Species Coccus viridis (Green, 1889)

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Species Coccus viridis (Green, 1889)

Escama Verde, Green Coffee Scale, Green Scale, Lapa-verde

Lecanium viride Green, E.E. 1889. Descriptions of two new species of Lecanium from Ceylon. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 25: 248-250 [248].
Type data:
Lectotype NHM-UK ♀, SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya.
Lecanium (Trechocorys) hesperidum africanum Newstead, R. 1906. Report on insects sent from Der Kaiserliche Biologische Anstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Dahlem, Berlin. Quarterly Journal, Institute of Commercial Research in the Tropics. University of Liverpool 1: 73-74 [74] [nom. nud.].
Coccus viridis bisexualis Köhler, G. 1978. Zur Biologie und Autoökologie der grünen Kaffeeschildlaus, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 105: 561-572 [564] [nom. nud.].
Coccus viridis viridis Köhler, G. 1978. Zur Biologie und Autoökologie der grünen Kaffeeschildlaus, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 105: 561-572 [564] [nom. nud.].

Generic Combinations

Lecanium (Coccus) viride (Green, 1889). —
Green, E.E. 1937. An annotated list of the Coccidae of Ceylon, with emendations and additions to date. Ceylon Journal of Science 20(Section B. Zoology and Geology): 277-341 [299] (change of combination)
Coccus viridis (Green, 1889). —
Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [174] (change of combination)

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Kosztarab, M., 1996) [337] (female; northeastern North America); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [77] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [83] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [38] (female; USA, Florida); (Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C., 1983) [63] (female; Taiwan); (Kawai, S., 1980) [141-142] (female; Japan); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [483, 487] (female; Micronesia); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [294] (female; Hawaii)

Biology

The female are parthenogenetic and ovoviviparous. Develops multiple generations per year; in Florida females mature in 50–70 days (see Fredrick, J.M. 1943. Some preliminary investigations of the green scale, Coccus viridis (Green) in South Florida. Florida Entomologist 26: 10–15, 25–29); in Queensland, Australia it develops 3–4 generations per year (see Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. & Broadley, R.H. 1997. Citrus Pests and their Natural Enemies: Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Brisbane, Australia : State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries, and Horticultural Research and Development Corp. 263 pp.). De Lotto, G. 1960. The green scales of coffee in Africa south of the Sahara (Homoptera, Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 51: 389–403 observed in East Africa that this species occurs in coastal areas and up to an altitude of 1–1.3 km. Köhler, G. 1976. Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Männchens der Grünen Kaffeeschildlaus, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae). Beiträge zur Entomologie (Berlin) 26: 471–477 and Köhler, G. 1978. Zur Biologie und Autoökologie der grünen Kaffeeschildlaus, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Geog., und Biol. der Tiere 105: 561–572 studied the life history in Cuba, observing males at low frequency that was correlated with population density.

General

Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., De Lotto, G. 1960. The green scales of coffee in Africa south of the Sahara (Homoptera, Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 51: 389–403; De Lotto, G. 1978. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) of South Africa, III. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 41: 135–147, Gill, R.J., Nakahara, S. & Williams, M.L. 1977. A review of the genus Coccus Linnaeus in America north of Panama (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Occasional Papers in Entomology, State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture 24: 44, Wang, T.C. 1980. [Handbook for the determination of the common coccoids.]. Place of publication unknown : Chinese Academy of Sciences 252 pp., Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum 36: 57–107, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press and by Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp..

Structure

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [fig. 6.8], Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp. and by Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.]. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan : Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute 98 pp.. Colour photograph of the general appearance of the adult female given by Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp..

Notes

A serious pest of coffee, citrus and other crops in several Regions in the tropics. A major citrus pest in Bolivia, less significant in other South American and South East Asian countries (see Talhouk, A.M.S. 1975. Citrus pests throughout the world. Ciba-Geigy Agrochemicals, Technical Monograph 4: 21–23). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley, R.H. 1968. In: Pests of Coffee. London : Longmans 588 pp.. Natural enemies on coffee in Cuba were studied by Köhler, G. 1980. [The parasites and enemies of the green coffee scale insect (Coccus viridis Green) (Homoptera: Coccidae) in coffee plantations in Cuba.] Los parasitos y episitos de la guagua verde del cafeto, (Coccus viridis Green) en cafetales de Cuba. Centro Agrícola (Cuba) [1980](Jan-Apr): 75–105.