Subspecies Hasora chromus chromus (Cramer, 1780)
Common Banded Awl
- Papilio chromus Cramer, P. 1780. Uitlandsche Kapellen. [Dutch title] or Papilions exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amérique. [French title]. Amsterdam Baalde and Utrecht : Wild Vol. 3 (22–24) pp. 105-176 pls 253-288. [issued 1780, dated 1775-1790; written by Cramer, published posthumously by Stoll] [163 pl. 284 fig. E].
Type data:
Status unknown, whereabouts unknown ♂, Coromandel, India (designated in original description)
Comment: Cramer in the original description did not indicate the number of specimens described; Parsons, M.J. 1998. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea; their systematics and biology. San Diego : Academic Press 736 pp. [149] (mentioned a holotype without justification). - Papilio alexis Fabricius, J.C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adiectis Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Flensburgi et Lipsiae [= Flensburg & Leipzig] : Kortii xxxii 832 pp. [Date published 17 April] [533] [junior primary homonym of Papilio alexis Poda, 1761 (Lepidoptera)].
Type data:
Holotype ZMUC sex unknown, India (designated in original description)
Comment: Fabricius in the original description did not indicate the number of specimens described; Zimsen, E. 1964. The Type Material of I.C. Fabricius. Copenhagen : Munksgaard 656 pp. [519] (listed a single specimen and this is accepted as evidence of a holotype). - Ismene contempta Plötz, C. 1883. Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Ismene Swains., und ihre Arten. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 45(1–3): 51-66 [issued 1883, dated 1884] [56].
Type data:
Status unknown, whereabouts unknown ♀, Cape York (as Cap York) (designated in original description)
Comment: Plötz in the original description did not indicate the number of specimens described; Cowan, C.F. 1992. An annotated bibliography of the scientific names of the butterflies of Peninsular Malaysia. pp. 455–510 in Corbet, A.S. & Pendlebury, H.M. (eds). The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia : Malayan Nature Society [502] (date of publication of Plötz); Evans, W.H. 1949. A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). London : British Museum xix 502 pp. 53 pls [469] (information on Plötz' figures); Parsons, M.J. 1998. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea; their systematics and biology. San Diego : Academic Press 736 pp. [149] (unjustifiably mentioned a holotype). - Ismene lucescens Lucas, T.P. 1900. New species of Queensland Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 15: 137-161 [138].
Type data:
Lectotype SAMA ♂, Cairns, QLD (designated in original description)
Comment: Lucas in the original description stated that he had more than one specimen.Subsequent designation references:
Waterhouse, G.A. 1933. Notes on the type specimens of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) in the museums in Australia, with special reference to those in the South Australian Museum. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 5(1): 49-62 [49, 61] (referred to a type); Edwards, E.D., Newland, J. & Regan, L. 2001. Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 31.6. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia. x 615 pp. (interpret Waterhouse's (1933) reference to a holotype as a lectotype designation (Art. 74, ICZN 1985)). - Hasora attenuata Mabille, P. 1904. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Fam. Hesperidae. Genera Insectorum 17: 1-210, pls 1-4 (1903-1904) [86] [junior secondary homonym of Ismene malayana var. attenuata Staudinger, 1889 (Lepidoptera)].
Type data:
Lectotype BMNH ♂, Papua New Guinea (as Nouvelle-Guinèe in original description)
Comment: Mabille in the original description did not indicate the number of specimens he described.Subsequent designation references:
Evans, W.H. 1949. A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). London : British Museum xix 502 pp. 53 pls. [61] (referred to a type); Edwards, E.D., Newland, J. & Regan, L. 2001. Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 31.6. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia. x 615 pp. (interpret Evans' (1949) reference to a type as a lectotype designation (Art. 74, ICZN 1985)). - Hasora alexis ganapata Fruhstorfer, H. 1911. Neue Hesperiden des Indo-Malayischen Faunengebietes und Besprechung verwandter Formen. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 25(2–6): 9-79 pl. 1 [72].
Type data:
Lectotype BMNH ♂, Obi, Maluku, Indonesia (designated as Obi, Deutsch- [= German] Neu-Guinea, in original publication)
Comment: Fruhstorfer indicated in the original description that he had six specimens.Subsequent designation references:
Evans, W.H. 1949. A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). London : British Museum xix 502 pp. 53 pls. [61] (referred to a type); Edwards, E.D., Newland, J. & Regan, L. 2001. Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 31.6. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia. x 615 pp. (interpret Evans' (1949) reference to a type as a lectotype designation (Art. 74, ICZN 1985)).
Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy
Distribution
States
Northern Territory, Queensland
Extra Distribution Information
Darwin, NT, east to Rimbija Is. and Hammond Is., Torres Strait Ils, Cape York to Mackay, QLD, occasionally south to Brisbane and Sydney, NSW; extralimital distribution—Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Oriental Region–China (People's Republic), India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka.
IBRA
NT, Qld: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Pine Creek (PCK), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Wet Tropics (WT)
Other Regions
Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater
Ecological Descriptors
Larva: arboreal, herbivore (associated flora: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre [FABACEAE] Pongamia Tree).
Coastal, open forest.
Extra Ecological Information
Eggs are laid singly on food plant, larva folds leaf to build silk-lined shelter, pupa in last larval shelter, adult flight is direct and rapid, settles briefly, recorded throughout the year, possibly migratory.
General References
Common, I.F.B. & Waterhouse, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Sydney : Angus & Robertson xiv 682 pp. 49 pls. [89] (biology)
Waterhouse, G.A. & Lyell, G. 1914. The Butterflies of Australia: a monograph of the Australian Rhopalocera introducing a complete scheme of structural classification, and giving descriptions and illustrations of all the butterflies found in Australia, including a number now recorded for the first time. Sydney : Angus & Robertson 239 pp. 38 pls + 3 unnumbered colour pls. [Date published 25 July 1914] [217] (description)
History of changes
| Published | As part of group | Action Date | Action Type | Compiler(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 07-Mar-2024 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 04-Feb-2023 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 22-Dec-2023 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby (ANU) |
| 13-May-2022 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 26-Feb-2021 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 04-Jun-2020 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Dr Michael Braby |
| 06-Sep-2017 | PAPILIONOIDEA | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | |
| 06-Sep-2017 | HESPERIIDAE | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | Lyn Randall |
| 05-Mar-2013 | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | ||
| 05-Mar-2013 | 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED | ||
| 07-Mar-2024 | MODIFIED |