, P.K. 1993. A review on brown scale (Saissetia coffeae) in India. Indian Coffee 57(1–2): 23-24 (Brown Scale)

History of changes

• Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais, J. 1878. Histoire de la cochenille vivant sur les racines des palmiers de la section des seafortha. Exposé des caractères du genre Rhizoecus. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 8: 161-164 [163].

  Type species:

   Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878 by monotypy.
• Ripersiella Tinsley, J.D. in Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Tables for the determination of the genera of Coccidae. The Canadian Entomologist 31: 273-279, 330-333 [278] [junior subjective synonym of Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878].

  Type species:

   Ripersia rumicis Maskell, 1892 by original designation.
• Pararhizoecus Goux, L. 1941. Description d'un Rhizoecus nouveau et de sa larve néonate (!). (Note sur les coccides (Hem. Coccoidea) de la France. 31me note.). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Marseille 1: 197-203 [197] [as subgenus and junior subjective synonym of Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878].

  Type species:

   Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) petiti Goux, 1941 by monotypy.
• Morrisonella Hambleton, E.J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1-77 [16] [junior homonym of Morrisonella Bartsch, 1945].

  Type species:

   Morrisonella poensis Morrison, 1946 by original designation.
• Neorhizoecus Hambleton, E.J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1-77 [40] [junior subjective synonym of Rhizoecus Kunckel d'Herculais, 1878].

  Type species:

   Rhizoecus coffeae Laing, 1925 by original designation.
• Radicoccus Hambleton, E.J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1-77 [47].

  Type species:

   Rhizoecus globosus James, 1935 by original designation.
• Coccidella Hambleton, E.J. 1946. A new name for a mealybug. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 59: 177 [177] [replacement name for Morrisonella Hambleton, 1946].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Ferris, G.F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. v. 6. The Pseudococcidae. (Part 2). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press Vol. 6(2) 506 pp. [426] (synonymy of Coccidella Hambleton, 1946)
• Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206 [147] (synonymy of Pararhizoecus Goux, 1941)
• Hambleton, E.J. 1974. Three new species of Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) from New Zealand, with notes and redescription of others. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1: 147-158 [147] (synonymy of Ripersiella Tinsley in Cockerell, 1899)
• Hambleton, E.J. 1977. Notes on the species of Neorhizoecus Hambleton, a synonym of Rhizoecus Künckel d'Herculais (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 79: 367-376 [367] (synonymy of Neorhizoecus Hambleton, 1946)
• Williams, D.J. 1998. Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology) 67: 1-64 [29] (synonymy of Radicoccus Hambleton, 1946)

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia, Victoria

IBRA

Vic: NSW South Western Slopes (NSS)

ID Keys

(Kosztarab, M., 1996) [194-195] (female; northeastern North America); (Williams, D.J., 1996) [1394] (female; species with large tubular ducts); (Marotta, S., 1995) [120] (female; species Italy); (Tang, F.T., 1992) [44] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [39] (female; Central and South America); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [495-499] (female; Central and South America); (Danzig, E.M., 1988) [696] (female; Far East of the USSR); (Danzig, E.M., 1988) [706] (female; species Far East of the USSR); (Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F., 1988) [141] (female; species Central Europe); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1988) [17] (female; tropical South Pacific region); (Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A., 1987) [4] (female; India); (Cox, J.M., 1987) [85] (female; New Zealand); (Cox, J.M., 1987) [14] (female; New Zealand); (Williams, D.J., 1987) [191-192] (female; species Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [353] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [234] (female; species India); Williams 1985i [624] (female; species occurring on African violet); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [38] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [234] (female; India); (Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig], 1980) [196] (female; Far East Russia); (Kawai, S., 1980) [118] (female; species Japan); (Hambleton, E.J., 1979) [148-149] (female; species U.S.A., Florida); (Hambleton, E.J., 1978) [39-40] (female; species America); (Hambleton, E.J., 1976) [6-10] (female; species world); (Tereznikova, E.M., 1975) [246] (female; Ukraine); (Tereznikova, E.M., 1975) [159] (female; Ukraine & Palaearctic Region); (Hambleton, E.J., 1974) [148] (female; species New Zealand); Hambleton 1973 [63-64] (female; species U.S.A., Florida); (Afifi, S. & Kosztarab, M., 1967) [10] (female; world); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [46] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [371-372] (female; North America); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [404] (female; Federated States of Micronesia); (McKenzie, H.L., 1962) [640] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1962) [671-673] (female; species North America); (Williams, D.J., 1962) [41] (female; Britain); (McKenzie, H.L., 1961) [41-42] (female; species North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1960) [692] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1960) [742-743] (female; species North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [283] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [427] (female; North America); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1949) [87] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1949) [174-175] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Hambleton, E.J., 1946) [16-18, 41, 47-48, 51] (female; world)

GENERAL

Good definition and characters given by Hambleton, E.J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1–77; Hambleton, E.J. 1973. Florida mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus with description of a new species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 75: 62–71; Hambleton, E.J. 1974. Three new species of Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) from New Zealand, with notes and redescription of others. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1: 147–158; Hambleton, E.J. 1976. A revision of the new world mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1522: 1–88; Ferris in Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., Ferris, G.F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, v. 6, The Pseudococcidae (Part II). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press 506 pp., McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp., Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1973. Soft and armored scales (Coccoidea) mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). In Fauna of Armenian SSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armianskoi SSR. Erevan [1973]: 1–246, Tereznikova, E.M. 1975. [Coccids. In, The Fauna of Ukraine.]. Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koi SSR Instituta Zoologicheskogo 20(18): 295, Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1–343, Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 1. The armoured scales (Diaspididae). London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 290 pp., Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp., Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp., Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp.; and by Williams, D.J. 1998. Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Entomology Series (London) 67: 1–64.

General References

Beardsley, J.W. 1966. Insects of Micronesia. Homoptera: Coccoidea. Insects of Micronesia 6: 377-562 [467] (taxonomy)

Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Andover, UK : Intercept Limited 686 pp. [441-442] (catalogue)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1949. Insects Homoptera. suborders mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Family mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Vol. VII. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR 38: 1-382 [174-175] (taxonomy, description)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Some notes on Coccidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1899: 259-275 [265] (taxonomy)

Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed.). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp. [84-85] (taxonomy, description)

Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1-343 [110, 196] (taxonomy, description)

Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [113, 115] (catalogue)

Ferris, G.F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. v. 6. The Pseudococcidae. (Part 2). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press Vol. 6(2) 506 pp. [386, 424, 426] (taxonomy, description)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1957. Adiciones a los cóccidos de España (4a nota). Eos 33: 39-86 [68] (taxonomy, description)

Goux, L. 1941. Description d'un Rhizoecus nouveau et de sa larve néonate (!). (Note sur les coccides (Hem. Coccoidea) de la France. 31me note.). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Marseille 1: 197-203 [197] (taxonomy, description)

Goux, L. 1943. Notes sur les coccides (Hem. Coccoidea) de la France (33me note). Nouvelle contribution à l'étude des Parahizoecus avec description de deux espèces nouvelles et de leur larve néonate. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Marseille 3: 41-55 [41] (taxonomy)

Hambleton, E.J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1-77 [47-48] (taxonomy, description)

Kawai, S. 1972. Diagnostic notes and biology of the coccid species occurring on cultivated or wild trees and shrubs in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the Tokyo-To Agricultural Experiment Station 6: 1-54 [9] (taxonomy)

Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp. [76, 191-192] (taxonomy, description)

Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp. [140-141] (taxonomy, description)

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. [368, 370-372] (taxonomy, description)

Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206 [125, 132, 147, 172] (taxonomy, catalogue)

Russo, A. & Mazzeo, G. 1992. [Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton) and Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) (Homoptera Coccoidea): pest of ornamental plants in Italy.]. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura. Milano II 24(2): 215-221 [216] (taxonomy)

Signoret, V. 1882. Observations sur divers Hemiptères Boisduvalia, Mytilaspis, et Rhyzaecus. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Bulletin 6 2: xxxv-xxxvi [xxxv] (taxonomy)

Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp. [51-52, 53, 64] (taxonomy, description)

Tereznikova, E.M. 1975. [Coccids. In, The Fauna of Ukraine.]. Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koi SSR Instituta Zoologicheskogo 20(18): 295 [246] (taxonomy, description)

Ter-Grigorian, M.A. 1973. Soft and armored scales (Coccoidea) mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). In Fauna of Armenian SSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armianskoi SSR. Erevan [1973]: 1-246 [89-90] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. 1962. The British Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 12: 1-79 [7, 41] (taxonomy)

Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp. [352-353] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. 1998. Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology) 67: 1-64 [28-29] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp. [492, 494-499] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. & Matile-Ferrero, D. 1995. The identity and distribution of the African mealybug Pseudococcus occiduus de Lotto (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae), a species common on coffee, cacao, mango and other economic plants. Revue Française d'Entomologie ns 17(1): 1-4 [1391-1394] (taxonomy)

Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2: The mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 260 pp. [213, 215] (taxonomy, description)

Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed.). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp. [149, 158] (taxonomy, description)

History of changes

• Ripersiella cacticans Hambleton, E.J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1-77 [64].
• Rhizoecus epiphylli Ferris, G.F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. v. 6. The Pseudococcidae. (Part 2). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press Vol. 6(2) 506 pp. [442].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• McKenzie, H.L. 1960. Taxonomic study of California mealybugs with descriptions of new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Hilgardia 29: 681-770 [745] (synonymy of Rhizoecus epiphylli Ferris, 1953)

Distribution

States

South Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Marotta, S., 1995) [120] (female; Italy); (Russo, A. & Mazzeo, G., 1992) [218] (female; Italy); (Tang, F.T., 1992) [54] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [498] (female; Central and South America); (Williams, D.J., 1987) [191] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [353] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [624] (female; species of Rhizoecus on Saintpaulia spp.); (Hambleton, E.J., 1979) [149] (female; U.S.A., Florida); (Hambleton, E.J., 1976) [10] (female; world); (Hambleton, E.J., 1973) [64] (female; U.S.A., Florida); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [371] (female; U.S.A., California); (McKenzie, H.L., 1962) [671] (female; North America); (Williams, D.J., 1962) [43] (female); (McKenzie, H.L., 1961) [42] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1960) [742] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [427] (female; North America); (Hambleton, E.J., 1946) [61] (female; world)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris, G.F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, v. 6, The Pseudococcidae (Part II). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press 506 pp., McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp., Hambleton, E.J. 1976. A revision of the new world mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1522: 1–88, Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier and by Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp.. Good description of the adult female given by Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp..

BIOLOGY

Occurring on the roots of the host plants.

STRUCTURE

Colour photograph given by McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp.. SEM micrograph of wax secretion given by Foldi, I. 1991. The wax glands in scale insects: comparative ultrastructure, secretion, function and evolution (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France ns 27(2): 163–188.

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

May cause extensive damage in greenhouses at the temperate Regions (see Dziedzicka, A. 1990. The characteristic of scale insects (Coccinea) occurring in Polish greenhouses. Part III. Pseudococcidae. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Zool. 32: 29–38; and Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier).

General References

Gonzalez, R.H. & Charlin, R. 1968. [Preliminary notes on the coccoid insects of Chile.] Nota preliminar sobre los insectos cóccoideos de Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología 6: 109-113 [112] (Rhizoecus leucosomus: misidentification)

Common Name References

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. (cited also by ) (Cacticans Mealybug)

History of changes

• Rhizoecus dianthi Green, E.E. 1926. Observations on British Coccidae. – X. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 62: 172-183 [175].
• Rhizoecus eluminatus McKenzie, H.L. 1960. Taxonomic study of California mealybugs with descriptions of new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Hilgardia 29: 681-770 [747].
• Rhizoecus pritchardi McKenzie, H.L. 1960. Taxonomic study of California mealybugs with descriptions of new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Hilgardia 29: 681-770 [749].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hambleton, E.J. 1976. A revision of the new world mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). United States Department of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin 1522: 1-88 [45] (synonymy of Rhizoecus eluminatus McKenzie, 1960)
• Williams, D.J. & Nakahara, S. 1980. Rhizoecus pritchardi McKenzie, a junior synonym of R. dianthi Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 82: 336-337 [336] (synonymy of Rhizoecus pritchardi McKenzie, 1960)

Distribution

States

Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Marotta, S., 1995) [120] (female; Italy); (Tang, F.T., 1992) [54] (female; China); (Williams, D.J., 1987) [192] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [353] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [624] (female; species of Rhizoecus on Saintpaulia spp.); (Hambleton, E.J., 1979) [148] (female; U.S.A., Florida); (Cox, J.M., 1978) [624] (female; New Zealand); (Hambleton, E.J., 1976) [8] (female; world); (Hambleton, E.J., 1973) [64] (female; U.S.A., Florida); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [372] (female; U.S.A., California); (McKenzie, H.L., 1962) [673] (female; North America); (Williams, D.J., 1962) [41] (female); (McKenzie, H.L., 1961) [42] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1960) [743] (female; North America); (Hambleton, E.J., 1946) [17] (female; world)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green, E.E. 1926. Observations on British Coccidae. – X. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 62: 172–183, Williams, D.J. 1962. The British Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 12: 1–79, McKenzie, H.L. 1960. Taxonomic study of California mealybugs with descriptions of new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Hilgardia 29: 681–770, McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp., Cox, J.M. 1978. Revision of the Rhizoecus species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) known from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5: 623–638; Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp. and by Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier. Good description of the adult female given by Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp..

BIOLOGY

Occurring on the roots of its host plants. In California it develops up to six generations per year. Females are ovoviviparous and reproduce parthenogenetically (see McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. and Snetsinger, R. 1966. Biology and control of a root-feeding mealybug on Saintpaulia. Journal of Economic Entomology 59: 1077–1078).

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph of the adult female in McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp..

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A serious pest of African violet in greenhouses in California (see Snetsinger, R. 1966. Biology and control of a root-feeding mealybug on Saintpaulia. Journal of Economic Entomology 59: 1077–1078). A major pest of greenhouse plants in Europe (see Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier).

General References

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. [383] (Rhizoecus cyperalis: misidentification discovered by : 21)

Common Name References

McKenzie, H.L. 1960. Taxonomic study of California mealybugs with descriptions of new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Hilgardia 29: 681-770 (Pritchard Mealybug)

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. (Blind Mealybug)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (African Violet Mealybug)

History of changes

• Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'Herculais, J. 1878. Histoire de la cochenille vivant sur les racines des palmiers de la section des seafortha. Exposé des caractères du genre Rhizoecus. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 8: 161-164 [164].
• Ripersia terrestris Newstead, R. 1895. Observations on Coccidae (No. 12). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 31: 213-214 [213].
• Rhizoecus africanus Brain, C.K. 1915. The Coccidae of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 5: 65-194 [89].
• Rhizoecus decoratus Green, E.E. 1926. Observations on British Coccidae. – X. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 62: 172-183 [177].
• Rhizoecus moruliferus Green, E.E. 1933. Notes on some Coccidae from Surinam, Dutch Guiana, with descriptions of new species. Stylops 2: 49-58 [52].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Lindinger, L. 1935. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schildläuse (Coccidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 49: 121-123 [145] (synonymy of Ripersia terrestris Newstead, 1895)
• Hambleton, E.J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1-77 [53] (synonymy of Rhizoecus africanus Brain, 1915; synonymy of Rhizoecus decoratus Green, 1926)
• Williams, D.J. 1961. Changes in nomenclature affecting some Coccoidea (Homoptera). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 97: 92-93 [93] (synonymy of Rhizoecus moruliferus Green, 1933)

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Marotta, S., 1995) [120] (female; Italy); (Russo, A. & Mazzeo, G., 1992) [218] (female; Italy); (Tang, F.T., 1992) [54] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C., 1992) [496] (female; Central and South America); (Cox, J.M., 1987) [85] (female; New Zealand); (Williams, D.J., 1987) [191] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [353] (female; Australia); (Hambleton, E.J., 1979) [148] (female; U.S.A., Florida); (Cox, J.M., 1978) [624] (female; New Zealand); (Hambleton, E.J., 1976) [7] (female; world); (Hambleton, E.J., 1974) [148] (female; world); (Hambleton, E.J., 1973) [64] (female; U.S.A., Florida); (McKenzie, H.L., 1967) [371] (female; U.S.A., California); (McKenzie, H.L., 1962) [673] (female; North America); (Williams, D.J., 1962) [41] (female); (McKenzie, H.L., 1961) [42] (female; North America); (McKenzie, H.L., 1960) [743] (female; North America); (Ferris, G.F., 1953) [427] (female; North America); (Hambleton, E.J., 1946) [51] (female; world)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris, G.F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, v. 6, The Pseudococcidae (Part II). Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press 506 pp., McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp., Hambleton, E.J. 1976. A revision of the new world mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1522: 1–88, Cox, J.M. 1978. Revision of the Rhizoecus species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) known from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5: 623–638; Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp., Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier and by Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. London, England : CAB International Institute of Entomology 635 pp.. Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley, J.W. 1962. Descriptions and notes on male mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 28: 81–98. Good description of the adult female given by Tang, F.T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Taigu, Shanxi, China : Shanxi Agricultural University 768 pp..

BIOLOGY

Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

STRUCTURE

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. provided a colour illustration of the adult female and its habitat.

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A pest of ornamental plants in various parts of the world (see Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp. and Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In, Rosen, D. (ed). Armoured Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier).

Common Name References

McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Cooccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press 526 pp. (Ground Mealybug)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Root Mealybug)

History of changes

• Rhizoecus sphagni Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp. [357].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, Strathbogie Ranges, Victoria.
  Paratype(s) WARI ♀ (same data as holotype); BMNH ♀ (same data as holotype).

  Type host:

   Sphagnum sp. [SPHAGNACEAE]

Distribution

States

Victoria

IBRA

Vic: NSW South Western Slopes (NSS)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Williams, D.J., 1987) [192] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [357] (female; Australia)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp..

History of changes

• Ripersiella Tinsley, 1899.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

IBRA

Vic: South East Coastal Plain (SCP)

History of changes

• Rhizoecus cobelopus Williams, D.J. 1987. Rhizoecus (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) from Australia with a description of a new species damaging garden plants in Victoria. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 48: 191-194 [192].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV T-8908 ♀ (on roots of various garden plants; collected 22 May 1985), Victoria, Nunawading, 20km E.of Melbourne.
  Paratype(s) NMV T-8909 - T-8913 5 ♀, same data as Holotype; NMV T-8914-T-8917 4 ♀ (collected 1 Jan 1985), same data as Holotype; BMNH no register number given 4 ♀ (collected 1 Jan 1985), same data as Holotype.

Generic Combinations

• Ripersiella cobelopus (Williams, 1987). —
  Kozar, F., Konczné Benedicty, Z. 2003. Description of four new species from Australian, Austro-oriental, New Zealand and South Pacific regions (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae, Rhizoecinae), with a review, and a key to the species Ripersiella. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura. Milano 35(3): 225-239 [236]

Distribution

States

Victoria

IBRA

Vic: South East Coastal Plain (SCP)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Williams, D.J., 1987) [192] (female; Australia)

BIOLOGY

Occurring on the roots of its host plants.

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female female given by Williams, D.J. 1987. Rhizoecus (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) from Australia with a description of a new species damaging garden plants in Victoria. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 48: 191–194.

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

Recorded as damaging the root systems of its host plants (see Williams, D.J. 1987. Rhizoecus (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) from Australia with a description of a new species damaging garden plants in Victoria. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 48: 191–194).

History of changes

• Ripersia rumicis Maskell, W.M. 1892. Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species, and remarks on coccids from New Zealand, Australia and elsewhere. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 24: 1-64 [dated 1891] [37].

  Type data:

   Holotype NZAC ♀, NEW ZEALAND: Reefton district.

  Type host:

   Rumex acetosella [POLYGONACEAE]

Generic Combinations

• Ripersiella rumicis (Maskell, 1892). —
  Kozar, F., Konczné Benedicty, Z. 2003. Description of four new species from Australian, Austro-oriental, New Zealand and South Pacific regions (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae, Rhizoecinae), with a review, and a key to the species Ripersiella. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura. Milano 35(3): 225-239 [237]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Cox, J.M., 1987) [85] (female; New Zealand); (Williams, D.J., 1987) [191] (female; Australia); (Williams, D.J., 1985) [353] (female; Australia); (Cox, J.M., 1978) [624] (female; New Zealand); (Hambleton, E.J., 1974) [148] (female; world); (Hambleton, E.J., 1946) [60] (female; world)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams, D.J. & Boer, J.A. de. 1973. The taxonomy of some New Zealand Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 125: 227–252, Hambleton, E.J. 1973. Florida mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus with description of a new species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 75: 62–71, Williams, D.J. 1985. Australian Mealybugs. London : British Museum (Natural History) 431 pp. and by Cox, J.M. 1978. Revision of the Rhizoecus species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) known from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5: 623–638; Cox, J.M. 1987. Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). In, Duval, C.T. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand : DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre Vol. 11 229 pp..

BIOLOGY

Living on grass roots.

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Grassroot Mealybug)

History of changes