Class DEMOSPONGIAE Sollas, 1885
Compiler and date details
2012 - John N.A. Hooper, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia(1994, updated 1999, 2004, 2011); Felix Wiedenmayer Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland (1994)
Diagnosis
Encrusting, massive, lobate, tubular, branching, flabellate, cup-shaped or excavating sponges. Skeleton composed of spongin fibres alone or together with siliceous spicules which are usually divided into megascleres and microscleres. Megascleres are basically monaxone or tetraxone; microscleres are diverse, polyaxial or monaxone, often quite elaborate in shape and ornamentation. Spongin is almost universally present, forming discrete fibres or binding the skeletal elements. In most cases the spicular skeleton and fibrous skeleton form a combined reinforcement. Fibrils of collagen are ubiquitous. Some groups lack spicular skeletons, but compensate that by building an elaborate fibre skeleton. A few (unrelated) groups have no skeletal elements other than diffuse fibrillar collagen. Other minor groups have developed a hypercalcified basal skeleton in addition to other skeletal elements, or have a solid aragonitic structure lacking free spicules. In total these skeletal variants contribute to a heterogenous morphological concept of Demospongiae, although there are other (non-morphometric) characters that provide more valuable clues as to their phylogenetic affinities (e.g., possession of viviparity, parenchymella larvae). The cellular elements are discrete, never syncytial, and cellular diversity may be considerable. The aquiferous system is of the leucon-type, although one family of deep-water Poecilosclerida (Cladorhizidae) has lost its aquiferous system and has assumed a carnivorous lifestyle, and dependent on fibroblastic flow (archaeocyte/ pinacocyte). Choanocyte chambers may be eurypylous, diplodal or aphodal. Larvae are mostly parenchymella, but in some groups there are cinctoblastula or blastula forms produced. Both oviparous and viviparous reproductive strategies occur.
General References
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History of changes
| Published | As part of group | Action Date | Action Type | Compiler(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29-Mar-2018 | 28-Feb-2012 | MODIFIED | ||
| 12-Feb-2010 | (import) |