History of changes

• Lepraliellidae Vigneaux, 1949.
• Celleporariidae Vigneaux, 1949.

Introduction

The family Lepraliellidae was introduced by Vigneaux (1949) for Lepraliella Levinsen (1916), and is reasonably well circumscribed in terms of overall morphology. The family includes a number of genera forming encrusting or erect, multilaminate colonies. The zooids have umbonuloid frontal shields, and non-sinuate, subcircular or D-shaped orifices. Frontal budding is important in most species, and the absence of differentiated lateral walls is characteristic. Colonies range from a few millimetres to 150 mm in diameter and may be massive and cemented to a substratum, or minute and globular, or discoid, anchored by turgid, extrazooidal stalks. Some larger colonies, which initially grew on small substrata, become effectively free-living. Colonies are well integrated and develop maculae or mounds of frontally budded zooids producing excurrent chimneys. In general terms, zooid frontal shields are smooth, and an umbo or avicularium is usually associated with the orifice. Ovicells tend to be hooded, smooth-walled and fairly open in front ('cucullate'), at least in the early stages of ontogeny. Larger lingulate or spatulate avicularia feature quite prominently in some genera, particularly Celleporaria.

Some 20 genera may belong to the family, including Lepraliella, Celleporaria, Sphaeropora, Buchneria, Drepanophora, Kladapheles, and the Cretaceous Frurionella (Gordon 1993). Two genera occur in Australia waters, the diverse and complex Celleporaria, with at least 30 species, and the rooted Sphaeropora, with at least five living species and an extensive fossil record.

The earliest record of lepraliellids from Australia is from the collections of Péron and Lesueur, described by Lamarck (1816), some of whose specimens may be those still housed in the Paris National Museum (Pouyet 1978). The type species of Celleporaria, C. cristata, encrusts the stems of algae in a series of crests, the whole colony resembling a screw (Bock 1982). This form is very similar to Densipora corrugata, in the cyclostome family Densiporidae. C. cristata is only one of 14 species recorded from Victorian waters, and it is expected that additional species are yet to be defined. Ryland & Hayward (1992) and Hayward & Ryland (1995) have reported 10 species from Heron Island, 3 of them new. It may be a function of collecting, but the numbers of species decline westwards and northeastwards from Victoria. Thus there are 10 species known for South Australia but only two for southwestern Australia. Eight have been recorded for New South Wales, declining to seven in Torres Strait. Off Darwin, at least five species occur together in the same general area. Two are known for northwestern Australia. Many of the early workers on Bryozoa described several species of Celleporaria, as the large colonies were easily identified in dredged material. Important contributions were made by Busk (1852a, 1854, 1881, 1884) and by MacGillivray (1886, 1887, 1888). Both in tropical and temperate waters some species are quite massive, approximating small corals in size. Although colony form (and colour, where known) can be helpful in discriminating species, they are generally most accurately discriminated on the basis of details of the orifice and avicularia. Ecologically, the large species, with considerable three-dimensional relief, provide habitat for cryptic invertebrates in their interstices. Collectively, bryozoan coral can provide nursery habitat for juveniles of commercial fish. This has been demonstrated in New Zealand waters (Bradstock & Gordon 1983) and the same is likely to be true in Australian waters. Some species ,e.g. C. oculata Lamarck, allow the occurrence of commensal or symbiotic organisms on their surface, including polychaetes and small cnidarians (Osman & Haugsness 1981).

Sphaeropora fossa Haswell (1881) is the only described Recent species of its genus, although other undescribed Recent, and several fossil Australian species are known (Cook 1979; Cook & Chimonides 1981). This genus has a colony form quite unlike that of Celleporaria, with mature colonies forming spheres, lenses or elongate ellipsoids up to 25 mm in diameter or length. The colonies are supported by one or several turgid, extrazooidal cuticular rhizoids in sandy sediment. The ancestrula of S. fossa settles several millimetres below the sediment surface where, as it grows, rootlet fibrils attach to those of other colonies. The mature colony complex is analogous to a ramifying fungal mat, with fruiting bodies (mature colonies) supported above the substratum on stalks. Presumably the larvae, like those of Parmularia, once released, are negatively phototaxic or positively geotaxic, penetrating the sediment before metamorphosing. After metamorphosis, the rootlet extends considerably and can be as much as 3 mm long while supporting only 3-4 zooids. Rootlets of mature colonies occurring in sediment are 10-15 mm long with colonies raised 5 mm above the substratum, but laboratory-cultured specimens can have rootlets up to 30 mm long. Penetrating the skeleton where the extrazooidal rhizoid originates is a conical pit, about half the diameter of the colony, communicating through pores to the surrounding zooids (Cook & Chimonides 1981). Individual zooids are Celleporaria-like in zooidal morphology, but are orientated with the distal direction towards the stalk or pit This is reversed budding with respect to the apparent colony growth (i.e., like the growth of conescharellinid bryozoans). After the first few buds have been produced from the ancestrula, subsequent budding is from the interzooidal areas or frontal. A median suboral avicularium with crossbar occurs on each zooid; the mandible is directed towards the proximal end of the zooid. Ovicells have not been described, but are peristomial and cucullate, as in Celleporaria.

Living populations of Sphaeropora species have been found from Townsville in Queensland, from New South Wales, Tasmania, Bass Strait, South Australia and Western Australia, in depths ranging from 23 m to 1264 m, in association with other rooted Bryozoa. The fossil record of Sphaeropora ranges from the Late Eocene; the restriction of the genus to Australian shelf and upper slope environments reflects the low larval dispersal distances.

Only one genus of Lepraliellidae has been recorded from Antarctica. Hayward (1993, 1995) described small encrusting colonies of Acanthophragma polaris from the Ross Sea.

The family Lepraliellidae dates from Upper Campanian (Late Cretaceous) (genus Frurionella) (Gordon 1993). The earliest Celleporaria-like colonies are those of Reptocelleporaria accumulata (von Hagenow) from a little later in the lower Maastrichtian. These are small and encrusting and very like Celleporaria, with small adventitious avicularia and large spatulate avicularia, but the ovicell tends to be partly concealed by the orificial peristome.

Diagnosis

Colony well to heavily calcified, encrusting or semi-erect, mammilliform, or small, free-living, anchored by extrazooidal peduncles or rhizoids. Zooids well integrated, often frontally budded, forming maculae associated with excurrent chimneys. Small, globular or rounded colonies often with reversed frontal budding. Zooid frontal shields umbonuloid, smooth, with marginal areolae, and oral or other adventitious avicularia. Very large, interzooidal or vicarious avicularia often present Ovicells prominent, shallow, 'cucullate'.

General References

Bock, P.E. 1982. Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa). pp. 319-394 in Shepherd, S.A. & Thomas, I.M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia Adelaide : Government Printer Part 1 491 pp.

Bradstock, M., & Gordon, D.P. 1983. Coral-like bryozoan growths in Tasman Bay, and their protection to conserve fish stocks. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 17: 159-163

Busk, G. 1852. An account of the Polyzoa and Sertularian Zoophytes, collected in the voyage of the "Rattlesnake" on the coast of Australia and the Louisade Archipelago, etc. Appendix no. IV. pp. 343-402 in MacGillivray, J. (ed.). Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake. London : T. & W. Boone Vol. 1.

Busk, G. 1854. Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, Part 2. London : Trustees of the British Museum 55-120 pp.

Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356

Busk, G. 1884. Polyzoa. Pt. I. Cheilostomata. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 10: xiv, 216

Cook, P.L. 1979. Mode of life of small, rooted "sand fauna" colonies of Bryozoa. pp. 269-281 in Larwood, G.P. & Abbott, M.B. (eds). Advances in Bryozoology. London : Academic Press.

Cook, P.L. & Chimonides, P.J. 1981. Morphology and systematics of some rooted cheilostome Bryozoa. Journal of Natural History 15: 97-134

Gordon, D.P. 1993. Bryozoan frontal shields: studies on umbonulomorphs and impacts on classification. Zoologica Scripta 22: 203-221

Haswell, W.A. 1881. On some Polyzoa from the Queensland coast. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 33-44

Hayward, P.J. 1993. New species of cheilostomate Bryozoa from Antarctica and the Subantarctic southwest Atlantic. Journal of Natural History 27: 1409-1430

Hayward, P.J. 1995. Antarctic cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, New York, Tokyo : Oxford University Press 355 pp.

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. 1995. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. 2. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38(2): 533-573

Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris : Verdière Vol. 2 568 pp.

Levinsen, G.M.R. 1916. Danmark-Ekspeditionen til Grønlands Nordstkyst 1906-1908. Bind. III, nr 16, Bryozoa. Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 43: 431-472

Macgillivray, P.H. 1886. Polyzoa. 99-111, pls 126-128 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 13. Melbourne : George Robertson.

Macgillivray, P.H. 1887. Polyzoa. 173-188, pls 146-148 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 15. Melbourne : George Robertson.

Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson.

Osman, R.W., & Haugsness, J.A. 1981. Mutualism among sessile invertebrates: a mediator of competition and predation. Science (Washington, D.C.) 211: 846-848

Pouyet, S. 1978. Révision de quatre espèces actuelles de Celleporaria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) déscrites par Lamarck en 1816. Geobios 11: 611-621

Ryland, J.S. & Hayward, P.J. 1992. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32(1): 223-301

Vigneaux, M. 1949. Révision des Bryozoaires néogènes du Bassin d'Aquitaine et essai de classification. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, n.s 28: 1-153

History of changes

• Celleporaria Lamouroux, J.V.F. 1821. Exposition Méthodique des genres de l'Ordre des Polypiers, avec leur Description et celle des Principales espèces, figurées dans 84 planches, les 63 premières appartenant á l'histoire naturelle des zoophytes d'Ellis et Solander. Paris : Agasse, i-viii, fold-out table, 1-115, pls 1-85. [43].

  Type species:

   Cellepora oculata Lamarck, 1816 by subsequent designation, see Harmer, S.F. 1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expéditie Report 28D: 641-1147 [663].

  Secondary source:

   Harmer, S.F. 1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expéditie Report 28D: 641-1147 [663].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Sudan

Antarctic Region

• Subantarctic Islands
  • Crozet Islands

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Great Barrier Reef, Lower E coast, Lower W coast, N coast, NE coast, S Gulfs coast, SW coast, Tas. Coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic
• Hawaii
• New Caledonia
• New Zealand
• Vanuatu

Neotropical Region

• Argentina

Oriental Region

• Indonesia
• Malaysia
• Philippines

Palaearctic Region

• Japan

History of changes

• Cellepora agglutinans Hutton, F.W. 1873. Polyzoa. pp. 87-104 in Hutton, F.W. (ed.). Catalogue of the marine Mollusca of New Zealand, with diagnoses of species. Wellington : Government Printer 116 pp.

Distribution

States

South Australia

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: S Gulfs coast
• New Zealand

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

Notes

Record from South Australia in Parker (ms) should be confirmed.

History of changes

• Discopora albirostris typica Smitt, F.A. 1873. Floridan Bryozoa collected by Count L.F. de Pourtales, Part 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Academiens Nya Handlingar, Stockholm 11: 1-83.

Distribution

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Neotropical Region

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

Notes

Record of this west Atlantic species from Australia (MacGillivray, 1888) is dubious.

History of changes

• Schizoporella aperta Hincks, T. 1882. Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. IX. Foreign Cheilostomata (miscellaneous). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 9: 116-127 [126].
• Schismopora cucullata Maplestone, C.M. 1905. Lord Howe Island Polyzoa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 17(2): 386-390 [389] [placed in synonymy of C. aperta by Livingstone. Revision needed for confirmation].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45942 2 slides, Lord Howe Island [31°30'S, 159°10'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: N coast, NE coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

Oriental Region

• Indonesia
• Philippines

Palaearctic Region

• Japan

Notes

E. Africa, W. Africa and others.

History of changes

• Cellepora apiculata Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [345].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Lower E coast, NE coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora bispinata Busk, G. 1854. Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, Part 2. London : Trustees of the British Museum 55-120 pp. [87].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Tas. Coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora columnaris Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [348].
• Cellepora cidaris Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [243].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45629 2 slides, Port Phillip Heads.

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Great Barrier Reef, SW coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora cristata Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris : Verdière Vol. 2 568 pp.

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) MNHP BRY-4846 1 colony, Australia (exact locality unspecified); MNHP BRY-4847 1 colony, Australia (exact locality unspecified); MNHP BRY-4848 1 colony, Australia (exact locality unspecified).
• Cellepora lirata Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [250].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45659 2 slides and dry specimens, Port Phillip Heads.
• Cellepora repleta Waters, A.W. 1879. On the occurrence of Recent Heteropora. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, London 2: 390-393 [392].
• Cellepora tubigera Hutton, F.W. 1878. On some South Australian Polyzoa. Papers of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1877: 23-25 [24].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Pouyet, S. 1978. Révision de quatre espèces actuelles de Celleporaria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) déscrites par Lamarck en 1816. Geobios 11: 611-621 [613]

Distribution

States

South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, S Gulfs coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

Notes

This grouping needs revision. At least three species may be included.
Synonymy for C. tubigera tentative - S.Parker ms

History of changes

• Celleporaria desperabilis Ryland, J.S. & Hayward, P.J. 1992. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32(1): 223-301 [251].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM GH5228 1 colony, Heron Island, Stn 14.
  Paratype(s) QM GH5229 1 colony, Heron Island, Stn 14.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora polymorpha discoidea Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [353].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

Included in Parker ms list

History of changes

• Cellepora endivia Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris : Verdière Vol. 2 568 pp.

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MNHP 4836, 4837, 4838 3, Océan Pacifique austral.

  Secondary source:

   Pouyet, S. 1978. Révision de quatre espèces actuelles de Celleporaria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) déscrites par Lamarck en 1816. Geobios 11: 611-621 [614]; D'Hondt, J.-L. 1979. Revision des bryozoaires de Lesueur et Péron conservés dans les collections du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Géologique de Normandie et des Amis du Muséum du Havre 66(3): 9-24 [14].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Holoporella firmispinosa Silen, L. 1954. Report from Professor T. Gislén's expedition to Australia in 1951-1952. 12. Bryozoa and Entoprocta. Acta Universitatis Lundensis 2 50(17): 1-41 [38].

  Type data:

   Holotype Rockingham, off Garden Is., WA.
  Paratype(s) 1, Warnbro Sound, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Lower W coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora foliata Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [246].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45662 6 slides, Portland, Victoria.

Distribution

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora fusca Busk, G. 1854. Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, Part 2. London : Trustees of the British Museum 55-120 pp. [88].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1854.11.15.180, Bass Strait (Rattlesnake).
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1899.7.1.4867A 1 (Type status uncertain), Bass Strait.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Great Barrier Reef, NE coast

Oriental Region

• Indonesia

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora granulosa Haswell, W.A. 1881. On some Polyzoa from the Queensland coast. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 33-44 [40].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1883.11.29.50 1 ('paratype'), Holborn Island, Qld, 20 fms; BMNH 1910.6.16.6 1 ('paratype'), Holborn Island, Qld, 20 fms.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef, NE coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellepora hastigera Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [344] [possible synonym of Cellepora endivia Lamarck, 1816].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1887.12.9.737 (Selected by Brown (1952)), Moncoeur Is. Bass Strait (Challenger Stn 162).

Distribution

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

Notes

Colony form is similar to C. endivia (Lamarck); detailed comparison of zooidal characters is needed.

History of changes

• Celleporaria hesperopacifica Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. 1995. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. 2. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38(2): 533-573 [551].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G304974, Heron Is.
  Paratype(s) QM G304970 1 colony, Heron Island, Qld.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef
• New Caledonia

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora intermedia Macgillivray, P.H. 1869. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Australian Polyzoa; to which is added a list of species found in Victoria. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 9: 126-148 [137].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV F45660 1 slide, Queenscliff.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

History of changes

• Cellepora jacksoniensis Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [351].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Lower E coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

History of changes

• Cellepora magnirostris Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [251].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45663 5 slides, Port Phillip Heads.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora mamillata Busk, G. 1854. Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, Part 2. London : Trustees of the British Museum 55-120 pp. [87].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1899.7.1.79 (Selected by Harmer, 1957), Coast of Patagonia.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Indian Ocean, Loyalty Islands. Probably several species have been synonymised.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NE coast

Neotropical Region

• Argentina

Oriental Region

• Malaysia

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora nodulosa Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [345].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Lower E coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

Notes

The description for C. nodulosa in Busk (1881) was repeated in Busk (1884) under the name C. tuberculata, and no mention was made of C.tuberculata in 1884. This presumably was an editorial error. The specimen labelled C. nodulosa in the BMNH collection conforms to the 1881 description (P.Bock, pers. obs.), and is a species which is moderately common in southern Australia.

History of changes

• Cellepora oculata Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris : Verdière Vol. 2 568 pp.

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHP 4840, Zoologie, Peron et Lesueur 1 colony, 'Océan Austral'.
• Cellepora discoidea Busk, G. 1884. Polyzoa. Pt. I. Cheilostomata. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 10: xiv, 216 [197].
• Cellepora discoidea frutetosa Kirkpatrick, R. 1890. Reports on the zoological collections made in Torres Straits by Professor A.C. Haddon, 1888-1889. Hydroida and Polyzoa. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society ns 6: 603-626.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Holoporella pigmentaria Waters, A.W. 1909. Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea... 12. The Bryozoa, Part 1, Cheilostomata. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 31: 123-181 [163].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Sudan

Oriental Region

• Indonesia

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

Australian records are doubtful.

History of changes

• Cellepora prolifera Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [247].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45661 3 slides and dry specimens, Portland.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

History of changes

• Cellepora serratirostris Macgillivray, P.H. 1885. Descriptions of new or little-known Polyzoa. Part 8. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 21: 106-119 [114].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45664 4 slides, Port Phillip Heads.

Distribution

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Celleporaria sibogae Winston, J.E., & Heimberg, B.F. 1986. Bryozoans from Bali, Lombok, and Komodo. American Museum Novitates 2847: 1-49 [30].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 617 1 colony, Komodo, Sanur, or Lombok (not specified).
  Paratype(s) AMNH 618, 619 2 specimens, Komodo, Sanur, or Lombok (not specified).

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NE coast

Oriental Region

• Indonesia
• Philippines

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, coral reef, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Celleporaria sicaria Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. 1995. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. 2. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38(2): 533-573 [553].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G304965 1 colony, Heron Island, Qld, Stn 25.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora simplex Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [241].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45665 5 slides and dry specimen, Port Phillip Heads.

Distribution

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder.

History of changes

• Cellepora speciosa Macgillivray, P.H. 1886. Polyzoa. 99-111, pls 126-128 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 13. Melbourne : George Robertson. [109].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV F45666 1 slide, Port Phillip Heads.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellepora spicata Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [242].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45667 2 slides and dry specimen, Port Phillip Head.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellepora tridenticulata Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [347].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH, Challenger Stn 186 [10°30'S, 142°18'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NE coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, coral reef, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellepora tuberculata Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [353].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Lower E coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

Not illustrated in Busk 1884. Species included in Busk 1884 under this name used the description of C. nodulosa Busk 1881. Generic reassignment herein.

History of changes

• Cellepora vagans Busk, G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the "Challenger Expedition". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 341-356 [354].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Subantarctic Islands
  • Crozet Islands

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Great Barrier Reef, NE coast
• Hawaii
• Vanuatu

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

The records from different regions suggest that more than one species is included. The original description by Busk included material from Honolulu and Crozet Islands!

History of changes

• Cellepora verrucosa Macgillivray, P.H. 1888. Polyzoa. 241-253, pls 165-168 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 17. Melbourne : George Robertson. [245].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45668 8 slides and dry specimens, Portland.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

Not Cellepora verrucosa Linnaeus 1767

History of changes

• Drepanophora Harmer, S.F. 1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga-Expéditie Report 28D: 641-1147 [1078].

  Type species:

   Rhynchopora incisor Thornely, 1905 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NW coast

Oriental Region

• Indonesia

History of changes

• Drepanophora verrucosa Winston, J.E., & Heimberg, B.F. 1986. Bryozoans from Bali, Lombok, and Komodo. American Museum Novitates 2847: 1-49 [40].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 626 1 colony, Lombok.
  Paratype(s) AMNH 627 1 colony, Lombok.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NW coast

Oriental Region

• Indonesia

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

Notes

Unpublished record from Dampier (J.Mackie)

History of changes

• Kladapheles Gordon, D.P. 1993. The ascophorine infraorders Cribriomorpha, Hippothoomorpha and Umbonulomorpha mainly from New Caledonian waters. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] 158: 299-347.

  Type species:

   Kladapheles gammadeka Gordon, 1993 by original designation.

Distribution

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic
• New Caledonia

History of changes

• Kladapheles gammadeka Gordon, D.P. 1993. The ascophorine infraorders Cribriomorpha, Hippothoomorpha and Umbonulomorpha mainly from New Caledonian waters. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] 158: 299-347.

Distribution

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic
• New Caledonia

History of changes

• Sphaeropora Haswell, W.A. 1881. On some Polyzoa from the Queensland coast. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 33-44 [42].

  Type species:

   Sphaeropora fossa Haswell, 1881 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower W coast, NE coast, S Gulfs coast, SW coast

History of changes

• Cellepora oliva Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris : Verdière Vol. 2 568 pp.

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHP BRY-4835 1 colony, 'Nouvelle-Hollande'.
• Sphaeropora fossa Haswell, W.A. 1881. On some Polyzoa from the Queensland coast. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 33-44 [42].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• D'Hondt, J.-L. 1979. Revision des bryozoaires de Lesueur et Péron conservés dans les collections du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Géologique de Normandie et des Amis du Muséum du Havre 66(3): 9-24 [14]

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower W coast, NE coast, S Gulfs coast, SW coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

The species may be a synonym of Sphaeropora fossa (Haswell): however, there are several related species which have not been described, and it is still uncertain that S. fossa and C. oliva are synonyms. There are several undescribed species of this genus.

Locality for C. oliva: Australie

History of changes

• Metrarabdotosidae Vigneaux, M. 1949. Révision des Bryozoaires néogènes du Bassin d'Aquitaine et essai de classification. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, n.s 28: 1-153.

Introduction

First established by Vigneaux (1949), with an emended diagnosis and taxonomic review provided by Cheetham (1968), the Metrarabdotosidae is recognized as a northern hemisphere family. It has an extensive fossil history in the Tertiary deposits of western Europe, North Africa, eastern U.S.A. and the Caribbean. Living faunas occur off West Africa and in the Caribbean and tropical West Atlantic. Polirhabdotos inclusum (Waters), an endemic Antarctic species, was assigned to the family by Hayward & Thorpe (1987).

Species of Metrarabdotosidae form encrusting or erect, branching colonies. The frontal wall of the zooid is an umbonuloid shield, bordered by conspicuous marginal pores; the primary orifice is obscured by a complex peristome bearing denticles and/or ridges on its inner surface. Adventitious avicularia occur. Embryos are brooded in gonozooids, differing from autozooids in having an immersed, globular brood chamber, partly separated from the main cavity of the zooid by a low shelf.

The Antarctic species Polirhabdotos inclusum forms slender, cylindrical, dichotomously branching colonies. The rather elongate zooids are arranged in whorls of three to five. The frontal shield is coarsely nodular, with large and conspicuous marginal pores. The primary orifice is hidden by a deep peristome, with a distinctive ontogeny: initially D-shaped, the orifice develops a broad proximal lip with sharp processes defining a circular median foramen. The lip deepens, developing paired ridges which form a frontally lengthening gutter, and finally a lateral suboral avicularium develops on the outer rim of the peristome. Gonozooids are broadened distally, with a projecting convex hood marking the position of the brood chamber.

Polirhabdotos inclusum appears to be a slow-growing, long-lived species. Colonies may exceed 40 mm high, with gonozooids in successive independent whorls, suggesting multiple reproductive seasons.

Diagnosis

Colony encrusting or erect, branched, heavily calcified, often deeply pigmented. Zooids large, with umbonuloid frontal shield, surrounded by prominent areolae. Secondary orifices with distal oral shelf and proximal pseudosinus. Avicularia oral, adventitious. Brooding zooids dimorphic, with enlarged distal chamber and wide orifice.

General References

Cheetham, A.H. 1968. Morphology and systematics of the bryozoan genus Metrarabdotos. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 153: 1-121

Hayward, P.J. & Thorpe, J.P. 1987. The systematic position of Smittina inclusa Waters, an endemic Antarctic Bryozoan. Journal of Natural History 21: 1469-1476

Vigneaux, M. 1949. Révision des Bryozoaires néogènes du Bassin d'Aquitaine et essai de classification. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, n.s 28: 1-153

History of changes

• Polirhabdotos Hayward, P.J. & Thorpe, J.P. 1987. The systematic position of Smittina inclusa Waters, an endemic Antarctic Bryozoan. Journal of Natural History 21: 1469-1476.

  Type species:

   Smittia inclusa Waters, 1904 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

History of changes

• Smittia inclusa Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

Introduction

The family Romancheinidae was introduced by Jullien (1888), but has been little used subsequently. The similarities between the genera Romancheina, Exochella, Escharoides and Escharella, among others, has been demonstrated, for example by Gordon (1989) and by Hayward (1995). As a result, the families Escharellidae Levinsen (1909) and Exochellidae Bassler (1935) are included in the present concept of the Romancheinidae. The family includes the genera Allereschara, Escharella, Escharoides, Exochella, Hellerasca, Antarcticaetos, Lageneschara, Pseudosclerodomus (provisionally; Gordon 1988) and Romancheina (Gordon, 1989).

Colonies are encrusting or erect. The zooid frontal shield has either a single or a double row of marginal pores, and is generally imperforate centrally. The calcareous frontal shield is umbonuloid, with a hypostegal coelom between the outer surface of the calcified frontal and the cuticular external wall. The orifice is orbicular or semicircular, and usually lacks clear demarcation of the poster and anter; a flat proximal projection (lyrula) may be present in the primary orifice of some species. Several spines develop from the distal lip of the orifice. Secondary calcification around the orifice forms a well-defined peristome, which usually includes an internal central proximal tooth or projection. This may be confused with the lyrula seen in the primary orifice. The avicularia are lateral to the orifice (in Escharoides), or lateral to the zooid (in Exochella), or absent (in Escharella). Pore chambers are well developed in Escharella and Exochella, but have not been observed in Escharoides. In Lageneschara and Antarcticaetos zooidal budding occurs from multiporous mural septula (Hayward 1995). The ovicells are hyperstomial, either prominent or immersed in the distal zooid, and are imperforate centrally with a variable number of marginal pores.

The umbonuloid development of the frontal in Escharoides and Exochella was indicated by Hayward & Ryland (1979). Gordon subsequently (1989) demonstrated that species of Escharella also have umbonuloid development.

As is the case with many species which have small encrusting colonies, there is little distinction between early and later astogenetic stages. Ancestrulae that have been described are tatiform, with a ring of marginal spines. Fertile zooids appear in early stages of colony growth. In some species the colony may contain scattered fertile zooids, whereas in other species there may be a high proportion of fertile zooids. Zooid ontogeny is rapid, so that early stages of calcification are only seen in a few zooids at the growing margins of the colony. Frontal calcification, the growth of the peristome, and the complete development of ovicells is seen within one or two generations from the margin.

Secondary thickening by calcification of the frontal shield is minor, proceeding with rapid development of the paired lateral avicularia. Almost all zooids develop ovicells very early in the ontogeny of the zooid. The calcification is semi-transparent.

The entirely southern hemisphere genus Exochella is represented by five endemic Antarctic species, and rather more temperate or subantarctic species. E. conjuncta Brown is the only species with a temperate to tropical distribution, and ranges from New Zealand north to Queensland (Ryland & Hayward 1992). E. tricuspis (Hincks) has a wide distribution, including Bass Strait, encrusting shells. E. munita (MacGillivray) is also found in Bass Strait. This species has been placed in synonymy with E. tricuspis, but is distinct.

The earliest record of romancheinids from Australia was by MacGillivray (1860), who described Escharoides excavata (as Lepralia excavata) from Queenscliff. The accompanying illustration was not very accurate, and this has led to the erroneous identification of this species from many areas of the Indo-Pacific. Preliminary study suggests that E. excavata has a distribution restricted to the Port Phillip area; the identity of other samples described as E. excavata is not known at present. Levinsen (1909) may have had a sample of the same species. The tropical Escharoides longirostris Dumont occurs in the Great Barrier Reef (Hayward & Ryland 1995). The majority of Australian species encrusts hard substrata, particular bivalve shells, coral rubble, etc.

Escharella has a worldwide distribution, including polar seas. The genus is distinguished from the other romancheinids described here, principally in lacking avicularia. The peristome typically bears a prominent suboral mucro, and there is a conspicuous tooth, the lyrula, within the orifice, the size and shape of which is characteristic for each species. Oral spines are usually present and their number is again a good specific character. Three species of Escharella are known from Australia, including the widely distributed, cold temperate E. spinosissima (Hincks), described by Gordon (1989). E. diaphana (MacGillivray) is characteristically found encrusting flexible algal substrata, and the calcification between the zooids is deficient, allowing flexibility of the colony. Two species of Escharella, E. mamillata and E. watersi, are found on hard substrata from the Antarctic and subantarctic (Hayward 1995).

Two Antarctic genera, Lageneschara and Antarcticaetos, develop erect folded plates and twiggy, branching growths. L. lyrulata (Calvet) has a broad lyrula but lacks spines. Its very large zooids (1-2 mm long) form broad sheets or erect, brittle plates which may later develop compact coralline structures. A. bubeccata (Rogick) is a distinctive Antarctic endemic which has erect, narrow branched growths, dividing by regular dichotomy. Its most striking feature is its massive, hooked, lateral oral avicularia (Hayward 1995). On the other hand, two species of Romancheina are encrusting, forming small patches or thick, irregular crusts on hard substrata.

Fossil romancheinids are common in Australian Tertiary sediments, beginning in the Late Oligocene. The earliest species may be from the Santonian of Europe (Taylor 1993).

Diagnosis

Colony encrusting forming sheets, or erect, branched, moderately to well-calcified. Zooids with umbonuloid frontal shield and large, marginal areolae. Orifices with raised peristome, often with a proximal tooth and distal spines. Avicularia often oral, paired, sometimes large. Ovicells hyperstomial, with pores frontally, becoming immersed.

General References

Bassler, R.S. 1935. Bryozoa. Generum et Genotyporum. Index et Bibliographica. pp. 1-229 in Quenstedt, W. (ed.). Fossilium Catalogus I. Animalia. s'Gravenhage : W.Junk.

Gordon, D.P. 1988. The bryozoan families Sclerodomidae, Bifaxariidae, and Urceoliporidae and a novel type of frontal wall. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 15: 249-290

Gordon, D.P. 1989. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western south Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 97: 1-158

Hayward, P.J. 1995. Antarctic cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, New York, Tokyo : Oxford University Press 355 pp.

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. 1979. British Ascophoran Bryozoans. pp. 1-312 in Kermack, D.M. & Barnes, R.S.K. (eds). Synopses of the British Fauna. n.s London : Academic Press for the Linnean Society Vol. 14 pp.

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. 1995. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. 2. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38(2): 533-573

Jullien, J. 1888. Bryozoaires. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn 1882-1883 6: 1-92

Levinsen, G.M.R. 1909. Morphological and systematic studies on the cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Copenhagen : Nationale Forfatteres Forlag 431 pp.

Macgillivray, P.H. 1860. Notes on the Cheilostomatous Polyzoa of Victoria and other parts of Australia. Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria 4: 159-168

Ryland, J.S. & Hayward, P.J. 1992. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32(1): 223-301

Taylor, P.D. 1993. Bryozoa. pp. 465-489 in Benton, M.J. (ed.). The Fossil Record 2. London & New York : Chapman & Hall 845 pp.

History of changes

• Antarcticaetos Hayward, P.J. & Thorpe, J.P. 1988. New genera of Antarctic cheilostome Bryozoa. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 29: 277-296 [280].

  Type species:

   Escharoides bubeccata Rogick, 1955 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

History of changes

• Escharoides bubeccata Rogick, M.D. 1955. Studies on marine Bryozoa, VI. Antarctic Escharoides. Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole) 109: 437-452 [442].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Escharella Gray, J.E. 1848. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Centroniae or radiated animals. London : Trustees of the British Museum 173 pp. [125].

  Type species:

   Lepralia immersa Fleming, 1828 by subsequent designation, see Norman, A. 1903. Notes on the natural history of East Finmark, Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 12: 81-128 [117].

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower W coast, Tas. Coast
• New Zealand

History of changes

• Lepralia diaphana Macgillivray, P.H. 1879. Polyzoa. 21-40, pls 35-39 in McCoy, F. (ed.). Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria Decade 4. Melbourne : George Robertson. [22].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45802 6 slides, Queenscliff and Warrnambool (type locality not specified).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower W coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, epiphytic, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

History of changes

• Mucronella spinosissima Hincks, T. 1881. Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. VI. Polyzoa from Bass's Straits. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 8: 1-14, 122-128 [124].

  Type data:

   Neotype BMNH 1899.5.1.880 1 colony (Chosen by Brown (1952). May be lectotype), Curtis Island, Bass Strait.
• Mucronella mentalis Macgillivray, P.H. 1890. Description of new or little-known Polyzoa. Part 13. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 2: 106-110 [109].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45804 3 slides, Port Phillip Heads.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Powell, N.A. 1967. Polyzoa (Bryozoa) - Ascophora - from north New Zealand. Discovery Reports 34: 199-393 [313]

Distribution

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait
• New Zealand

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Mucronella teres Hincks, T. 1881. Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. VI. Polyzoa from Bass's Straits. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 8: 1-14, 122-128 [124].
• Mucronella laevis Macgillivray, P.H. 1883. Descriptions of new or little-known Polyzoa. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 19: 130-138 [136].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45803 10 slides, Sorrento.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Macgillivray, P.H. 1895. A monograph of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 4: 1-166 [99]

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Tas. Coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Escharella watersi Hayward, P.J. & Thorpe, J.P. 1989. Systematic notes on some Antarctic Ascophora (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zoologica Scripta 18: 365-374 [369].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1988.4.20.14 1 colony, Discovery Stn 160, Shag Rocks, 177m. [53°43.6'S, 40°57'W].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Escharoides Milne Edwards, H. 1836. Polyzoa. In, Lamarck, J.B. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Paris Vol. 2. [218,259].

  Type species:

   Cellepora coccinea Abildgard, 1805 by subsequent designation, see Gray, J.E. 1848. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Centroniae or radiated animals. London : Trustees of the British Museum 173 pp.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Mauritius
• Sudan

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, NE coast
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic
• Vanuatu

History of changes

• Mucronella centrota Maplestone, C.M. 1905. Lord Howe Island Polyzoa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 17(2): 386-390 [389].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV F45860 1 slide, Lord Howe Island [31°30'S, 159°10'E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 mile fishing zone: SE oceanic

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Lepralia excavata Macgillivray, P.H. 1860. Notes on the Cheilostomatous Polyzoa of Victoria and other parts of Australia. Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria 4: 159-168 [166].

  Type data:

   Lectotype NMV F45624 2 slides (Both slides chosen by Brown, 1952), Queenscliff.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

Notes

The synonymy of E. excavata has been made too wide: the species appears to be limited to Port Phillip Heads area. It is probable that several other species occur in Australian waters. E.centrota is a distinct species.

History of changes

• Escharoides longirostris Dumont, J.P.C. 1981. A report on the cheilostome Bryozoa of the Sudanese Red Sea. Journal of Natural History 15: 623-637 [630].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Mauritius
• Sudan

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: NE coast
• Vanuatu

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, coral reef, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Smittia praestans tridens Calvet 1909. Bryozoaires. pp. 1-49 in * (ed.). Expedition antarctique Française (1903-1905). Sciences naturelle, documents scientifiques. Paris : Masson et Cie. [30].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Exochella Jullien, J. 1888. Bryozoaires. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn 1882-1883 6: 1-92 [55].

  Type species:

   Mucronella tricuspis Hincks, 1881 by subsequent designation, see Canu, F. 1908. Iconographie des bryozoaires fossiles de l'Argentine, pt 1. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 3 10: 245-341 [299].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Subantarctic Islands
  • Marion & Prince Edward Island

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, Lower E coast, NE coast
• New Zealand

History of changes

• Exochella conjuncta Brown, D.A. 1952. The Tertiary cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New Zealand. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 405 pp. [294].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH D36008 1 slide, Napier, New Zealand (Pliocene).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

New Zealand

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

Fossil occurrence in New Zealand.

General References

Ryland, J.S. & Hayward, P.J. 1992. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32(1): 223-301 [250]

History of changes

• Exochella lobata Levinsen, G.M.R. 1909. Morphological and systematic studies on the cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Copenhagen : Nationale Forfatteres Forlag 431 pp. [321].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Mucronella munita Macgillivray, P.H. 1883. Descriptions of new or little-known Polyzoa. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 19: 130-138 [136].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NMV F45626 12 slides, Port Phillip Heads.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Mucronella tricuspis Hincks, T. 1881. Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. VI. Polyzoa from Bass's Straits. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 8: 1-14, 122-128 [125].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1899.5.1.883 1 colony, Curtis Island, Bass Strait.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Brown, D.A. 1952. The Tertiary cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New Zealand. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 405 pp. [289].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Bass Strait; Subantarctic Islands: Marion & Prince Edward Island, New Zealand

IMCRA

Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, encrusting, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Lageneschara Hayward, P.J. & Thorpe, J.P. 1988. New genera of Antarctic cheilostome Bryozoa. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 29: 277-296 [282].

  Type species:

   Phylactella lyrulata Calvet, 1909 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

History of changes

• Phylactella lyrulata Calvet 1909. Bryozoaires. pp. 1-49 in * (ed.). Expedition antarctique Française (1903-1905). Sciences naturelle, documents scientifiques. Paris : Masson et Cie. [32].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Romancheina Jullien, J. 1888. Bryozoaires. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn 1882-1883 6: 1-92 [60].

  Type species:

   Romancheina martiali Jullien, 1888 by monotypy.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

History of changes

• Romancheina martiali Jullien, J. 1888. Bryozoaires. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn 1882-1883 6: 1-92 [60].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

Introduction

The family and its type genus were both established by Levinsen (1909), who included Tessaradoma Norman in his original concept. The morphology and taxonomy of the family were reviewed by Gordon (1988), who demonstrated that Cellarinellidae Moyano (1970) could be subsumed within Levinsen's family. As presently constituted the family comprises four genera: Sclerodomus Levinsen, Systenopora Waters (1904), Cellarinella Waters (1904) and Cellarinelloides Moyano. All are limited to the southern hemisphere, and most described species are endemic to Antarctica. Rogick (1956) first revealed the diversity of Antarctic Cellarinella; all Antarctic sclerodomids are described and figured by Hayward (1995).

Sclerodomids develop erect, rigid, thickly calcified bilaminate colonies, anchored to the substratum by chitinous rootlets, or by a spreading sheet of zooid polymorphs. A few grow as slender, irregularly branching, twiglike forms, some develop thick, irregular plates, but the majority form broad-fronded, rather flabellate, colonies. The primary umbonuloid shield is bordered by large areolar pores (frontal septula); this thickens rapidly, ridges between the pores dividing and fusing, and extending centripetally, so that the entire colony surface appears coarsely reticulate, and zooid boundaries are completely obscured. The primary orifice lacks an operculum and is located at the base of a deep peristome. The secondary orifice bears complex folds and grooves, incorporating one or more avicularia; in Cellarinella small avicularia are located within the peristome and may be partly or completely hidden from view. Ovicells are hyperstomial, imperforate, and open into the peristome; they are immersed and hidden by frontal shield calcification in almost all species. Zooid vertical walls are perforated by uniporous or multiporous septula.

Cellarinella comprises 15 species, all but one endemic to Antarctica. Cellarinelloides and Systenopora are presently monotypical for Antarctic endemics. Cellarinella occurs as multispecies communities, in perennial thickets, on medium to coarse substrata on the Antarctic Shelf. Winston (1983) studied the biology and ecology of Ross Sea species. A fossil Cellarinella is recorded from the Pliocene of Antarctica; the Victorian fossil 'Porella' operculata, from the Late Oligocene and Miocene, may belong to the family (Taylor 1993).

Diagnosis

Colony erect, rigid, arising from a sheet of polymorphic zooids, or anchored by rhizoids, thickly calcified, subcircular or flabellate. Zooids in two, to many longitudinal series, facing mainly on one aspect; zooidal boundaries obscured by continuous secondary calcification. Frontal wall regularly porous, the pores in longitudinal sulci where the wall is thicker. Secondary orifice subtriangular to circular, with one or more peristomial avicularia often concealed. Ovicell visible as a bulge in younger zooids, later concealed, opening into the peristome. Uniporous mural septula present

General References

Gordon, D.P. 1988. The bryozoan families Sclerodomidae, Bifaxariidae, and Urceoliporidae and a novel type of frontal wall. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 15: 249-290

Hayward, P.J. 1995. Antarctic cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, New York, Tokyo : Oxford University Press 355 pp. [213]

Hayward, P.J. 1995. Antarctic cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, New York, Tokyo : Oxford University Press 355 pp.

Levinsen, G.M.R. 1909. Morphological and systematic studies on the cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Copenhagen : Nationale Forfatteres Forlag 431 pp.

Moyano G., H.I. 1970. Una familia, tres generos y una especie nuevos para la Antartica. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 11: 153-166

Rogick, M.D. 1956. Bryozoa of the United States Navy's 1947-1948 Antarctic Expedition, I-IV. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 105: 221-317

Taylor, P.D. 1993. Bryozoa. pp. 465-489 in Benton, M.J. (ed.). The Fossil Record 2. London & New York : Chapman & Hall 845 pp.

Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114

Winston, J.E. 1983. Patterns of growth, reproduction and mortality in Bryozoans from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Bulletin of Marine Science 33: 688-702

History of changes

• Cellarinella Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114.

  Type species:

   Cellarinella foveolata Waters, 1904 by subsequent designation, see Canu, F., & Bassler, R.S. 1929. Bryozoa of the Philippine region. United States National Museum Bulletin 100: 1-685 [457].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

History of changes

• Cellarinella dubia Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114 [58].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

Occurrence in Australian Ant. Territory not confirmed; based upon identification in Livingstone, 1928, but locality is unknown.

History of changes

• Cellarinella foveolata Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114 [58].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellarinella nodulata Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114 [58].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellarinella nutti Rogick, M.D. 1956. Bryozoa of the United States Navy's 1947-1948 Antarctic Expedition, I-IV. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 105: 221-317 [260].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellarinella watersi Calvet 1909. Bryozoaires. pp. 1-49 in * (ed.). Expedition antarctique Française (1903-1905). Sciences naturelle, documents scientifiques. Paris : Masson et Cie. [33].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Cellarinelloides Moyano G., H.I. 1970. Una familia, tres generos y una especie nuevos para la Antartica. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 11: 153-166 [154].

  Type species:

   Cellarinelloides crassus Moyano, 1970 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

History of changes

• Cellarinelloides crassus Moyano G., H.I. 1970. Una familia, tres generos y una especie nuevos para la Antartica. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 11: 153-166 [155].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Systenopora Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114 [55].

  Type species:

   Systenopora contracta Waters, 1904 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

History of changes

• Systenopora contracta Waters, A.W. 1904. Bryozoa. Résultats du Voyage du S.V. 'Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge 4: 1-114 [56].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

Introduction

The Family Umbonulidae was introduced by Canu and discussed by Cheetham (1968) and Gordon (1984). Colonies are typically encrusting, but may have erect portions. The frontal shield is umbonuloid, with marginal septula which are seen at the surface as deep areolar depressions. The orifice is subquadrate. Frontal avicularia are present. Ovicells are hyperstomial, with pores in the frontal surface. The majority of species have a Northern Hemisphere distribution.

One genus with an Antarctic distribution, Astochoporella, (Hayward, 1995) has been included in this family, although the genus has also been assigned to the Bryocryptellidae. A. cassidula forms large, unilaminar, convoluted and anastomosing sheets, and is common in the Ross Sea and Prydz Bay.

The earliest known fossil umbonulid is from the Late Eocene of France (Taylor 1993).

Diagnosis

Colony encrusting, forming sheets, or semi-erect, unilaminar, anastomosing and convoluted. Frontal shield umbonuloid. Ovicells immersed.

General References

Cheetham, A.H. 1968. Morphology and systematics of the bryozoan genus Metrarabdotos. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 153: 1-121

Gordon, D.P. 1984. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 91: 1-198

Hayward, P.J. 1995. Antarctic cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, New York, Tokyo : Oxford University Press 355 pp.

Hayward, P.J. 1995. Antarctic cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, New York, Tokyo : Oxford University Press 355 pp. [197]

Taylor, P.D. 1993. Bryozoa. pp. 465-489 in Benton, M.J. (ed.). The Fossil Record 2. London & New York : Chapman & Hall 845 pp.

History of changes

• Astochoporella Hayward, P.J. & Thorpe, J.P. 1988. New genera of Antarctic cheilostome Bryozoa. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 29: 277-296 [291].

  Type species:

   Astochoporella cassidula Hayward & Thorpe, 1988 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

History of changes

• Astochoporella cassidula Hayward, P.J. & Thorpe, J.P. 1988. New genera of Antarctic cheilostome Bryozoa. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 29: 277-296 [292].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1987.9.20.16 1 colony, 'Discovery' Stn 1652, Ross Sea, 567 m.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes