Introduction

Polyxenida is the sole order within the subclass Penicillata (Hoffman 1980; Shelley 2003).

General References

Hoffman, R.L. 1980. Classification of the Diplopoda. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genève 238 pp.

Shelley, R.M. 2003. A revised, annotated family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta 11: 187-207 [Date published 37811]

History of changes

Introduction

Polyxenoidea is one of two superfamilies currently recognised in the order Polyxenida, and comprises Hypogexenidae, Lophoproctidae and Polyxenidae (Hoffman 1980; Shelley 2003). The latter two families have been recorded in Australia.

General References

Hoffman, R.L. 1980. Classification of the Diplopoda. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genève 238 pp.

Shelley, R.M. 2003. A revised, annotated family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta 11: 187-207 [Date published 37811]

History of changes

Introduction

Family with 19 genera and more than 100 species, mainly Northern Hemisphere (Hoffman 1982; Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin & Geoffroy 2003).

General References

Hoffman, R.L. 1982. Diplopoda. pp. 689-724 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. Vol. 2. New York : McGraw-Hill.

Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101

History of changes

• Monographis Attems, C. 1907. Javanische Myriopoden, gesammelt von Direktor K. Kraepelin im Jahre 1903. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 24: 77-142 [77].

  Type species:

   Monographis kraepelini Attems, 1907 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

History of changes

• Monographis queenslandicus Huynh & Veenstra, 2013.

  Type data:

   Holotype QM QMS 95885 ♂, Boondall Wetlands Park, north east Brisbane, Queensland [27º20′24.56″S, 153º4′40.19″E].
  Paratype(s) QM QMS 95886, 95887, 95888, 95889, 95890 5♂; QM QMS 95891, 95892, 95893, 95894, 95895 5♀.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

History of changes

• Propolyxenus Silvestri, F. 1948. Tavola sinottica dei generi dei Diplopoda Penicillata. Bollettino del Real Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di Portici 8: 214-220 [215].

  Type species:

   Propolyxenus aegeus Silvestri, 1948 (Greece) by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101 [100].

Introduction

A genus with six species (Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin & Geoffroy 2003), one of which has been recorded from Australia.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

General References

Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101

History of changes

• Propolyxenus australis Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2010. Revision of the genus Propolyxenus Silvestri with description of a new species. International Journal of Myriapodology 3: 1-17 [7].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV ♂, Sunnyside Beach, Mornington, VIC.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Distribution References

History of changes

• Propolyxenus forsteri Condé, B. 1951. Un Pénicillate inédit de Nouvelle-Zélande (Myriapodes, Diplopodes). Records of the Canterbury Museum 6(1): 9-14 [10].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) CMNZ (male and female syntypes), Localities on South Island, New Zealand.

Distribution

States

Tasmania

History of changes

• Monoxenus Jones, S. 1937. On two new South Indian Pselaphognathous Diplopods. Zoologischer Anzeiger 119: 138-146 [138] [junior homonym of Monoxenus Kolbe, 1893 (Col.)].

  Type species:

   Monoxenus padmanabhii Jones, 1937 by monotypy.
• Unixenus Jones, S. 1944. Mechanism of defence in a Pselaphognathous Diplopod, Unixenus padmanabhii Jones [Abstract]. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress 31(3): 94-95 [95] [replacement name; nom. nov. for Monoxenus Jones, 1937].

  Type species:

   Monoxenus padmanabhii Jones, 1937 (India) by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Jeekel, C.A.W. 1971. Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: a list of the genus and family-group names in the Class Diplopoda from the 10th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957. Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging 5: i-xii, 1-412 [Date published 15 February 1971] [5].

Introduction

A genus with five described species (Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin & Geoffroy 2003), two from Australia.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ) ; Qld: Wet Tropics (WT) ; Vic: Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP) ; WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Carnarvon (CAR), Central Kimberley (CK), Coolgardie (COO), Central Ranges (CR), Dampierland (DL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Gascoyne (GAS), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murchison (MUR), Northern Kimberley (NK), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

General References

Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101

History of changes

• Unixenus attemsi Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. & Condé, B. 1967. Morphologie et géonémie du genre Monographis Attems. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut ns 64: 43-81 [Date published June 1967] [68].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH ♀ (specimen designated 'A' by Duy-Jacquemin & Condé (1967)), Torbay, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Carnarvon (CAR), Central Kimberley (CK), Coolgardie (COO), Central Ranges (CR), Dampierland (DL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Gascoyne (GAS), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murchison (MUR), Northern Kimberley (NK), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Ecological Descriptors

Nothing known.

General References

Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. & Condé, B. 1967. Morphologie et géonémie du genre Monographis Attems. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut ns 64: 43-81 [Date published June 1967] [68] (species misidentified by Attems, C. 1911. Myriopoda exkl. Scolopendridae. In, Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds). Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Vol 3(6). Jena : Gustav Fischer Verlag . as the South African Monographis schultzei Attems, 1909)

History of changes

• Unixenus barrabaensis Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2013. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys 278: 75-90 [81].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM KS.119545 ♀ (slide mounted), between road and Nangahrah Creek, Crown Reserve, Woods Reef, New South Wales, Australia [30° 23' 39" S, 150° 44' 08" E].
  Paratype(s) AM KS.119546 subadult ♂ (slide mounted), between road and Nangahrah Creek, Crown Reserve, Woods Reef, New South Wales, Australia; AM KS.119547 subadult ♂ (slide mounted), 8.9 km along Bukkulla-Ashford Road, Crown Reserve, New South Wales, Australia [29° 25' 59" S, 151° 04' 18" E]; AM KS.119548 ♀ (slide mounted), at base of E side of Melville Range, Oaky Creek Nature Reserve, New South Wales, Australia [31° 06' 31" S, 150° 37' 20" E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

History of changes

• Unixenus carnarvonensis Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2013. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys 278: 75-90 [77].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM T71123 ♀ (slide mounted), site MO3, Meedo Station, Western Australia, Australia [25° 39' 13" S, 114° 37' 37" E].
  Paratype(s) WAM T71120 1 ♂ (slide mounted), site WO5, Woodleigh Station, Western Australia, Australia [26° 11' 45" S, 114° 25' 23" E]; WAM T127782 1 ♀ (slide mounted), site WO5, Woodleigh Station, Western Australia, Australia [26° 11' 45" S, 114° 25' 23" E]; WAM T127783 1 ♀ (slide mounted), site WO5, Woodleigh Station, Western Australia, Australia [26° 11' 45" S, 114° 25' 23" E]; WAM T127781 1 ♀ (slide mounted), site MO3, Meedo Station, Western Australia, Australia [25° 39' 13" S, 114° 37' 37" E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

WA: Carnarvon (CAR), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Yalgoo (YAL)

History of changes

• Unixenus corringlensis Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2013. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys 278: 75-90 [79].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM KS.119541 ♀ (slide mounted), Corringle State Forest, New South Wales, Australia [33°40'00"S, 147° 15' 00" E].
  Paratype(s) AM KS.119540 1 ♂ (slide mounted), Corringle State Forest, New South Wales, Australia [33°40'00"S, 147°15'00" E]; AM AM KS.87406 (♂), AM KS.119542 (♀) 1 subadult ♂ & 1 ♀ (slide mounted), Severn State Forest, Atholwood Loop Road, New South Wales, Australia [29° 04' 28" S, 151° 00' 53" E]; AM KS.119543 1 ♀ (slide mounted), 0.6 km from Sunnyside Ridge Road, Newnes State Forest, Birds Rock Flora Reserve, New South Wales, Australia [33° 19' 43" S, 150° 11' 33" E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB)

History of changes

• Unixenus corticolus Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2011. The genus Unixenus Jones 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys 156: 105-122 [117].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV K-11507 ♂, Deep Lead Flora and Fauna Park, Stawell, VIC.

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Vic: Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

History of changes

• Unixenus karajinensis Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2011. The genus Unixenus Jones 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys 156: 105-122 [111].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM T71106 ♂, Wittenoom Gorge, WA.

Introduction

A revised diagnosis of U. karajinensis and new details on the distribution of the species is provided by Short & Huynh (2013).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

WA: Murchison (MUR)

History of changes

• Monographis mjoebergi Verhoeff, K.W. 1924. Results of Dr. E. Mjöberg's scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. 34. Myriapoda: Diplopoda. Arkiv för Zoologi 16(5): 1-142, pls 1-5 [38].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MCZ 1♀ (specimen used by Duy-Jacquemin & Condé (1967) in their redescription; location of other syntypes unknown), Kimberley District, WA.

Generic Combinations

• Unixenus mjoebergi (Verhoeff, 1924). —
  Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. & Condé, B. 1967. Morphologie et géonémie du genre Monographis Attems. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut ns 64: 43-81 [Date published June 1967] [74] (Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin & Condé do not head their redescription of this species Unixenus mjöbergi on p. 72, instead referring it to Unixenus in their discussion on p. 74. The first use of the combination Unixenus mjöbergi occurs in the caption to fig. 11 on p. 73)

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Carnarvon (CAR), Central Kimberley (CK), Coolgardie (COO), Central Ranges (CR), Dampierland (DL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Gascoyne (GAS), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murchison (MUR), Northern Kimberley (NK), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

General References

Car, C.A., Short, M., Huynh, C. & Harvey, M.S. 2013. The millipedes of Barrow Island, Western Australia (Diplopoda). Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 83: 209–219 [211]

Koch, L.E. 1985. Pincushion millipedes (Diplopoda: Polyxenida): their aggregations and identity in Western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 16(2/3): 30-32 [30] (whole animal illustrated and swarming behaviour described)

History of changes

• Unixenus mossmanus Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A.A. 2021. A new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) found in far north Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature 63: 1-9 [2].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM 113000 Subadult male, 12 pairs of legs, 11 km North northeast from the town centre of Mossman, QLD [16.385003 S, 145.416656 E].
  Paratype(s) QM 113001-005 2 subadult ♂, 1 subadult ♀, 2 ♀, Same data as Holotype.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Mossman, north QLD

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Wet Tropics (WT)

History of changes

• Unixenus myallensis Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2013. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys 278: 75-90 [83].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM KS.93670 ♀ (slide mounted), 3.8 km S of Mungo Brush campsite, Myall Lakes National Park, New South Wales, Australia [32° 34' 46" S, 152° 17' 27" E].
  Paratype(s) AM KS.94096 1 subadult ♂ (slide mounted), 3.8 km S of Mungo Brush campsite, Myall Lakes National Park, New South Wales, Australia [32° 34' 46" S, 152° 17' 27" E]; AM KS.93660 1 ♀ (slide mounted), 3.8 km S of Mungo Brush campsite, Myall Lakes National Park, New South Wales, Australia [32° 34' 46" S, 152° 17' 27" E]; AM KS.93662 (adult ♂), KS.119556 (subadult ♂), KS.93663 (♀) 1 adult ♂, 1 subadult ♂ & 1 ♀, Wyrrabalong National Park, New South Wales, Australia [33° 16' 47" S, 151° 32' 40" E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB)

History of changes

Introduction

Family with five genera and ca. 50 species, mainly tropical (Hoffman 1982; Ishii et al. 1999; Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin & Geoffroy 2003). A key to the genera of Lophoproctidae is given in Ishii et al. (1999).

General References

Hoffman, R.L. 1982. Diplopoda. pp. 689-724 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. Vol. 2. New York : McGraw-Hill.

Ishii, K., Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. & Condé, B. 1999. The first penicillate millipedes from the vicinity of Manaus, Central Amazonia, Brazil (Diplopoda: Polyxenida). Amazoniana 15(3/4): 239-267

Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101

History of changes

• Lophoturus Brolemann, H.W. 1931. Myriapodes recueillis par Madame Pruvot en Nouvelle-Calédonie et aux Loyalty. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 72: 275-316 [304] [first introduced as a subgenus of Lophoproctus Brolemann, 1931; raised to genus in Condé, B. & Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. 1977. De l'utilisation nouvelle du nom de genre Lophoturus Brölemann (Diplopodes, Pénicillates). Zoologie 334. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris 3 477: 909-915 [911]].

  Type species:

   Lophoproctus (Lophoturus) obscurus Brolemann, 1931 by original designation (Loyalty Is.).
• Alloproctus Silvestri, F. 1948. Tavola sinottica dei generi dei Diplopoda Penicillata. Bollettino del Real Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di Portici 8: 214-220 [217].

  Secondary source:

   Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101 [98].
• Oroxenus Chamberlin, R.V. 1955. New millipeds from Peru and adjacent parts. Bulletin of the University of Utah. Biological Series 11: 1-47 [47].

  Secondary source:

   Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101 [98].
• Alloproctinus Jeekel, C.A.W. 1963. Alloproctinus nom. nov. (Diplopoda, Pollyxenida). Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 23: 156 [156] [replacement name].

  Secondary source:

   Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101 [98].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Condé, B. & Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. 1977. De l'utilisation nouvelle du nom de genre Lophoturus Brölemann (Diplopodes, Pénicillates). Zoologie 334. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 3 477: 909-915 [911] (Alloproctinus (replacement name for the preoccupied Alloproctus) recognised to be junior synonym of Lophoturus)
• Condé, B. 1980. Identité du genre Oroxenus Chamberlin (Polyxenida: Lophoproctidae). Myriapodologica 1(6): 47-49 [49] (Oroxenus recognised to be junior synonym of Lophoturus)

Introduction

A genus with more than 25 species (Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin & Geoffroy 2003), one of which is found in Australia.

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

IBRA

Qld: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL) ; Qld, WA: Pilbara (PIL)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

General References

Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101

History of changes

• Lophoturus boondallus Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A.A. 2018. Two new Lophoturus species (Diplopoda, Polyxenida, Lophoproctidae) from Queensland, Australia. ZooKeys 741: 133-154 [138].

  Type data:

   Holotype ♂, Boondall Wetlands Park, Boondall, Brisbane, Queensland [27°20'25.85"S, 153°4'36.94"E].
  Paratype(s) 1♂, 9♀, Boondall Wetlands Park, Boondall, Brisbane, Queensland [27°20'25.85"S, 153°4'36.94"E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

History of changes

• Lophoturus humphreysi Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. 2014. Two new species of Lophoturus (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Lophoproctidae) from caves in Christmas Island, Australia, including the second troglomorph in Penicillata. Zoosystema 36(1): 29-39 [35].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM ♂, Australia, Christmas Island, 19th Hole cave [10.425°S 105.701°E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Alloproctus madecassus Marquet, M.L. & Condé, B. 1950. Contribution a la connaissance des diplopodes penicillates d'€™Afrique et de la region Madecasse. Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar 4(1): 113€–134 [126–128, figs 3–4].

Generic Combinations

• Lophoturus madecassus (Marquet & Condé, 1950). —
  Condé, B. & Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. 1977. De l'utilisation nouvelle du nom de genre Lophoturus Brölemann (Diplopodes, Pénicillates). Zoologie 334. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 3 477: 909-915

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Barrow Island

IBRA

WA: Pilbara (PIL)

General References

Car, C.A., Short, M., Huynh, C. & Harvey, M.S. 2013. The millipedes of Barrow Island, Western Australia (Diplopoda). Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 83: 209–219 [210]

History of changes

• Lophoturus molloyensis Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A.A. 2018. Two new Lophoturus species (Diplopoda, Polyxenida, Lophoproctidae) from Queensland, Australia. ZooKeys 741: 133-154 [145].

  Type data:

   Holotype ♂, Mount Molloy, Cairns region, Queensland [16°41'10.50"S, 145°19'49.43"E].
  Paratype(s) 1♂, 4♀, Mount Molloy, Cairns region, Queensland [16°41'10.50"S, 145°19'49.43"E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Wet Tropics (WT)

History of changes

• Lophoproctus queenslandicus Verhoeff, K.W. 1924. Results of Dr. E. Mjöberg's scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. 34. Myriapoda: Diplopoda. Arkiv för Zoologi 16(5): 1-142, pls 1-5 [39].

  Type data:

   Lectotype NHRM ♀, "Cedar Creek'' (Ravenshoe), QLD.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Condé, B. 1979. Caractères et affinités de Lophoproctus queenslandicus Verhoeff (Diplopodes Pénicillates). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 86(3): 605-609.

Generic Combinations

• Lophoturus queenslandicus (Verhoeff, 1924). —
  Condé, B. 1979. Caractères et affinités de Lophoproctus queenslandicus Verhoeff (Diplopodes Pénicillates). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 86(3): 605-609 [608]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Also recorded from Rauna Falls near Port Moresby, PNG, in Condé & Duy-Jacquemin (1984)

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Channel Country (CHC), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Plains (GUP), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Wet Tropics (WT)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Nothing known.

History of changes

• Lophoturus speophilus Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. 2014. Two new species of Lophoturus (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Lophoproctidae) from caves in Christmas Island, Australia, including the second troglomorph in Penicillata. Zoosystema 36(1): 29-39 [30].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM ♂, Australia, Christmas Island, Jedda Cave [10.488°S 105.645°E].
  Paratype(s) MNHP 1♀, data as for holotype.

Distribution

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

Introduction

Synxenoidea is one of two superfamilies currently recognised within the Order Polyxenida and contains the single family Synxenidae (Hoffman 1980; Shelley 2003).

General References

Hoffman, R.L. 1980. Classification of the Diplopoda. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genève 238 pp.

Shelley, R.M. 2003. A revised, annotated family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta 11: 187-207 [Date published 37811]

History of changes

Introduction

All previously described synxenid genera were synonymised with Phryssonotus by Hoffman (1980).

General References

Hoffman, R.L. 1980. Classification of the Diplopoda. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genève 238 pp.

History of changes

• Phryssonotus Scudder, S.H. 1885. [tile unknown]. Zittel, Handbuch der Paleontologie, Paleozoologie 2: 731 [731] [nom. nov. for Lophonotus Menge, 1854].

  Type species:

   Lophonotus hystrix Menge, 1854 by subsequent designation (Baltic amber).

  Secondary source:

   Jeekel, C.A.W. 1971. Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: a list of the genus and family-group names in the Class Diplopoda from the 10th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957. Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging 5: i-xii, 1-412 [Date published 15 February 1971] [4].
• Lophonotus Menge, A. 1854. in Koch, C.L. & Berendt, G.C. Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. In Berendt, G.C. Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt. 1(2): 1-[12] pls 1-17. [12] [junior homonym of Lophonotus Stephens, 1829 (Lep.), Lophonotus Macquart, 1839 (Dipt.), Lophonotus Costa, 1862 (Polych.)].

  Type species:

   Lophonotus hystrix Menge, 1854 by original designation.
• Synxenus Silvestri, F. 1900. Nuovo genere di Polyxenidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger 23: 113-114 [114] [junior subjective synonym of Phryssonotus Scudder, 1885].

  Type species:

   Synxenus orientalis Silvestri, 1900 by original designation (Uruguay).

  Secondary source:

   Jeekel, C.A.W. 1971. Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: a list of the genus and family-group names in the Class Diplopoda from the 10th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957. Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging 5: i-xii, 1-412 [Date published 15 February 1971] [5].
• Schindalmonotus Attems, C. 1926. Myriopoda. pp. 1-402 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Progoneata, Chilopoda, Insecta I. Berlin & Leipzig : Walter de Gruyter & Co. Vol. 4(1). [113].

  Secondary source:

   Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101.
• Koubanus Attems, C.G. 1928. The Myriopoda of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 26: 1-431 [198].

  Secondary source:

   Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101.
• Kubanus Attems, C. 1926. Myriopoda. pp. 1-402 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Progoneata, Chilopoda, Insecta I. Berlin & Leipzig : Walter de Gruyter & Co. Vol. 4(1). [113].

  Secondary source:

   Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hoffman, R.L. 1980. Classification of the Diplopoda. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genève 238 pp. [53]

Introduction

A genus with eight species (Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin & Geoffroy 2003), two described from amber. Only P. novaehollandiae is known from Australia. A Phryssonotus tentatively identified as P. capensis, a South African species, was collected in Queensland (Condé & Duy-Jacquemin 1984), but the identification is regarded as doubtful (Short & Huynh 2006).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Channel Country (CHC), Central Ranges (CR), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Kanmantoo (KAN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), Nullarbor (NUL), Pilbara (PIL), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP) ; Tas, Vic: Flinders (FLI), South East Coastal Plain (SCP) ; WA: Esperance Plains (ESP)

General References

Condé, B. & Duy-Jacquemin, M.N. 1984. Diplopodes pénicillates de Papouasie et de Borneo. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 91(1): 47-55 (unidentified Phryssonotus recorded from near Buderim, Qld)

Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Geoffroy, J.-J. 2003. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates 44: 89-101

Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2006. Redescription of Phryssonotus novaehollandiae (Silvestri, 1923) with details of post-embryonic stadia. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 53: 211-222

History of changes

• Phryssonotus australis Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A.A. 2017. Two new species of Phryssonotus (Diplopoda : Synxenidae) from southern and western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 65: 248-256 [published online 23 February 2018] [254].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV K-13781 ♀, Point Addis, VIC [38°23'1.95''S 144°14'57.78''E].
  Paratype(s) NMV K-13782–K-13787 6♀, Point Addis, VIC [38°23'1.95''S 144°14'57.78''E].

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Victoria

IBRA

Tas, Vic: Flinders (FLI), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

History of changes

• Synxenus novaehollandiae Silvestri, F. 1923. Notizia della presenza del genere Synxenus (Myriapoda Diplopoda) in Catalogna e descrizione di quattro specie. Treballs del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona 4(5): 5-15 [14].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown juvenile, Mt Lofty near Adelaide, SA
  Comment: Short & Huynh (2006) unsuccessfully attempted to locate the type prior to their redescription of P. novaehollandiae.

Generic Combinations

• Phryssonotus novaehollandiae (Silvestri, 1923). —
  Condé, B. 1954. Les diplopodes Pénicillates de l'ambre et la faune actuelle. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 79(1): 74-78 [78]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Channel Country (CHC), Central Ranges (CR), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Kanmantoo (KAN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), Nullarbor (NUL), Pilbara (PIL), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Nothing known.

General References

Car, C.A., Short, M., Huynh, C. & Harvey, M.S. 2013. The millipedes of Barrow Island, Western Australia (Diplopoda). Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 83: 209–219 [214]

History of changes

• Phryssonotus occidentalis Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A.A. 2017. Two new species of Phryssonotus (Diplopoda : Synxenidae) from southern and western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 65: 248-256 [published online 23 February 2018] [255].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM T144600 ♂, Fitzgerald River National Park, Whoobarup Range, WA [33°56’20”S, 119°50’52”E].
  Paratype(s) WAM T80751 2♂, 3♀, Fitzgerald River National Park, Whoobarup Range, WA [33°56’20”S, 119°50’52”E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Esperance Plains (ESP)

History of changes