History of changes

History of changes

Excluded Taxa

Misidentifications

CARDIIDAE: Cardium mundum Reeve, 1845 [see Fragum mundum (Reeve, 1845)] — Reeve, L.A. 1845. Monograph of the genus Cardium. pls 13-22 in Reeve, L.A. (ed). Conchologia Iconica. London : L. Reeve & Co. Vol. 2. [imprint date 1843] [pl. 22, fig. 125] (type data: Status unknown, Lord Hood's Island)

CARDIIDAE: Fragum mundum Reeve, 1845 [misidentification; was listed from QLD]

CARDIIDAE: Frigidocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1841) [Australian records referred to Frigidocardium iris Huber & Poorten, 2007] — Huber, M. & J.J. ter Poorten 2007. Frigidocardium iris n. sp., a striking species from the Central Indo-Pacific, compared with Frigidocardium exasperatum (Bivalvia, Cardiidae). Visaya 2(2): 104-111 (type locality of Frigidocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, 1841 ) has been corrected from Swan River to Taiwan, and it does not occur in Australia)

CARDIIDAE: Plagiocardium Cossman, 1866 [Australian material recorded as Maoricardium] — Voskuil, R.P.A. & Onverwagt, W.J.H. 1991. Studies on Cardiidae. 3. The recent species of Maoricardium Marwick, 1944, with description of a new species. Basteria 55(1-3): 25-33 [25]

General References

Bieler, R., Carter, J.G. & Coan, E.V. 2010. Classiication of Bivalve Families. pp. 113-133 in Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. Nomenclator of Bivalve Families; with a classiication of bivalve families by R. Bieler, J.G. Carter & E.V. Coan. Malacologia 52(2): 1-184 [128]

Hylleberg, J. 1994. Indo-Pacific cockles (Bivalvia:Cardiidae). Part 1. Generic diagnoses and an overview of species with mention of taxonomic problems encountered in Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 13: 113-136 [119]

Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [pl. 28]

Mikkelsen, P.M. & Bieler, R. 2008. Seashells of southern Florida. Living marine mollusks of the Florida keys and adjacent regions. Princeton & Oxford : Princeton University Press 503 pp. [288-293]

Oliver, P.G. 1992. Bivalved Seashells of the Red Sea. Wiesbaden : Verlage Christa Hemmen 330 pp. [117-127]

Poutiers, J.-M. 2006. Two new species of protocardiine cockles (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Cardiidae) from the tropical Southwest Pacific. Zoosystema 28(3): 635-654

Schneider, J.A. 1995. Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. Zoologica Scripta 24(4): 321-346

Schneider, J.A. 1998. Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Bivalvia): Phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution within the subfamilies Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, Fraginae and Tridacninae. Malacologia 40(1-2): 321-373

Schneider, J.A. 2001. Evolution and phylogenetic significance of cardioidean shell microstructure (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Journal of Paleontology 75(3): 607-643

Taylor, J.D., Williams, S.T., Glover, E.A. & Dyal, P. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36(6): 587-606

Vidal, J. 2000. Classification of Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 21(3): 639-644

Vidal, J. 2001. Siphons and associated tentacles including eyes of Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 25(2): 405-410

Vidal, J. & Kirkendale, L. 2007. Ten new species of Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from New Caledonia and the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 29(1): 83-107

Common Name References

Allan, J.K. 1950. Australian shells: with related animals living in the sea, in freshwater and on the land. Melbourne : Georgian House xix, 470 pp., 45 pls, 112 text figs. [319] (Heart Cockles)

History of changes

• Incertae sedis.

History of changes

• Frigidocardium Habe, T. 1951. Genera of Japanese Shells: Pelecypoda. Kyoto : T. Habe Vol 1. 96 pp., 192 figs. [152].

  Type species:

   Cardium eos Kuroda, 1929 by original designation.

Introduction

Unplaced to subfamily as per Poorten et al. (2017).

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

General References

Bouchet, P. & ter Poorten, J. 2011. Frigidocardium Habe, 1951. In: MolluscaBase (2017). World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=381547 (Accessed on 2017-06-23)

Hylleberg, J. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 2: A-M. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 355-644 [523-524]

Keen, A.M. 1980. The pelecypod family Cardiidae: a taxonomic summary. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 1 16: 1-40 [6]

Moore, R.C. (ed.) 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N. Mollusca 6. Bivalvia. Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas : Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press Vols 1 & 2 xxxviii + ii, 952 pp. [Vol.1, pp. i-xxxviii + N1-N489; Vol. 2, pp. i-ii + N491-N952] [N589]

Oliver, P.G. 1992. Bivalved Seashells of the Red Sea. Wiesbaden : Verlage Christa Hemmen 330 pp. [124]

Poorten, J.J. ter, Kirkendale, L.A. & Poutiers, J.-M. 2017. The Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of tropical northern Australia: A synthesis of taxonomy, biodiversity and biogeography with the description of four new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 32: 101-190

History of changes

• Cardium eos Kuroda, T. 1929. Notes and descriptions of some new and noteworthy species from Tateyama Bay in the Report of M.T. Fujita. Venus 1(3): 93-97.

Generic Combinations

• Frigidocardium eos (Kuroda, 1929). —
  Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [307]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Australia to Japan

Ecological Descriptors

In sandy mud, sublittoral.

Extra Ecological Information

30-250 m. Also in fine sand

General References

Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [307, CD: line 10262] (records this species from Australia, but does not give Australian distribution)

Hylleberg, J. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 2: A-M. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 355-644 [501] (as synonym of F. torresi (Smith, 1885))

ter Poorten, J.J. 2013. Frigidocardium eos (Kuroda, 1929). World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=381549 (Accessed on 2015-01-30)

History of changes

• Frigidocardium helios ter Poorten, J. 2009. The Cardiidae of the Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project 2004 and the Panglao 2005 Deep-Sea Cruise with descriptions of four new species (Bivalvia). Vita Malacologica 8: 9-96.

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHN 30161, Santo, Vanuatu.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Frigidocardium iris Huber, M. & J.J. ter Poorten 2007. Frigidocardium iris n. sp., a striking species from the Central Indo-Pacific, compared with Frigidocardium exasperatum (Bivalvia, Cardiidae). Visaya 2(2): 104-111.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

• Nemocardium (Microcardium) exasperatum (Sowerby, 1838) [misidentification]. —
  Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [67, pl. 4, figs 18-19]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Central Indo-west Pacific: Philippines to northern Australia

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, intertidal, marine, mud-silt, sand.

Extra Ecological Information

Sublittoral, 40-200 m, fine sandy bottoms

General References

Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [307, CD: line 10264]

Huber, M. & J.J. ter Poorten 2007. Frigidocardium iris n. sp., a striking species from the Central Indo-Pacific, compared with Frigidocardium exasperatum (Bivalvia, Cardiidae). Visaya 2(2): 104-111

Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [70, fig. 220]

ter Poorten, J.J. & Bouchet, P. 2014. Frigidocardium iris Huber & ter Poorten, 2007. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=381557 (Accessed on 2015-01-30)

Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [67, pl. 4, figs 14-19, text fig. 9]

History of changes

• Cardium (Fragum) torresi Smith, E.A. 1885. Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 13(35): 1-341, 25 pls [164, pl. 8, figs 4-4b] [according to Wilson this species belongs to Nemocardium (Microcardium)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.2.9.2736, south of New Guinea, at 28 fms.

Generic Combinations

• Microcardium torresi (Smith, 1885).
• Frigidocardium torresi (Smith, 1885). —
  Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [pl. 33, fig. 219]
• Nemocardium (Microcardium) torresi (Smith, 1885). —
  Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [65, pl. 4, figs 20-22]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, marine, mud-silt, sand.

Extra Ecological Information

Sublittoral, 27-285 m, sandy mud

General References

Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [307, CD: line 10268]

Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [70, fig. 219]

Smith, E.A. 1885. Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 13(35): 1-341, 25 pls [164, pl. 8, figs 4a, b] (as C. (Fragum) torresi)

ter Poorten, J.J. 2014. Frigidocardium torresi (E. A. Smith, 1885). World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=381556 (Accessed on 2015-01-30)

Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [65, pl. 4, figs 20-22, text fig. 8] (as Nemocardium (Microcardium) torresi)

History of changes

• Maoricardium Marwick, J. 1944. New Zealand fossil and recent Cardiidae (Mollusca). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 74(3): 255-272, pls 35-37 [263].

  Type species:

   Cardium spatiosum Hutton, 1873 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

General References

Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [680]

Hylleberg, J. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 2: A-M. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 355-644 [617]

Keen, A.M. 1980. The pelecypod family Cardiidae: a taxonomic summary. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 1 16: 1-40 [7]

Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [60] (as Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) Marwick, 1944)

ter Poorten, J. & Bouchet, P. 2014. Maoricardium Marwick, 1944. In: MolluscaBase (2017). World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382145 (Accessed on 2017-06-23)

Voskuil, R.P.A. & Onverwagt, W.J.H. 1991. Studies on Cardiidae. 3. The recent species of Maoricardium Marwick, 1944, with description of a new species. Basteria 55(1-3): 25-33 [25] (Maoricardium raised to from subgeneric rank as Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) to generic rank)

Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [107]

History of changes

• Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil, R.P.A. & Onverwagt, W.J.H. 1991. Studies on Cardiidae. 3. The recent species of Maoricardium Marwick, 1944, with description of a new species. Basteria 55(1-3): 25-33 [31].

  Type data:

   Holotype RMNH MOL.56439, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Generic Combinations

• Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) pseudolatum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991). —
  Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [pl. 28, fig. 182]

Miscellaneous Literature Names

• Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) latum Born, 1780 [misidentification]. —
  Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1983. Australian Bivalves, Cardiidae. Private Publication. 14 pp. [8]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Intertidal, marine, sand.

General References

Hylleberg, J. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 3: N-Z. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 645-939 [720]

Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [60, fig. 182]

ter Poorten, J.J. & Bouchet, P. 2014. Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382149 (Accessed on 2015-01-23)

Voskuil, R.P.A. & Onverwagt, W.J.H. 1991. Studies on Cardiidae. 3. The recent species of Maoricardium Marwick, 1944, with description of a new species. Basteria 55(1-3): 25-33 [31, figs 1-3, 12] (as Maoricardium pseudolatum)

History of changes

• Cardium setosum Redfield, J.H. 1848. Description of some new species of shells. 1846. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History New York 5 4: 163-168 [168, pl. 11, figs 1, a-c].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, "Seas of China".
• Cardium latum Born, I. von 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, pl. 1, Testacea. - Verzeichniss etc. Illust. Vindobonae. Vienna : J.P. Krauss xlii 458 pp. [37].
• Regozara fraseri Garrard, T.A. 1963. New species of Mollusca from Eastern Australia. Journal of Malacological Society of Australia 1(7): 42-61 [42, pl. 7, fig. 1].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM C.64068 dry, off Tin Can Bay, Queensland, Australia [25°4'58.8"S, 153°27'28.8"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [680]

Generic Combinations

• Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) fraseri (Garrard, 1963). —
  Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [pl. 28, sp. 181]
• Maoricardium fraseri (Garrard, 1963). —
  Voskuil, R.P.A. & Onverwagt, W.J.H. 1991. Studies on Cardiidae. 3. The recent species of Maoricardium Marwick, 1944, with description of a new species. Basteria 55(1-3): 25-33 [26]
• Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) setosum (Redfield, 1848). —
  Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [pl. 28, fig. 180]
• Regozara setosum (Redfield, 1848). —
  Iredale, T. & McMichael, D.F. 1962. A reference list of the marine Mollusca of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 11: 1–109 [21]
• Vepricardium setosum (Redfield, 1848). —
  Rippingale, O.H. & McMichael, D.F. 1961. Queensland and Great Barrier Reef shells. Brisbane : Jacaranda Press 210 pp. [186, pl. 26, fig. 13] (new combination)
• Pratulum setosum (Redfield, 1848). —
  Cotton, B.C. 1964. Molluscs of Arnhem Land. Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land 4 (Zoology): 9–43 [12] (New combination)
• Maoricardium setosum (Redfield, 1848). —
  Voskuil, R.P.A. & Onverwagt, W.J.H. 1991. Studies on Cardiidae. 3. The recent species of Maoricardium Marwick, 1944, with description of a new species. Basteria 55(1-3): 25-33 [27]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, coral reef, intertidal, marine, mud-silt, sand.

Extra Ecological Information

To 145m

General References

Allan, J.K. 1950. Australian shells: with related animals living in the sea, in freshwater and on the land. Melbourne : Georgian House xix, 470 pp., 45 pls, 112 text figs. [317, text fig. 76, no. 4] (as Cardium setosum)

Coleman, N. 1975. What Shell is That? Sydney : Lansdowne Press 298 pp. [16, pl. 14] (as P. setosum)

Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [291, text fig., 680] (considers setosum conspecific with fraseri)

Hylleberg, J. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 3: N-Z. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 645-939 [523, 765]

Iredale, T. & McMichael, D.F. 1962. A reference list of the marine Mollusca of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 11: 1–109 [21]

Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [60, pl. 28] (fig. 180 as Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) setosum (Redfield, 1848) and fig. 181 Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) fraseri (Garrard, 1963))

Rippingale, O.H. & McMichael, D.F. 1961. Queensland and Great Barrier Reef shells. Brisbane : Jacaranda Press 210 pp. [186, pl. 26, fig. 13] (as Vepricardium setosum)

Satyamurti, S.T. 1956. Mollusca of Krusadai Is. II. Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda, and Cephalopoda. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, Natural History ns 1(no. 2, pt 7): 202 pp., 30 pls [93, pl. 14, figs 3a, b] (as Cardium setosum)

Smith, E.A. 1885. Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 13(35): 1-341, 25 pls [158] (as Cardium (Acanthocardium) setosum)

Smith, E.A. 1891. Marine Shells from Aden. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891(3): 430-432 [428] (as Cardium setosum)

Tantanasiriwong, R. 1979. A checklist of marine bivalves from Phuket (area). Phuket Marine Biological Center, Research Bulletin 27: 1-15 [9]

ter Poorten, J. 2014. Maoricardium setosum (Redfield, 1846). World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382148 (Accessed on 2015-01-23)

Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [108, pl. 1, figs 10-14, text fig. 20] (as Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) setosum (Redfield, 1848) and 109, pl. 1, figs 8-9, text fig. 2 as Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) frazeri (Garrard, 1963))

Common Name References

Allan, J.K. 1950. Australian shells: with related animals living in the sea, in freshwater and on the land. Melbourne : Georgian House xix, 470 pp., 45 pls, 112 text figs. [317] (Hairy Cockle)

History of changes

• Microcardium Keen, A.M. 1937. Nomenclatural units of the family Cardiidae. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle du Belgique 13: 1-22.

  Type species:

   Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis Dall, 1881 by original designation.

Introduction

incertae sedis as per Poorten et al. (2017).

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

General References

Poorten, J.J. ter, Kirkendale, L.A. & Poutiers, J.-M. 2017. The Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of tropical northern Australia: A synthesis of taxonomy, biodiversity and biogeography with the description of four new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 32: 101-190

History of changes

• Nemocardium (Microcardium) sakuraii Habe, T. 1961. Four new bivalves from Japan. Venus 21(2): 152-156 [155].
• Microcardium tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981.

Generic Combinations

• Microcardium sakuraii (Habe, 1961). —
  ter Poorten, J. 2009. The Cardiidae of the Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project 2004 and the Panglao 2005 Deep-Sea Cruise with descriptions of four new species (Bivalvia). Vita Malacologica 8: 9-96

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Microcardium scabrosum Poorten, J.J. ter, Kirkendale, L.A. & Poutiers, J.-M. 2017. The Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of tropical northern Australia: A synthesis of taxonomy, biodiversity and biogeography with the description of four new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 32: 101-190 [118].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM S15906, 100 nautical miles N.W. of Port Hedland, Western Australia [18°47'S, 117°58'E].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

History of changes

• Pratulum Iredale, T. 1924. Results from Roy Bell's molluscan collections. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 49(3): 179–279, pls 33–36 [182, 207].

  Type species:

   Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902 by original designation.

Introduction

incertae sedis as per Poorten et al. (2017).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

New Zealand and Australia

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

General References

Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [306] (as subgenus)

Hylleberg, J. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 3: N-Z. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 645-939 [709]

Iredale, T. & McMichael, D.F. 1962. A reference list of the marine Mollusca of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 11: 1–109 [21]

Moore, R.C. (ed.) 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N. Mollusca 6. Bivalvia. Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas : Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press Vols 1 & 2 xxxviii + ii, 952 pp. [Vol.1, pp. i-xxxviii + N1-N489; Vol. 2, pp. i-ii + N491-N952] [N589]

Poorten, J.J. ter, Kirkendale, L.A. & Poutiers, J.-M. 2017. The Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of tropical northern Australia: A synthesis of taxonomy, biodiversity and biogeography with the description of four new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 32: 101-190

ter Poorten, J. 2009. Pratulum Iredale, 1924. In: MolluscaBase (2017). World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382217 (Accessed on 2017-06-23)

ter Poorten, J. 2013. Revision of Recent species of the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876 (Bivalvia, Cardiidae), with the descriptions of three new species. Basteria 77: 4-6

Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [68]

History of changes

• Pratulum occidentalis Poorten, J.J. ter, Kirkendale, L.A. & Poutiers, J.-M. 2017. The Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of tropical northern Australia: A synthesis of taxonomy, biodiversity and biogeography with the description of four new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 32: 101-190.

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM S29307, off Red Bluff, Western Australia [24°01.8'S, 113°01.8'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29)

History of changes

• Cardium striatulum thetidis Hedley, C. 1902. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. "Thetis" off the coast of New South Wales in February and March 1898. Mollusca. Part 1. Brachiopoda and Pelecypoda. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 4: 285-324 [322] [as Cardium striatulum var. thetidis Hedley, 1902].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) AM C.13261 dry, 5-8 ml off Port Kembla, New South Wales, Australia, mud and pebbles [35°29'38.4"S, 151°0'54"E].
• Cardium pulchellum Reeve, L.A. 1845. Monograph of the genus Cardium. pls 13-22 in Reeve, L.A. (ed). Conchologia Iconica. London : L. Reeve & Co. Vol. 2. [imprint date 1843] [pl.8, f.42].
• Cardium striatulum Sowerby, G.B. (1st) 1840. Descriptions of shells collected by H. Cuming in the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 8: 87-169 [105].

Generic Combinations

• Protocardia pulchella (Reeve, 1845). —
  Oliver, W.R.B. 1915. The Mollusca of the Kermadec Islands. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 47: 509-568 [556] (New combination)
• Laevicardium pulchellum (Reeve, 1845). —
  Schmeltz, J.D.K. 1874. Museum Godeffroy Catalog 5. Hamburg : L. Friederichsen & Co. 215 pp. [171] (New combination)
• Nemocardium (Pratulum) thetidis (Hedley, 1902). —
  Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [69, pl. 4, figs23-25, text fig.10]
  Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [pl. 33, fig. 218]
  Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [306]
• Pratulum thetidis (Hedley, 1902). —
  Poorten, J.J. ter 2013. Revision of Recent species of the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876 (Bivalvia, Cardiidae), with the descriptions of three new species. Basteria 77(4-6): 45-73 [21 December 2013] (stating "Pratulum ….is given full generic rank following Poutiers (1992), Beu & Raine (2009) and Spencer et al. (2009)")

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Boulders, continental shelf, in rubble, marine, mud-silt, sand, sublittoral.

Extra Ecological Information

8-183 m, coarse sand and rubble, among boulders

General References

Angas, G.F. 1867. A list of species of marine Mollusca found in Port Jackson harbour, New South Wales, and on the adjacent coasts, with notes on their habits etc. Part II. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 912-935 [925]

Beu, A.G. & Raine, J.I. 2009. Revised descriptions of New Zealand Cenozoic Mollusca from Beu and Maxwell (1990). GNS Science Miscellaneous Series no. 27

Cotton, B.C. 1961. South Australian Mollusca. Pelecypoda. Adelaide : W.L. Hawes, Government Printer 363 pp. [Date published Oct: Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia Series] [242, fig. 259] (as Pratulum thetidis)

Huber, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany : ConchBooks 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. [306, CD:line 10252] (as Nemocardium (Pratulum) thetidis)

Hylleberg, J. 2004. Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Lymnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 3: N-Z. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30: 645-939 [801]

Iredale, T. & McMichael, D.F. 1962. A reference list of the marine Mollusca of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 11: 1–109 [21]

Lamprell, K. & Whitehead, T. 1992. Bivalves of Australia. Bathurst, New South Wales : Crawford House Press Vol. 1 xiv 182 pp. [70, fig. 218]

Macpherson, J.H. & Gabriel, C.J. 1962. Marine molluscs of Victoria. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press & National Museum of Victoria 475 pp. [338, fig. 387] (as Pratulum thetidis)

May, W.L. 1923. An illustrated index of Tasmanian shells: with 47 plates and 1052 species. Hobart : Government Printer 100 pp. [Date published 31 July 1923] [fig. 14] (as C. pulchellum)

Poutiers, J.M. 1992. The Australasian Protocardiinae revisited (Bivalvia, Cardiidae). American Malacological Bulletin 9(2): 139-144

Pritchard, G.B. & Gatliff, J.H. 1903. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria. Part VII. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria n.s. 16(1): 96-139 [136] (synonymy of C. pulchellum)

Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. 2009. Recent Mollusca. pp. 126-219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.). The New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity Volume 1: Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Christchurch : Canterbury University Press 566 pp.

ter Poorten, J. 2013. Pratulum thetidis (Hedley, 1902). World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=746070 (Accessed on 2015-02-02)

Wilson, B.R. & Stevenson, S.E. 1977. Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114 [69, pl. 4, figs 23-25, text fig. 10]

Common Name References

Allan, J.K. 1950. Australian shells: with related animals living in the sea, in freshwater and on the land. Melbourne : Georgian House xix, 470 pp., 45 pls, 112 text figs. [318] (Pretty Cockle)

Macpherson, J.H. & Gabriel, C.J. 1962. Marine molluscs of Victoria. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press & National Museum of Victoria 475 pp. [338, fig. 387] (Thetis Cockle)

History of changes