Subspecies Trichoglossus moluccanus moluccanus (Gmelin, 1788)
- Psittacus moluccanus Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Linné, editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Regnum Animalium. Leipzig (Lipsiae) : G.E. Beer Vol. 1(1) 1-500 pp. [For publication date Duncan, F.M. 1937. On the dates of publication of the Society's 'Proceedings', 1859–1926. With an appendix containing the dates of publication of 'Proceedings', 1830–1858, compiled by the late F.H. Waterhouse, and of the 'Transactions', 1833–1869, by the late Henry Peavot, originally published in P.Z.S. 1893, 1913. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 107: 71–84] [316].
Type data:
Neotype ANWC 42816 ♀ adult, Sydney, NSW (as Amboina). - Psittacus novaehollandiae Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Linné, editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Regnum Animalium. Leipzig (Lipsiae) : G.E. Beer Vol. 1(1) 1-500 pp. [For publication date Duncan, F.M. 1937. On the dates of publication of the Society's 'Proceedings', 1859–1926. With an appendix containing the dates of publication of 'Proceedings', 1830–1858, compiled by the late F.H. Waterhouse, and of the 'Transactions', 1833–1869, by the late Henry Peavot, originally published in P.Z.S. 1893, 1913. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 107: 71–84] [316].
Type data:
Syntype(s) whereabouts unknown (ex Joseph Banks coll.), probably Bustard Bay, QLD, or east QLD coast (as nova Hollandia); whereabouts unknown (formerly? HM, ex M. Tunstall Collection, lost, figured on pl. 7 in Brown, P. 1776. Nouvelles Illustrations de Zoologie, contenant cinquante planches enluminées d'Oiseaux curieux, et qui non etés jamais descrits, et quelques de Quadrupeds, de Reptiles et d'Insects, avec de courtes Descriptions systematiques. London : B. White 136 pp. 50 pls [Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B (Appendix B)]), Botany Bay, NSW (as nova Hollandia).Type locality references:
Brown, P. 1776. Nouvelles Illustrations de Zoologie, contenant cinquante planches enluminées d'Oiseaux curieux, et qui non etés jamais descrits, et quelques de Quadrupeds, de Reptiles et d'Insects, avec de courtes Descriptions systematiques. London : B. White 136 pp. 50 pls. [Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B (Appendix B)] [14] (cf. Stresemann, E. 1953. Analyse von C.J. Temmincks "Catalogue Systématique" (1807). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 31: 319–331); Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [107] (cf. Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171–455 [publication dated Jan. 1912, published 31 Jan.] and subsequent revisions). - Psittacus multicolor Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Linné, editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Regnum Animalium. Leipzig (Lipsiae) : G.E. Beer Vol. 1(1) 1-500 pp. [For publication date Duncan, F.M. 1937. On the dates of publication of the Society's 'Proceedings', 1859–1926. With an appendix containing the dates of publication of 'Proceedings', 1830–1858, compiled by the late F.H. Waterhouse, and of the 'Transactions', 1833–1869, by the late Henry Peavot, originally published in P.Z.S. 1893, 1913. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 107: 71–84] [328].
Type data:
Neotype ANWC 42816 ♀ adult, Sydney, NSW (as insulis oceani indici).Subsequent designation references:
Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [136].Type locality references:
Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912]; Mathews, G.M. 1917. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 6 pt 5 pp. 373-444 pls 308-316. [Date published 11 Sept. 1917: volume dated as 1916-1917 Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B] (Appendix B)] [408]; Whittell, H.M. 1954. The Literature of Australian Birds: a History and Bibliography of Australian Ornithology. Perth : Paterson Brokensha xi 116 788 pp. [51] (cf. Warren, R.L.M. & Harrison, C.J.O. 1971. Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2 Passerines. London : British Museum vi 628 pp. [Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B (Appendix B)]); Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [136]. - Psittacus semicollaris Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. London : Leigh & Sotheby Vol. 1 & 2 xviii 920 pp. [103] [nom. nov. for Psittacus multicolor Gmelin, 1788, based on the White-collared Parrot figured on pl. II (pp. 6, 59) in Pennant, T. 1781. Genera of Birds. London : B. White xxv 68 pp. 15 pls; type locality cited as India].
Secondary source:
Pennant, T. 1781. Genera of Birds. London : B. White xxv 68 pp. 15 pls. - Psittacus haematodus daviesianus Kerr, R. 1792. The Animal Kingdom, or Zoological System, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae, as lately published, with great improvements, by Professor Gmelin of Goettingen. Class II. Birds. London : J. Murray & R. Faulder xii 644 pp. [565] [as Ps. haematotus daviesianus].
Type data:
Holotype whereabouts unknown (?lost, figured on drawing formerly in General T. Davies coll.), New South Wales (probably) (as New-holland).Type locality references:
Mathews, G.M. 1920. The Birds of Australia. Supplement No. 1. Check List of the Birds of Australia Part 1. Orders Casuariiformes to Menuriformes. London : Witherby pp. iv 1-116. [Zimmer, J.T. 1926. Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library. Field Museum of Natural History Publications, Zoological Series 16: 1–364 (Pt 1, Publ. 239), 365–706 (Pt 2, Publ. 240) (collation of livraisons affecting original description) Mathews, G.M. 1911. On some necessary alterations in the nomenclature of birds. Pt II. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 1–22 (collation of livraisons affecting original description) Sherborn, C.D. 1922. Index Animalium; sive, Index nominem quae ab A.D. 1758 generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt, societatibus eruditorum adiuvantibus. Sectio Secunda, 1801–1850. London : British Museum Pt 1 cxxxvi 128 pp. [lxxx]] (cf. Mathews, G.M. 1916. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 6 pt 1. pp. 1–104 pls 275–282 [publication dated as 1916–1917, 22 Nov. 1916] [17]). - Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, G. 1812. General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Aves. London : Kearsley, Wilkie & Robinson Vol. VIII Pt 2 vi pp. 244-557 pls 46-84. [Date published 1811] [413] [based largely on Psittacus haematodus var. ß gamma sigma in Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. London : Leigh & Sotheby Vol. 1 & 2 xviii 920 pp. [published Dec. Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. Mathews, G.M. 1913. A List of the Birds of Australia containing the names and synonyms connected with each genus, species, and subspecies of birds found in Australia, at present known to the author. London : Witherby xxvii 453 pp.] (87), and thus on Psittacus moluccanus Gmelin, 1788 (q.v.), P. novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788 (316) (q.v.) and P. haematodus daviesianus Kerr, 1792 (q.v.) together, senior objective synonyms, and on la Perruche à téte bleue, mâle on pl. 24 in Levaillant, F. 1805. Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets. Paris : Levrault, Schoell & Ce Vol. 1 135 pp. pls 1–71 [published between 1801–1805]].
Type data:
Lectotype ANWC 42816 ♀ adult (neotype of Psittascus moluccanus Gmelin, 1788), Sydney, NSW (as several of the Molucca islands, as well as in New Holland).
Paralectotype(s) (that of Psittacus novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788, p. 316, that of Psittacus haematodus daviesianus Kerr, 1792, that of Psittacus haematodus Linnaeus, 1771, figured on pl. 24 in Levaillant, F. 1805. Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets. Paris : Levrault, Schoell & Ce Vol. 1 135 pp. pls 1–71 [published between 1801–1805]).Subsequent designation references:
Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. (lectotype selection); Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [137].Type locality references:
Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [137] (see Psittacus moluccanus Gmelin, 1788 (above)). - Psittacus ornatus Lesson, R.P. 1828. Manuel d' Ornithologie, ou Description des Genres et des principales Espèces d'Oiseaux. Paris : Roret Vol. 2 448 pp. [147] [junior homonym of Psittacus ornatus Linnaeus, 1758 (=Trichoglossus ornatus (Linnaeus, 1758))].
Type data:
Holotype MNHP (institution uncertain), Port Jackson, NSW. - Australasia novaehollandiae Lesson, R.P. 1830. Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux. Paris : F.G. Levrault Vol. 1 xxxii 659 pp., Vol. 2 (Atlas) xii 119. [Date published July 1830: Livr. 3, July 1830, dated 1831; Livr. 6 published 1831] [209] [livr. 3; as Novae Hollandiae ; based in part on specimens from the Blue Mountains, NSW, on Psittacus haematodus Gmelin, 1788 (=Linnaeus, 1771), and on la Perruche à tête bleue, mâle on pl. 24 in Levaillant, F. 1805. Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets. Paris : Levrault, Schoell & Ce Vol. 1 135 pp. pls 1–71 [published between 1801–1805] (=Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, 1812, q.v., in part)].
Type data:
Lectotype MNHP ♂ (institution uncertain), Blue Mountains, NSW (as la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, dans les montagnes Bleues).
Paralectotype(s) MNHP ♀ (institution uncertain, also that of Psittacus haematodus Linnaeus, 1771, and Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, 1812).Subsequent designation references:
Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [137] (lectotype selection); Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [137]. - Trichoglossus swainsoni Jardine, W. & Selby, P.J. 1831. Illustrations of Ornithology. Edinburgh : W.H. Lizars Series Vol. 1 Pt 8 pls 106-120. [Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B] (Appendix B)] [text to pl. 112] [based in part on the Perruche des Moluques, Buffon (=Psittacus moluccanus Gmelin, 1788, q.v.), on the Perruche à tête bleue, mâle on pl. 24 in Levaillant, F. 1805. Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets. Paris : Levrault, Schoell & Ce Vol. 1 135 pp. pls 1–71 [published between 1801–1805] (=Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, 1812, q.v.), on the Blue-bellied Parrakeet, Brown (=Psittacus novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788 p. 316, q.v.)), and on 'Trichoglossus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771)' in Vigors, N.A. & Horsfield, T. 1827. A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 170–331 [publication dated 1826, published Feb. 1827] (288–289)].
Type data:
Syntype(s) ANWC 42816 ♀ adult (neotype of Psittacus moluccanus Gmelin, 1788, that of Psittacus novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788, that of Psittacus cyanogaster Shaw, 1812, those syntypes included under Trichoglossus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771) by Vigors, N.A. & Horsfield, T. 1827. A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 170–331 [publication dated 1826, published Feb. 1827]), Sydney, Botany Bay, NSW (as New Holland); whereabouts unknown (?lost, figured on pl. 112 in Jardine, W. & Selby, P.J. 1831. Illustrations of Ornithology. Edinburgh : W.H. Lizars Series Vol. 1 Pt 8 pls 106–120 pp. [Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B [publication dated as from preface, 12 June 1919 given in Appendix B] (Appendix B)]), Sydney, Botany Bay, NSW (as New Holland). - Trichoglossus colesi Le Souëf, D. 1910. Description of a new Queensland lorikeet. The Emu 10: 204-205 [204] [type material not gazetted among type specimens in NMV to which both W.H.D. Le Souëf and RAOU collections were donated].
Type data:
Holotype whereabouts unknown (?lost), Gladstone, QLD. - Trichoglossus haematodus eyrei Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] [258].
Type data:
Holotype AMNH 617559 ♀ (G.M. Mathews' coll. no. 9600), Eyre Peninsula, SA (as Eyre's Penisula)
Comment: for identification of holotype, see Greenway, J.C. 1978. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt 2. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161: 1–306.
Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy
- Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [137]
Generic Combinations
- Trichoglossus moluccanus (Gmelin, 1788). —
del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions pp. 903. [746] - Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus (Gmelin, 1788) [as subspecies of T. haematodus]. —
Schodde, R. in Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1997. Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp. [138]
Distribution
States
New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
Extra Distribution Information
Coastal and subcoastal E Australia, north to the middle Norman-Burdekin River drainages (Croydon-Cairns), QLD—south to southern region of Port Phillip Bay, VIC—and inland to the summit ridges of the Great Dividing Range and its inner western watersheds (Carnarvon and Warrumbungle Ranges), becoming rare and erratic in such uplands southwards into NSW (Southern Tablelands) and central Gippsland, VIC—also larger in-shore islands off east coast, e.g., Hinchinbrook-Palm, Whitsunday group, Fraser, Bribie, Moreton, and North Stradbroke Ils, QLD, but rare and erratic non-breeding visitor to TAS and Bass Strait islands. Introduced and successfully established in metropolitan Perth north to Moore River in 1960s–1970s (presumably this subspecies). Intergrades with T. h. septentrionalis Robinson, 1900 at northern limits between south-east head of Gulf of Carpentaria across foot of Cape York Peninsula to Cairns-Cooktown, QLD, and probably with T. h. eyrei Mathews, 1912 at south-west limits in region of Port Phillip Bay and westwards to Grampians, VIC.
Australian Endemic.
IBRA
NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Plains (GUP), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Wet Tropics (WT)
Ecological Descriptors
Arboreal, closed forest, diurnal, frugivorous, gregarious, mellivore, nomadic, open forest, tall forest, volant, woodland.
Extra Ecological Information
Seasonal breeder, feeds on nectar, pollen, fruit-flesh and (accidentally?) seeds and insects in tree crowns in eucalypt and paperbark (Melaleuca) woodlands and forests and on edges of rainforest and mangroves, flocks and roosts in communal groups, flies directly on swiftly beating wings, nests on bed of wood dust in tree hollows, incubation by female, both sexes rear whitish-downed, dark-billed chicks, wanders locally and regionally to seasonal food sources.
General References
Bell, H.L. 1966. Some feeding habits of the Rainbow Lorikeet. The Emu 66: 71-22 [Mathews, G.M. 1919. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 7 pt 5 pp. 385–499 + xii pls 363–370 Appendixes A & B (Appendix B)] (behaviour)
Cannon, C.E. 1979. Observations on the food and energy requirements of Rainbow Lorikeets, Trichoglossus haematodus (Aves: Psittacidae). Australian Wildlife Research 6: 337-346 (diet, energy budget)
Cannon, C.E. 1984. Movements of lorikeets with an artificially supplemented diet. Australian Wildlife Research 11: 173-179 (movements)
Cannon, C.E. 1984. The diet of lorikeets Trichoglossus spp. in the Queensland - New South Wales border region. The Emu 84: 16-22 (diet)
Coyle, P. 1988. Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) released on Rottnest Island in 1960. Western Australian Naturalist 17: 109-110 (introductions)
Griffiths, R. 1985. Courtship display of the Rainbow Lorikeet. Australian Birds 19: 47-48 (behaviour)
Lea, A.M. & Gray, J.T. 1935. The food of Australian birds. An analysis of the stomach contents. The Emu 34: 275-292 (diet)
Leggett, R. & Woodall, P.F. 1987. Hybrid Scaly-breasted x Rainbow Lorikeets. Australian Bird Watcher 12: 122-126 (morphology, genetics)
Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds : Passerines. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Atlas of the Biodiversity of Birds in Australia and its Territories. Collingwood, Australia : CSIRO Publishing x 851 pp. [135] (supporting arguments for choice of 'moluccanus' rather than other Gmelin (1788) names, and notes on types)
Storr, G.M. 1973. The Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) in Perth, Western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12: 116 (distribution)
Walters, I.N. 1979. Transit party size in Trichoglossus (Aves: Loriidae) at Corinda, Queensland. Sunbird 10: 41-43 (behaviour, social organisation)