• Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1866. Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Georgofili ns 13: 115-137; App. 138-146 [146].

  Type species:

   Coccus vitis Linnaeus, 1758 by monotypy.
• Calittico Costa, A. 1844. Descrizione di una novelle specie di cocciniglia del genere Calittico, Cos. che vive sopra il Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme. Annali dell'Accademia degli Aspiranti Naturalisti, Napoli 22: 273-276 [273] [Costa (1844) presented observations on a soft scale insect, which he found on Mesembryanthemum acanaciforme at Posilipo Beach near Napoli, to which he referred as Calittico sp. Signoret, V. 1869. Quelques observations sur les cochenilles connues sous le nom de Pou à poche blanche qui ravagent les plantations de cannes à sucre à l'Ile Maurice et à l'Ile de la Réunion. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 4 9: 93–96 (861) named the species Calypticus mesembrianthemi Costa. Although Calittico antedated Pulvinariella it was regarded by Ben-Dov (1993) as an objective synonym of Pulvinariella, which is a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria].

  Type species:

   Calittico mesembrianthemi Costa, 1844 by subsequent designation, see Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. [290].

  Secondary source:

   Signoret, V. 1869. Quelques observations sur les cochenilles connues sous le nom de Pou à poche blanche qui ravagent les plantations de cannes à sucre à l'Ile Maurice et à l'Ile de la Réunion. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 4 9: 93-96.
• Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius, N.S. 1952. New genera and species of soft scales of the family Coccidae (=Lecaniidae) of the USSR fauna and adjacent countries (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea). Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 12: 269-316 [299].

  Type species:

   Coccus floccifera Westwood, 1870 by original designation.
• Eupulvinaria Borchsenius, N.S. 1953. New genera and species of scale insects of the family Coccidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie (English translation as Entomological Reviews) 33: 281-290 [288].

  Type species:

   Eupulvinaria peregrina Borchsenius, 1953 by original designation.
• Saccharipulvinaria Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Taiwan Museum 36: 57-107 [85] [the genus Saccharipulvinaria Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983, was established with Pulvinaria iceryi Signoret as the type species. However, their illustration of the type species is clearly not P. iceryi, but of P. elongata Newstead (see Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp.; Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp.). Until the exact status of Saccharipulvinaria will be evaluated, within a complete revision of the grass-inhabiting group of Pulvinariini species, the genus is here regarded a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria].

  Type species:

   Coccus iceryi Signoret, 1869 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp.; Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Borchsenius, N.S. 1980. *** Reference not found. ***. [260] (Eupulvinaria Borchsenius, 1953 as a subgenus of Pulvinaria)
• Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. [63] (synonymy of Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius, 1952)

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

ID Keys

(Jansen, M.G.M., 2000) [2-3] (female; Netherlands); (Granara de Willink, M.C., 1999) [26] (female; Argentina); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [375] (female; northeastern North America); (Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J., 1992) [(female; Australia); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [225-226, 234, 252] (female; China)

GENERAL

Good definition and charactesr by Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493, Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp., Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp., Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp. and by Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183.

General References

Ali, S.M. 1971. A catalogue of the Oriental Coccoidea. (Part V) (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea) (with an index). Indian Museum Bulletin 6: 7-82 [46-50] (taxonomy)

Almeida, D.M. de 1973. Coccoidea de Angola. 1– Revisao das especies conhecidas. Boletim do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica de Angola, Luanda 10: 1-23 [6] (taxonomy)

Ashmead, W.H. 1891. A generic synopsis of the Coccidae. Family X. – Coccidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of America 18: 92-102 [99] (taxonomy)

Atanasov, P. 1959. A contribution to the knowledge of scale insects in the People's Republic of Macedonia. Yearbook of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University in Skopje, Yugoslavia (1958, 1959) 12: 425-435 [429] (taxonomy)

Beardsley, J.W. 1966. Insects of Micronesia. Homoptera: Coccoidea. Insects of Micronesia 6: 377-562 [479, 491] (taxonomy)

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. [63, 140, 301] (catalogue)

Ben-Dov, Y., Hodgson, C.J. & Miller, D.R. 1997. Changes and comments on the taxonomy and nomenclature of some taxa in the families Coccidae, Eriococcidae and Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Phytoparasitica 25: 199-206 [202] (taxonomy)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1927. Über die für das Verbreitungsgebiet einer Art bestimmenden Faktoren. Biologisches Zentralblatt 47: 25-44 [25-44] (taxonomy)

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1953. The Coccoidea of Turkey. III. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Istanbul B 18: 91-164 [94] (taxonomy)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1950. Mealybugs and Scale Insects of USSR (Coccoidea). Moscow : Akademii Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute Vol. 32 250 pp. [150-152] (taxonomy, description)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1952. New genera and species of soft scales of the family Coccidae (=Lecaniidae) of the USSR fauna and adjacent countries (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea). Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 12: 269-316 [296] (taxonomy)

Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [203-205, 220-229] (taxonomy, description)

Brain, C.K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa – V. Bulletin of Entomological Research 11: 1-41 [17-18] (taxonomy, description)

Canard, M. 1965. Observations sur une Pulvinaire peu connue du midi de la France: Eupulvinaria hydrangeae (Steinw.) (Coccoidea – Coccidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 1: 411-419 [411] (taxonomy, description)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Article VII. – First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 5: 389-398 [394] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Rhynchota, Hemiptera – Homoptera. [Aleurodidae and Coccidae]. Biologia Centrali-Americana 2: 1-37 [19] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Some notes on Coccidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1899: 259-275 [272] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1902. A catalogue of the Coccidae of South America. Revista Chilena de Entomología 6: 250-257 [253] (taxonomy)

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1905. Tables for the identification of Rocky Mountain Coccidae (Scale insects and mealybugs). Colorado University Studies 2: 189-203 [198] (taxonomy)

Comstock, J.H. 1881. Report of the Entomologist. Part II. Report on scale insects. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture 1880–1881: 276-349 [334] (taxonomy)

Danzig, E.M. 1964. 5. Suborder Coccinea — Coccids or mealybugs and scale insects. Akademii Nauk SSSR Zoologicheskogo Instituta Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 1: 616-654 [639] (taxonomy)

Danzig, E.M. 1967. Contributions to the knowledge of the Coccidae (Homoptera) of the Primorye Territory. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 41: 139-172 [144] (taxonomy)

Danzig, E.M. 1988. Suborder Coccinea. In, Lehr, P.A. (ed.). Keys to insects of the Far East of the USSR. Leningrad : Nauka. [714] (taxonomy, description)

Danzig, E.M. [Dantsig] 1980. Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with an analysis of the phylogeny of coccids of the world fauna. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 124: 1-343 [259-260] (taxonomy, description)

De Lotto, G. 1965. On some Coccidae (Homoptera), chiefly from Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 16: 175-239 [216] (taxonomy)

De Lotto, G. 1979. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) of South Africa. IV. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 42: 245-256 [248] (taxonomy)

Dietz, H.F. & Morrison, H. 1916. The Coccidae or scale insects of Indiana. Indiana State Entomologist Eighth Annual Report (1914–1915) 8: 195-321 [238] (taxonomy, description)

Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359-426 [388, 415] (taxonomy, description)

Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [128] (catalogue)

Ferris, G.F. 1950. Report upon scale insects collected in China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Part II. (Contribution no. 68). Microentomology 15(3): 69-97 [74] (taxonomy)

Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [413] (taxonomy, description)

Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture Part 1 132 pp. [84-85] (taxonomy, description)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1937. Cóccidos de España. Madrid : Instituto de Investigaciones Agronómicas, Estación 432 pp. [278-279] (taxonomy, description)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1958. Cochinillas que atacan a los frutales (Homoptera, Coccoidea: II. Familias Lecanidae y Margarodidae). Boletín de Patología Vegetal y Entomología Agrícola. Madrid 23: 43-173 [101-102] (taxonomy, description)

Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1-183 [78, 143-144] (taxonomy, description)

Green, E.E. 1909. The Coccidae of Ceylon. London : Dulau & Co. Vol. 4. [258] (taxonomy, description)

Hadzibejli, Z.K. 1983. Coccids of the Subtropical Zone of Gruzia. Tbilisi : Metsniereba 293 pp. [93-94, 106] (taxonomy, description)

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. [17, 85-87] (taxonomy, description)

Hodgson, C.J. 1967. Some Pulvinaria species (Homoptera: Coccidae) of the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 30: 198-211 [198] (taxonomy)

Hodgson, C.J. 1968. Further notes on the genus Pulvinaria Targ. (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 31: 141-174 [161] (taxonomy)

Hodgson, C.J. 1969. Notes on Rhodesian Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea): Part III. Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 4: 1-42 [4, 29, 175-178] (taxonomy)

Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp. [254-257, 502-506, 525-528] (taxonomy, description)

Jansen, M.G.M. 2000. The species of Pulvinaria in the Netherlands (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 60: 1-11 [1-11] (taxonomy)

Kawai, S. 1972. Diagnostic notes and biology of the coccid species occurring on cultivated or wild trees and shrubs in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the Tokyo-To Agricultural Experiment Station 6: 1-54 [14] (taxonomy)

Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [148-149] (taxonomy, description)

Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp. [324, 332, 334, 374-375] (taxonomy, description)

Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1978. Scale insects – Coccoidea. Fauna Hungariae, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 17: 1-192 [121] (taxonomy, description)

Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp. [177, 238-239] (taxonomy, description)

Koteja, J. 1964. Notes on scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) in Poland's fauna. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 34: 177-184 [181] (taxonomy)

Koteja, J. 1974. On the phylogeny and classification of the scale insects (Homoptera, Coccinea) (discussion based on the morphology of the mouthparts). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 19: 267-325 [306] (taxonomy)

Koteja, J. 1974. The occurrence of a campaniform sensillum on the tarsus in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 44: 243-252 [249] (taxonomy)

Kozár, F. 1986. [Recent data to the knowledge of the Coccoidea (Homoptera) fauna of Hungary.]. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 47: 171-181 [173] (taxonomy)

Lagowska, B. 1996. Pulvinaria. Targioni-Tozzetti (Homoptera, Coccidae) in Poland. Lublin, Poland : Wydawnietwo Akademii Rolniczej 119 pp. [7-8] (taxonomy, description)

Lawson, P.B. 1917. Scale insects injurious to fruit and shade trees. The Coccidae of Kansas. Bulletin of the University of Kansas. Biological Series 18: 161-279 [187] (taxonomy, description)

Leonardi, G. 1920. Monografia delle cocciniglie Italiane. Portici : Della Torre 555 pp. [277, 329] (taxonomy, description)

Longo, S., Marotta, S., Pellizzari, G., Russo, A. & Tranfaglia, A. 1995. An annotated list of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Italy. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 113-130 [124] (taxonomy)

Mamet, J.R. 1949. An annotated catalogue of the Coccoidea of Mauritius. Mauritius Institute Bulletin 3: 1-81 [26-27] (taxonomy)

Mamet, J.R. 1957. On some Coccoidea from Reunion Island (Homoptera). Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar E 8: 367-386 [375] (taxonomy)

Mamet, J.R. 1978. Contribution à la connaissance de la faune entomologique d'Agalega (Ocean Indien). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 83: 97-107 [105] (taxonomy)

Miller, D.R. 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98: 68-86 [71] (taxonomy)

Morrison, H. 1920. The nondiaspine Coccidae of the Philippine Islands, with descriptions of apparently new species. Philippine Journal of Science 17: 147-202 [182-183] (taxonomy, description)

Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206 [36, 74, 158, 169] (taxonomy)

Newstead, R. 1903. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles. London : Ray Society Vol. 2 270 pp. (taxonomy, description)

Newstead, R. 1913. Notes on scale-insects (Coccidae). Part I. Bulletin of Entomological Research 4: 67-81 [77] (taxonomy)

Paik, W.H. (ed.) 1978. Illustrated flora and fauna of Korea. Insecta (VI). [Korea] : Min. Education (Samhwa Publ. Co. Ltd) Vol. 22 481 pp. (taxonomy, description)

Qin, T.K. 1990. The Australian cottony soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pulvinariini). In, [Unknown] (ed.). Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, Part II. Cracow, Poland: August 6–12, 1990. Cracow : Agricultural University Press. [79-81] (taxonomy)

Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [103-164] (taxonomy, description)

Savescu, A. (ed.) 1982. Tratat de Zoologie Agricola: Daunatorii plantelor cultivate, Vol. II. Romania : Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste 353 pp. [270] (taxonomy, description)

Shinji, O. 1935. A list of the unarmed scale insects collected in the Prefecture of Iwate, with the descriptions of 7 new species. Dobutsugako Zasshi, Tokyo (Journal of the Zoological Society of Japan) 47: 767-777 [771, 775] (taxonomy)

Signoret, V. 1873. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 10e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 3: 27-48 [29-31] (taxonomy, description)

Steinweden, J.B. 1929. Bases for the generic classification of the coccoid family Coccidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 22: 197-245 [226-227] (taxonomy, description)

Steinweden, J.B. 1946. The identity of certain common American species of Pulvinaria (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). (Contribution no. 49). Microentomology 11: 1-28 [1-28] (taxonomy, description)

Šulc, K. 1942. Diagnosis differentialis inter gn. Pulvinaria et Phyllostroma n. gn. Folia Entomologica. Brno 5: 5-8 [5-8] (taxonomy, description)

Takahashi, R. 1939. Some Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, and Coccidae from Micronesia (Homoptera). Tenthredo. (Acta Entomologica. Takeuchi Entomological Laboratory) 2: 234-272 [263] (taxonomy)

Takahashi, R. 1955. Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyû 23: 148-154 [148-154] (taxonomy, description)

Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press. [225, 233, 251-252, 267] (taxonomy, description)

Tao, C.C.C. 1978. Checklist and host plant index to scale insects of Taiwan, Republic of China. Journal of Agricultural Research China. Taiwan 27: 77-141 [82] (taxonomy)

Tao, C.C.C. 1999. List of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of China. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Special Publication No. 78: 1-176 [52, 58, 64, 65] (taxonomy, host, distribution)

Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Taiwan Museum 36: 57-107 [83] (taxonomy, description)

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1866. Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Georgofili ns 13: 115-137; App. 138-146 [146] (taxonomy, description)

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1867. Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Milano 3(3): 1-87 [13] (taxonomy, description)

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1868. Introduzione alla seconda memoria per gli studi sulle cocciniglie, e catalogo dei generi e delle specie della famiglia dei coccidi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 11: 694-738 [727] (taxonomy)

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1884. Relazione intorno ai lavori della R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria di Firenze per gli anni 1879–80. Article V. – omotteri. Annali di Agricoltura. Roma 1884: 383-414 [398] (taxonomy)

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1885. Note sopra alcune cocciniglie (coccidei). Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 17: 100-120 [112-114] (taxonomy)

Tereznikova, E.M. 1963. Ecologo-Faunistic survey of scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of Ukrainian woodlands. Prazi Institutu Zoologii, Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR 19: 41-57 [52] (taxonomy)

Tereznikova, E.M. 1966. Ecologic-faunistic survey of the scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Transcarpathian region. Problemii Zoologii, Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR 1966: 20-37 [29] (taxonomy)

Tereznikova, E.M. 1981. [Scale insects: Eriococcidae, Kermesidae and Coccidae.]. Fauna Ukraini. Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR. Institut Zoologii. Kiev 20: 1-215 [132, 137] (taxonomy)

Varshney, R.K. & Moharana, S. 1987. Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea. Fauna of Orissa: State Fauna Series 1: 161-181 [174] (taxonomy)

Wang, T.C. 1980. [Handbook for the determination of the common coccoids.]. Place of publication unknown : Chinese Academy of Sciences 252 pp. [31-34] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, D.J. 1982. Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and its allies on sugar-cane and other grasses. Bulletin of Entomological Research 72: 111-117 [111-113] (taxonomy)

Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp. [60-61, 146-148] (taxonomy, description)

Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1-215 [118-120] (taxonomy, description)

Xie, Y.P. 1998. [The Scale Insects of the Forest and Fruit Trees in Shanxi of China.]. Place of publication unknown : China Forestry Publishing House 147 pp. [65] (taxonomy)

Yang, P.L. 1982. [General classification of scale insects in China.]. Shanghai : Shanghai Science & Technology 425 pp. [157, 159] (taxonomy, description)

Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed.). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp. [332-333] (taxonomy, description)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria decorata Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [228] [replacement name for Pulvinaria ornata Froggatt, 1921].
• Pulvinaria ornata Froggatt, W.W. 1921. A new mealybug on citrus trees. (Pulvinaria ornata n. sp.). Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 32: 427-428 [427].

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Sydney Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria dodonaeae Maskell, W.M. 1893. Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species from Australia, India, Sandwich Islands, Demerara, and South Pacific. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 25: 201-252 [222].

  Type data:

   Lectotype NZAC ♀, AUSTRALIA.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [115].
• Pulvinaria greeni Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [415].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [115] (synonymy of Pulvinaria greeni Froggatt, 1915)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Hopbush Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria elongata Newstead, R. 1917. Observations on scale-insects (Coccidae) – IV. Bulletin of Entomological Research 8: 1-34 [20].

  Type data:

   Lectotype NHM-UK ♀, GUYANA: Demarara, Plantation La Bonne Intention.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Williams, D.J. 1982. Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and its allies on sugar-cane and other grasses. Bulletin of Entomological Research 72: 111-117 [113].

  Type host:

   Saccharum officinarum [POACEAE]
• Pulvinaria longisqua De Lotto, G. 1966. Another new species of Pulvinaria (Hom.: Coccidae) from sugar cane. South African Journal of Agricultural Science 9: 467-472 [467].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Williams, D.J. 1982. The distribution of the mealybug genus Planococcus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Melanesia, Polynesia and Kiribati. Bulletin of Entomological Research 72: 441-445 [113] (synonymy of Pulvinaria longisqua De Lotto, 1966)

Distribution

States

Queensland

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [148] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [87] (female; USA, Florida)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Mamet, J.R. 1958. The identity of the sugar-cane Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Mauritius, with notes on its economic importance. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London B 27: 65–75, De Lotto, G. 1966. Another new species of Pulvinaria (Hom.: Coccidae) from sugar cane. South African Journal of Agricultural Science 9: 467–472 (as Pulvinaria longisqua, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. and by Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp..

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp..

General References

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1958. Cochinillas que atacan a los frutales (Homoptera, Coccoidea: II. Familias Lecanidae y Margarodidae). Boletín de Patología Vegetal y Entomología Agrícola. Madrid 23: 43-173 [70] (Coccus elongatus: misidentification discovered by : 196)

Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1958. Dos Lecaniidae (Coccoidea), nuevos para la fauna Española. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Madrid (Seccion Biologica) 56: 21-34 [22] (Coccus (Lecanium) elongatus: misidentification discovered by : 196)

Common Name References

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. (cited also by ) (Cottony Grass Scale)

History of changes

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Flavicans Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria flavicans Maskell, W.M. 1889. On some new South Australian Coccidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 11: 101-111 [dated 1888] [103].

  Type data:

   Lectotype NZAC ♀, AUSTRALIA: South Australia.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [125].
• Pulvinaria tecta Maskell, W.M. 1894. Further coccid notes with descriptions of several new species and discussion of various points of interest. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 26: 65-105 [79].
• Pulvinaria contexta Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [413].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [122] (synonymy of Pulvinaria contexta Froggatt, 1915; synonymy of Pulvinaria tecta Maskell, 1894)

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Flavicans Scale)

History of changes

• Coccus flocciferus Westwood, J.O. 1870. [The camellia coccus Coccus flocciferus Westw.]. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 10: 308 [308].
• Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret, V. 1873. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 10e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 3: 27-48 [32].
• Pulvinaria linearis Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1884. Relazione intorno ai lavori della R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria di Firenze per gli anni 1879–80. Article V. – omotteri. Annali di Agricoltura. Roma 1884: 383-414 [398].
• Pulvinaria brassiae Cockerell, T.D.A. 1895. A new Pulvinaria found on orchids. The Canadian Entomologist 27: 135 [135].
• Pulvinaria theae Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [418].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Fernald, M.E. 1903. Notes on the Coccidae. The Canadian Entomologist 35: 22 [132] (synonymy of Pulvinaria brassiae Cockerell, 1895)
• Lindinger, L. 1912. Nachtrag zu den Beiträgen zur Kenntnis der Schildläuse usw. II. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie 8: 31 [93] (synonymy of Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret, 1873; synonymy of Pulvinaria linearis Targioni Tozzetti, 1884)
• Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [127] (synonymy of Pulvinaria theae Froggatt, 1915)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [212] (female; New Zealand); (Jansen, M.G.M., 2000) [2-3] (female; Netherlands); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [324] (female; northeastern North America); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [226] (female; China); (Gill, R.J., 1988) [85] (female; USA, California); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [87] (female; USA, Florida); (Kawai, S., 1980) [148-150] (female; Japan); (Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M., 1972) [119] (female; USA, Virginia); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [373] (female; Egypt); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [205] (female; Palaearctic Region)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado 456 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp., Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183 and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

BIOLOGY

Develops one annual generation in Virginia, U.S.A. (see Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215). Takahashi, R. 1955. Lepidosaphes of Japan. (Diaspididae, Coccoidea, Homoptera). Bulletin of the Osaka Perfecture 5: 67–78 noted in Japan that generally one annual generation is developed, however two generations develop on Eurya at Tokyo. El-Minshawy, A.M. & Moursi, K. 1976. Biological studies on some soft scale-insects (Hom. Coccidae) attacking guava trees in Egypt. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 81: 363–371 studied in Egypt the duration of development and fecundity on guava.

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [figs 6.27 a, b, c], Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp. and Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

General References

King, G.B. 1902. The greenhouse Coccidae, II. Entomological News 13: 152-156 [160] (Pulvinaria brassicae: misspelling of species name)

Newstead, R. 1900. The injurious scale insects and mealy bugs of the British Isles. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 23: 219-262 [26] (Pulvinaria floccosa: misspelling of species name)

Common Name References

Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture Part 1 132 pp. (Cited also by and ) (Cottony Camellia Scale)

Llorens Climent, J.M. 1990. [Scale insects and their biological control.] Homoptera I, Cocchinillas de los cítricos y su control biológico. Alicante, Spain : Pisa Ediciones 260 pp. (Pulvinaria)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria kuwacola Kuwana, S.I. 1907. Coccidae of Japan, I. A synoptical list of Coccidae of Japan with descriptions of thirteen new species. Bulletin of the Imperial Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan 1: 177-212 [188].
• Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden, J.B. 1946. The identity of certain common American species of Pulvinaria (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). (Contribution no. 49). Microentomology 11: 1-28 [7].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder

History of changes

• Coccus mesembryanthemi Vallot, J.N. 1829. Nouvelle espèce de cochenilles. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-lettres de Dijon [1828–1829]: 30-33 [31].
• Calypticus mesembrianthemi Costa, A. 1844. Descrizione di una novelle specie di cocciniglia del genere Calittico, Cos. che vive sopra il Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme. Annali dell'Accademia degli Aspiranti Naturalisti, Napoli 22: 273-276 [273].
• Pulvinaria biplicata Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1868. Introduzione alla seconda memoria per gli studi sulle cocciniglie, e catalogo dei generi e delle specie della famiglia dei coccidi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 11: 694-738 [unjustified replacement name, see Ben-Dov, Y. & Russo, A. 1993. Giovanni De Lotto (1912–1990). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 48: 245–251 (270)].

  Secondary source:

   Ben-Dov, Y. & Russo, A. 1993. Giovanni De Lotto (1912–1990). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 48: 245-251.
• Icerya mesembryanthemi Peringuey, L. 1893. Note on a supposed new Icerya. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society 8[1890–1893]: 50-51 [50].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Fernald, M.E. 1903. Notes on the Coccidae. The Canadian Entomologist 35: 22 [136] (synonymy of Calypticus mesembrianthemi Costa, 1844)
• Lindinger, L. 1935. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schildläuse (Coccidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 49: 121-123 [145] (synonymy of Icerya mesembryanthemi Peringuey, 1893)

Generic Combinations

• Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi (Vallot, 1829).

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [212] (female; New Zealand); (Gill, R.J., 1988) [85] (female; USA, California)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto, G. 1967. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) of South Africa. I. South African Journal of Agricultural Science 10: 781–810, Hodgson, C.J. 1967. Some Pulvinaria species (Homoptera: Coccidae) of the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 30: 198–211; Hodgson, C.J. 1968. Further notes on the genus Pulvinaria Targ. (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 31: 141–174; Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183 and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

BIOLOGY

Washburn, J.O. & Frankie, G.W. 1981. Dispersal of a scale insect, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Homoptera: Coccoidea) on iceplant in California. Environmental Entomology 10: 724–727, Washburn, J.O., Frankie, G.W., Hagen, K.S. & Koehler, C.S. 1982. Ecology and Biological Control of Iceplant Scale, in California. Berkely, CA : Univ. of CA; Fed. Highway Admin., Sacramento, CA 38 pp. and Washburn, J.O. & Washburn, L. 1984. Active aerial dispersal of minute wingless arthropods: exploitation of boundary-layer velocity gradients. Science 223: 1088–1089 studied the life history in California, USA and showed that first instar crawlers exhibit active aerial dispersal behaviour.

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp. and Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A potential pest to Aizoaceous ground covers in California, USA (see Donaldson, D.R., Moore, W.S., Koehler, C.S. & Joos, J.L. 1978. Scales threaten iceplant in Bay area. California Agriculture 32: 4–7).

General References

Bytinski-Salz, H. 1966. An annotated list of insects and mites introduced into Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 1: 15-48 [30] (Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi: misspelling of species name)

Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture Part 1 132 pp. [89] (Calypticus mesembryanthemi: misspelling of species name)

Hall, W.J. 1923. Further observations on the Coccidae of Egypt. Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical and Scientific Service 36: 1-61 [40] (Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi: misspelling of species name)

Signoret, V. 1873. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 11e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 3: 395-448 [39] (Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi: misspelling of species name)

Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press. [281] (Pulvirariella mesembrianthemi: misspelling of species name)

Common Name References

Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture Part 1 132 pp. (Cited also by and ) (Iceplant Scale)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Pigface Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, T.D.A. 1905. Some Coccidae from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences 10: 127-136 [131].
• Pulvinaria cellulosa Green, E.E. 1909. The Coccidae of Ceylon. London : Dulau & Co. Vol. 4. [262].
• Pulvinaria nerii Kanda, S. 1950. Some scale-insects from Shansi, North China. Mushi 21: 33-39 [35].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1-493 [219] (synonymy of Pulvinaria cellulosa Green, 1909)
• Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press. [230] (synonymy of Pulvinaria nerii Kanda, 1950)

Distribution

States

Queensland

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Tang, F.T., 1991) [226] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [148] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C., 1983) [87] (female; Taiwan); (Kawai, S., 1980) [148-150] (female; Japan); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [205] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Green, E.E., 1909) [262] (female; Ceylon)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum 36: 57–107, Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp. and by Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press.

BIOLOGY

Life history and control in Taiwan (see Takahashi, R. 1939. Some Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, and Coccidae from Micronesia (Homoptera). Tenthredo. (Acta Entomologica. Takeuchi Entomological Laboratory) 2: 234–272, and in India (see Chatterji, A. & Datta, A.R. 1974. Bionomics and control of mango mealy-scale, Chloropulvinaria (Pulvinaria) polygonata (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 44: 791–795). Ali recorded (as P. cellulosa) five generations per year on Mango in Bihar, India; overwintering in the fifth generation. Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. & Broadley, R.H. 1997. Citrus Pests and their Natural Enemies: Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Brisbane, Australia : State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries, and Horticultural Research and Development Corp. 263 pp. reported 2–3 generations per year in Queensland, Australia.

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [figs 6.25 a, b).

General References

Yang, P.L. 1982. [General classification of scale insects in China.]. Shanghai : Shanghai Science & Technology 425 pp. [158] (Chloropulvinaria polygonata: incorrect citation of 'Green' as author)

Common Name References

Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. & Broadley, R.H. 1997. Citrus Pests and their Natural Enemies: Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Brisbane, Australia : State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries, and Horticultural Research and Development Corp. 263 pp. (cited also by ) (Cottony Citrus Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, W.M. 1893. Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species from Australia, India, Sandwich Islands, Demerara, and South Pacific. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 25: 201-252 [223].
• Pulvinaria cupaniae Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. Two new species of Pulvinaria from Jamaica. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1893: 159-163 [159].
• Pulvinaria psidii philippina Cockerell, T.D.A. 1905. Some Coccidae from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences 10: 127-136 [132].
• Pulvinaria darwiniensis Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [414].
• Lecanium vacuolatum Dash, S.J. 1916. Revised list of the Coccidae of Barbados. Report on the Department of Agriculture, Barbados 1914–1915: 41-43 [42] [nom. nud.].
• Pulvinaria cussoniae Hall, W.J. 1932. Observations on the Coccidae of southern Rhodesia. Stylops 1: 185-195 [188].
• Pulvinaria gymnosporiae Hall, W.J. 1932. Observations on the Coccidae of southern Rhodesia. Stylops 1: 185-195 [189].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Green, E.E. 1909. On a new species of Kermes destructive to oak trees in north India. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 45: 10-12 [265] (synonymy of Pulvinaria cupaniae Cockerell, 1893)
• Morrison, H. 1920. The nondiaspine Coccidae of the Philippine Islands, with descriptions of apparently new species. Philippine Journal of Science 17: 147-202 [185] (synonymy of Pulvinaria psidii philippina Cockerell, 1905)
• Hodgson, C.J. 1968. Further notes on the genus Pulvinaria Targ. (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 31: 141-174 [168] (Pulvinaria gymnosporiae Hall, 1932; Pulvinaria cussoniae Hall, 1932)
• Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [144] (synonymy of Pulvinaria darwiniensis Froggatt, 1915)

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Kosztarab, M., 1996) [375] (female; northeastern North America); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [226] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [148] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [87] (female; USA, Florida); (Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C., 1983) [83] (female; Taiwan); (Kawai, S., 1980) [148-150] (female; Japan); (Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M., 1972) [119] (female; USA, Virginia); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [373] (female; Egypt); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [491] (female; Micronesia); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [205] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [333] (female; Hawaii); (Green, E.E., 1909) [264-265] (female; Ceylon)

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., Hodgson (1968), Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press and by Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp..

BIOLOGY

Green, E.E. 1909. On a new species of Kermes destructive to oak trees in north India. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 45: 10–12 reported on overlapping generation in Sri Lanka. Takahashi, R. 1939. Some Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, and Coccidae from Micronesia (Homoptera). Tenthredo. (Acta Entomologica. Takeuchi Entomological Laboratory) 2: 234–272 recorded three generations per year in Taiwan. Salama, H.S. & Saleh, M.R. 1970. Distribution of the scale insect Pulvinaria psidii Maskell (Coccoidea) on orchard trees in relation to environmental factors. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 66: 380–385 reporetd two generations per year in Egypt. El-Minshawy, A.M. & Moursi, K. 1976. Biological studies on some soft scale-insects (Hom. Coccidae) attacking guava trees in Egypt. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 81: 363–371 studied the duration of development and fecundity on guava in Egypt. Sanaa et al. (1997) studied in Egypt the effect of treatment by various levels (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg K/L) of Schinus terebinthifolius seedlings, on their rate of infestation by P. psidii.

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [figs 6.24 a, b) and Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp..

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A pest of mango in Egypt (see Nada, S., Abd Rabo, S. & Hussein, G.E.D. 1990. Scale insects infesting mango trees in Egypt (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of Scale Insects Studies, Cracow, Poland, August 1990: 133–134).

Common Name References

CAB International 1994. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell. Distribution Maps of Insect Pests. Series A Map no. 59: 2 pp. (Guava Mealy Scale)

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. (Cited also by and ) (Green Shield Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria salicorniae Froggatt, W.W. 1915. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects ('Coccidae') of Australia. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 26: 411-423, 511-516, 603-615, 754-764, 1055-1064 [417].

  Type data:

   Lectotype ZIL ♀, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [148].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Salicornia Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria thompsoni Maskell, W.M. 1896. Further coccid notes, with descriptions of new species and discussions of questions of interest. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 28: 380-411 [dated 1895] [393].

  Type data:

   Lectotype ANIC ♀, AUSTRALIA.
• Pulvinaria paradelpha Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Notes on Australian Coccidae. 1. – The Australian species of Mytilaspis. 2. – A new Pulvinaria. Victorian Naturalist 16: 13-16 [15].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1992. A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 103-164 [151] (synonymy of Pulvinaria paradelpha Cockerell & Lidgett in Cockerell, 1899)

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

Common Name References

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Thompson Scale)

History of changes

• Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. A list of West Indian Coccidae. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica 1: 252-256 [255] [nom. nud.].
• Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. Two new species of Pulvinaria from Jamaica. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1893: 159-163 [160].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [148] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [87] (female; USA, Florida); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [491] (female; Micronesia); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [333] (female; Hawaii)

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp..

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. and by Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp..

BIOLOGY

Panis, A. & Marro, J.P. 1977. L'elevage massif de Chloropulvinaria urbicola (Cockerell) (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Fruits 32: 599–606 described a method for mass rearing. The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) was determined by Blumberg, D. & Goldenberg, S. 1992. Encapsulation of eggs of two species of Encyrtus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) in six parasitoid-host interactions. Israel Journal of Entomology 25–26: 57–65.

General References

Neumann, G., O'Dowd, D.J., Gullan, P.J. & Green, P.T. 2013. First record of Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), a potentially damaging scale insect, on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226861513000848]

Common Name References

Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. (Urbicola Soft Scale)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Cottony Urbicola Scale)

History of changes