Introduction

Chalinids have encrusting, massive, cup-shaped, fan-shaped and branching growth forms, usually with spongy and delicate consistency. When present, the ectosomal skeleton consists of a special, tangential, unilayered, unispicular, isotrophic reticulation of oxeas bound by nodal spongin. The choanosomal skeleton consists of an isodictyal reticulation of uni- or paucispicular primary tracts of oxeas (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 5), rarely multispicular, interconnected by uni- or paucispicular secondary tracts. The spicules are bonded together at their nodes of junction by small amounts of collagenous spongin, or they may be fully enclosed within light spongin fibres and form more robust reticulations. Microscleres, if present, include only sigmas (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 79, 80, 83) or toxas (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 89). Parenchymella larvae are incubated and are completely and uniformly ciliated or have a bare posterior cap fringed by longer cilia. This family is predominantly marine, but some species (e.g. some Adocia) are known to invade freshwater habitats.

Chalinidae Gray, 1867 is adopted and defined in Lendenfeld (1887), Ridley & Dendy (1887), Topsent (1928) and de Weerdt (1986). It is the senior name for the group of genera Reniera, Gellius, Haliclona, Chalina and Adocia, all now regarded as synonyms of Haliclona (de Weerdt 1886, 1889) previously grouped under the junior names Renieridae Schmidt, 1870, Haliclonidae de Laubenfels, 1932, Gelliidae Gray, 1872 and Adociidae de Laubenfels, 1934.

There are over 20 nominal genera, particularly many names of Lendenfeld (e.g. 1887), but few of these are valid. Among the names of uncertain status applied to the Australian fauna are Cavochalina Carter, 1882, Paraspongia Carter, 1885 and Chalinorhaphis Lendenfeld, 1887; their types are unrecognisable. Revisions of Chalinidae have so far been unsatisfactory in that they deal with regional faunas only. Foremost amongst these are Griessinger (1971) studying Mediterranean species, Van Soest (1980) for Caribbean species, Bergquist & Warne (1980) for New Zealand species, de Weerdt (1986) and de Weerdt & Van Soest (1986) for north-eastern Atlantic species, and Burton (1934) and Fromont (1993) for northern Great Barrier Reef species. Each of these studies is invaluable for regional faunas because they include ecological data from live populations which enable differentiation between sibling species which is otherwise nearly impossible to achieve from preserved specimens. For this reason, it is doubtful if any satisfactory review of the world fauna can be undertaken from a study of preserved collections (the Australian fauna is no exception, with Lendenfeld's and other authors' species difficult or impossible to corroborate with living populations). These taxonomic difficulties also apply to some extent at the generic level: North Atlantic and Caribbean studies do not agree largely with those based on Australasian material. Undoubtedly, further valid chalinid genera will be recognised eventually, perhaps including, for example, the resurrection of some of the synonyms of Haliclona.

For the present, we must use an amalgamation of existing Chalinidae revisions to place Australian species, even though our brief review of many of the type specimens reveals that Haliclona in the sense of de Weerdt (1986) is both heterogeneous and unmanageable. Nevertheless, in this work we follow de Weerdt's decisions and recognise only five valid genera in the family: Haliclona, Acervochalina, Dendroxea, Cladocroce (which is incertae sedis and not dealt with by de Weerdt, 1986) and the hypercalcified sclerosponge Calcifibrospongia, which has a calcitic basal skeleton of spherulitic microstructure, together with free spicules producing a reticulate skeleton composed of strongyles. Two genera are known in the Australian fauna from published records.

Chalinidae includes some of the most widely distributed and abundant genera of shallow water sponges. Some species of Haliclona have been recorded as deep as 2460 m (Hartman 1982), but most other chalinid taxa are found predominantly in shallow waters. They are particularly common in the macrobenthos of coral reefs.

Diagnosis

Thickly encrusting, cushion-shaped, ramose or tubular growth forms, cushion-shaped sponges commonly with oscular chimneys or mounds. Consistency soft to rather firm, also spongy. Colour purple, violet, pink, brown, blue or green, occasionally white. Megascleres smooth oxeas or strongyles, microscleres, if present, sigmas, toxas, raphides or microxeas.

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA
(1) At the basis of the sponge there is a densely reticulated mass of spicula, choanosomal skeleton consisting of almost plumose, branching spicular tracts, which thin out towards the surface --------------------------- Dendroxea
No densely reticulated mass of spicules at the basis of the sponge, choanosomal skeleton a rather delicate, iso- or anisotropic, ladder-like reticulation or consisting of multispicular fibre tracts with a rather dense subisotropic reticulation in between --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

(2) Secondary lines of the choanosomal skeleton more than one spicule long ------------------------------ Chalinula
Secondary lines of the choanosomal skeleton one spicule long ----------------------------------------------------------- 3

(3) Skeleton consisting of multispicular fibre tracts with a rather dense subisotropic reticulation in between ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cladocroce
Skeleton iso-, subiso- or anisotropic, but without multispicular fibre tracts throughout the sponge ------ Haliclona

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [852]

General References

Bergquist, P.R. & Warne, K.P. 1980. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida). Memoirs of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 87: 1-77 17 pls 4 figs

Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2

Fromont, J. 1993. Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in the tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7-40

Fromont, J. 1995. Haplosclerida and Petrosida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the New Caledonia Lagoon. Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 149-180

Griessinger, J.M. 1971. Etude des Réniérides de Méditerranée (Démosponges, Haplosclérides). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [published 1907-1971] 3 (Zool.) 3: 97-182

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28

Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology Zool. 20(59): 1-275 pls 1-51

Topsent, E. 1928. Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Méditerranée provenant des croisières du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco 74: 1-376 11 pls

van Soest, R.W.M. 1980. Marine sponges from Curaçao and other Caribbean localities. Part II. Haplosclerida. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 62(191): 1-173 49 figs 18 pls

Weerdt, W.H. de 1986. A systematic revision of the north-eastern Atlantic shallow-water Haplosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae), Part II: Chalinidae. Beaufortia 36(6): 81-165 pls 1-10

Weerdt, W.H. de 1989. Phylogeny and vicariance biogeography of North Atlantic Chalinidae (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae). Beaufortia 39(3): 55-88

Weerdt, W.H. de & Soest, R.W.M. Van 1986. Marine shallow-water Haplosclerida (Porifera) from the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) 225: 1-49

History of changes

• Chalinula Schmidt, E.O. 1868. Die Spongien der Küste von Algier. Mit Nachträgen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 44 pp. 5 pls. [7].

  Type species:

   Chalinula renieroides Schmidt, 1868 by subsequent designation, see Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [47].
• Acervochalina Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–1882. Spongiida. (Part 1, Australian sponges). London : British Museum (Natural History) 366-482, pls 39-43. [398].

  Type species:

   Chalina limbata Montagu, 1818 by original designation.
• Phylosiphonia Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [741].

  Type species:

   Chalinula fertilis Keller, 1879 by subsequent designation, see Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [531].
• Chalinodendron Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [742].

  Type species:

   Chalina gracilenta Bowerbank, 1866 by subsequent designation, see Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [530].
• Phylosiphonia (Anatoxius) Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28.

  Type species:

   Siphonochalina annulata Ridley & Dendy, 1886 by subsequent designation, see van Soest, R. 2012. Phylosiphonia (Anatoxius) Lendenfeld, 1887. In: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database at http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=184554 on 2012-01-17. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=184554 (checked on 2012-01-17).
• Nara Laubenfels, M.W. de 1954. The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7: 1-306 pls 1-12.

  Type species:

   Nara nematifera de Laubenfels, 1954 by monotypy.
• Katiba Laubenfels, M.W. de 1954. The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7: 1-306 pls 1-12.

  Type species:

   Katiba milnei de Laubenfels, 1954 by monotypy.

Distribution

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Diagnosis

Thinly encrusting, cushion-shaped or irregularly digitate growth forms. Consistency spongy, elastic, or very soft and limp. Colour brown or purplish. Oxeas short, ranging from vestigial to cigar-shaped; a high variation in form and size may occur within the same species. Spongin usually abundant, with high variation within one species. No microscleres.

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [853]

History of changes

• Phylosiphonia elastica Kieschnick, O. 1898. Die Kieselschwämme von Amboina. Inauguraldissertation. Jena : G. Neuenhahn 66 pp. [49] [unrecognisable according to Hooper & Wiedenmayer (1994). Incertae sedis. Assignment to Chalinula is based on the properties of the type species of Phylosiphonia according to Van Soest (2011)].

  Type data:

   Holotype PMJ (not found - egaz), Thursday Is., Torres Strait [10°35'S 142°13'E].

  Secondary source:

   van Soest, R. 2011. Chalinula elastica (Kieschnick, 1898). In: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database at http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=264853 on 2012-01-15. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=264853 (checked on 2012-01-15).

Generic Combinations

• Chalinula elastica (Kieschnick, 1898).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Phylosiphonia (Anatoxius) rigida Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [801] [unrecognisable according to Hooper & Wiedenmayer (1994); Assignment to Chalinula is based on the properties of the type species of Phylosiphonia. The species needs to be reexamined.].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G3485 (slide, corresponding specimen in BMNH not found - egaz), Torres Strait, QLD [10°25'S 142°10'E]; BMNH 1886.8.27.498 dry (NMV photo 43/14, =AM G3484 slide - egaz), Torres Strait, QLD [10°25'S 142°10'E].

  Secondary source:

   van Soest, R. 2011. Chalinula rigida (Lendenfeld, 1887). In: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database at http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=166296 on 2012-01-15. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=166296 (checked on 2012-01-15).

Generic Combinations

• Chalinula rigida (Lendenfeld, 1887).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Phylosiphonia (Anatoxius) spiculifera Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [799] [unrecognisable, junior synonym of Phylosiphonia (Anatoxius) superba Lendenfeld according to Hooper & Wiedenmayer (1994). Assignment to Chalinula is based on the properties of the type species of Phylosiphonia].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G8970 dry (NMV photos 7/33,34 - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1886.8.27.390 wet (=AM G3479 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

  Secondary source:

   van Soest, R. 2011. Chalinula spiculifera (Lendenfeld, 1887). In: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database at http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=166297 on 2012-01-15. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=166297 (checked on 2012-01-15).

Generic Combinations

• Chalinula spiculifera (Lendenfeld, 1887).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

History of changes

• Cladocroce Topsent, E. 1892. Contribution à l'étude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco 2: 1-165 11 pls [72].

  Type species:

   Cladocroce fibrosa Topsent, 1892 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Arctic, N Atlantic and N Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Sponges lamellate or tube-shaped. Colour grey, salmon pink, mauve or ochre. Surface smooth, sometimes conulose. Consistency firm but elastic, compressible. In the lamellate forms the oscules are circular, flush with the surface, rather small, not abundant and they may appear at both sides of the lamellae.

ID Keys

See Family Chalinidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [856]

History of changes

• Cladocroce aculeata Pulitzer-Finali, G. 1982. Some new or little-known sponges from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Instituti Biologici della Università di Genova 48–49(1980–1982): 87-141 [109].

  Type data:

   Holotype MCG 46939 wet (egaz), Lizard Is., Great Barrier Reef [14°40'S 145°28'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

From Lizard Is. (14º40´S 145º27´E) to John Brewer Reef (18º38´S 147º04´E)), depth 13–18 m.

General References

Fromont, J. 1993. Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in the tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7-40 [15] (redescription and new records)

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subgeneric Arrangement

• Weerdt, W.H. de 2000. A monograph of the shallow-water Chalinidae (Porifera, Haplosclerida) of the Caribbean. Beaufortia 50(1): 1-67 [5]
• Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [859]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Christmas Island Province (23), Macquarie Island Province (24), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Cushion-shaped, frequently with oscular mounds or chimneys, branching, tube-shaped, repent ramose, rarely thinly encrusting sponges. Colour purple, violet, pink, brown, yellowish, green, blue, black, sometimes white, orange or red. Some species show a two-colour combination of a whitish ectosome and darker, purple or brownish choanosome. Consistency varying from soft, fragile, to firm, elastic, brittle or corky. Surface rather smooth and even, slightly to rather strongly punctate, sometimes slightly hispid. Oscula usually circular, flush with the surface or at the top of oscular mounds or chimneys. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, either a very regular, tangential, unispicular, isotropic reticulation, with three- to six-sided meshes, or less regular, subisotropic and rather dense or consisting of a discontinuous, rather open reticulation due to many rounded meshes. Choanosomal skeleton a regular, frequently ladder-like reticulation of uni-, pauci- or multispicular primary lines, regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines; it may also be a rather dense, subisotropic reticulation with many subdermal and choanosomal spaces. Spongin is nearly always present, confined to the nodes of spicules or more abundant, sometimes forming the dominant part of the skeleton. Megascleres smooth diactines, oxeas or strongyles, length usually between 80–250um, with a thickness of ca. 5–10um, rarely larger, up to 370 & 15um. Microscleres, if present, sigmas, toxas, raphides or microxeas.

ID Keys

Key to subgenera of Haliclona
(1) Choanosomal skeleton an anisotropic, ladder-like reticulation of uni- to paucispicular, ascending primary lines, regularly or less regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines --------------------------------------- 2
Choanosomal skeleton an iso- or subisotropic reticulation without a clear distinction between primary and secondary lines ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

(2) Skeleton very regular, with straight, uni- to paucispicular ascending primary lines, regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines, spongin always present, at the nodes of the spicules or more copious, oxeas usually short, relatively thick, cigar-shaped, microscleres, if present, toxas ------------ Haliclona (Haliclona)
Skeleton less regular, with pauci- to multispicular primary lines, irregularly connected by unispicular secondary lines, with many spicules in confusion -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

(3) Primary lines pauci- to multispicular, somewhat wavy, spongin scarce or absent, oxeas usually slender, with long, hastate points, no microscleres ------------------------------------------------ Haliclona (Rhizoniera)
Skeleton towards the inner parts of the sponge becoming a confused, subhalichondroid reticulation, oxeas usually long, stout, with hastate points, microscleres, if present, toxas, sigmas or raphides or a combination of these --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Haliclona (Gellius)
(4) Both the ectosomal and choanosomal skeleton show a tendency to form rounded meshes, choanosomal skeleton consisting of illdefined paucispicular primary lines, irregularly connected by unispicular secondary lines, with many choanosomal spaces, spongin scarce to more abundant, oxeas slender, microscleres, if present, toxas or raphides -------------------------------------------------------------------- Haliclona (Soestella)
Both the ectosomal and choanosomal skeleton a regular, iso- subisotropic reticulation ----------------------- 5

(5) Ectosomal and choanosomal skeleton a very regular, delicate, unispicular, isotropic reticulation, spongin at the nodes of the spicula, oxeas slender, frequently blunt-pointed to strongylote, microscleres, if present, toxas and sigmas, sponges usually soft, compressible but fragile ------------------------- Haliclona (Reniera)
Ectosomal and choanosomal skeleton forming a subisotropic, paucispicular reticulation, ectosome overlaying the choanosome very loosely with many subectosomal spaces, no spongin, oxeas usually rather stout, microscleres, if present, sigmas, sponges usually brittle, incompressible, fragile --- Haliclona (Halichoclona)

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [858]

General References

Fromont, J. 1995. Haplosclerida and Petrosida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the New Caledonia Lagoon. Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 149-180 [150] (New Caledonian species)

History of changes

• Gellius Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28.

  Type species:

   Reniera fibulata Schmidt, 1862 by original designation.
• Asychis Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28.

  Type species:

   Reniera fibulata Schmidt, 1862 by original designation.
• Orina Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28.

  Type species:

   Halichondria angulata Bowerbank, 1866 by original designation.
• Rhaphisia Topsent, E. 1892. Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles de la Méditerranée et plus particulièrement de Banyuls. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 2 10(Notes Rev.): xvii-xxviii.

  Type species:

   Rhaphisia laxa Topsent, 1892 by monotypy.
• Sigmadocia Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map.

  Type species:

   Gellius textapatina de Laubenfels, 1930 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23), Macquarie Island Province (24), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Diagnosis

Cushion-shaped or submassive sponges, sometimes with a tendency to form fistular outgrowths. Consistency soft, fragile, sometimes slightly brittle. Spongin scarce or absent. Oxeas commonly robust needles of fairly large size, up to 370X15um. Microscleres are usually present, and may be toxas, sigmas or raphides or a combination of these.

ID Keys

See Genus Haliclona Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [859]

History of changes

• Gellius amboinensis Lévi, C. 1961. Eponges intercotidales de Nha Trang (Viet Nam). Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 100(2): 127-150 pls 1, 2 [143].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, (egaz), Nha Trang, Vietnam [12°14'34"N 109°12'10"E].

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Magnetic Is., also Vietnam, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 5–7 m.

General References

Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. 1981. Révision de la collection d'Eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonésie) constituée par Bedot et Pictet et conservée au Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Genève. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 88: 723-764 [747 fig. 66]

Fromont, J. 1993. Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in the tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7-40 [11] (as Haliclona amboinensis)

Fromont, J. 1999. Demosponges of the Houtman Abrolhos. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 175-184 [177] (Listed in this article)

Fromont, J. 2003. Porifera (Sponges) in the Dampier Archipelago: Taxonomic affinities and biogeography. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Marine Biological Workshop. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. 405-417 pp. [408] (Listed in this article)

Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P.R. 1988. Sponges from Motupore Island, Papua New Guinea. Indo-Malayan Zoology 5: 121-159 [146] (redescription from specimen from Papua New Guinea)

Topsent, E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'archipel Malais.). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 4: 421-487 pls 18-21 [471] (misidentified as Gellius couchi)

History of changes

• Gellius carduus Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [333].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.254 wet (egaz), 439–1006 m, Southern Ocean, S of Crozet Ils (46º53´S 51º52´E); 155–274 m, off Prince Edward Is.; 91–137 m, off Marion Is. [46°53´S 51°52´E]; BMNH 1887.5.2.258 wet (egaz), 439–1006 m, Southern Ocean, S of Crozet Ils (46º53´S 51º52´E); 155–274 m, off Prince Edward Is.; 91–137 m, off Marion Is. [46°53´S 51°52´E]; BMNH 1887.5.2.263 wet (egaz), 439–1006 m, Southern Ocean, S of Crozet Ils (46º53´S 51º52´E); 155–274 m, off Prince Edward Is.; 91–137 m, off Marion Is. [46°53´S 51°52´E]; BMNH 1891.10.3.8 slide (egaz), 439–1006 m, Southern Ocean, S of Crozet Ils (46º53´S 51º52´E); 155–274 m, off Prince Edward Is.; 91–137 m, off Marion Is. [46°53´S 51°52´E]; ZMB fragments of type(s)? (egaz), 439–1006 m, Southern Ocean, S of Crozet Ils (46º53´S 51º52´E); 155–274 m, off Prince Edward Is.; 91–137 m, off Marion Is. [46°53´S 51°52´E].
• Gellius laevis Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [333].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.40 wet (egaz), 1097 m, off mouth of Rio de la Plata, Argentina, (37º17´S 53º52´W) [(37°17´S 53°52´W)]; BMNH 1891.10.3.19 slide (egaz), 1097 m, off mouth of Rio de la Plata, Argentina, (37º17´S 53º52´W) [(37°17´S 53°52´W)]; ZMB fragments of type(s)? (egaz), 1097 m, off mouth of Rio de la Plata, Argentina, (37º17´S 53º52´W) [37°17´S 53°52´W].
• Gellius carduus magellanica Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology Zool. 20(59): 1-275 pls 1-51 [40].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.5.2.256 wet, 448 m, W end of Strait of Magellan, South America [no coords available on egaz].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1932. Sponges. Discovery Reports 6: 237-392 56 figs pls 48-57 [274]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Davis Sea, also SW Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean and Subantarctic.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 81–1098 m.

History of changes

• Gellius couchi ceratina Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–1882. Spongiida. (Part 1, Australian sponges). London : British Museum (Natural History) 366-482, pls 39-43. [423].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1882.2.23.333 wet (egaz), 59–66 m, Arafura Sea [9°00'S 133°00'E].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Arafura Sea, and also Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal–66 m.

History of changes

• Gellius cucurbitiformis Kirkpatrick, R. 1907. Preliminary report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 20: 271-291 [288].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1908.2.5.190 wet, 46–55 m, New Zealand Antarctic Terr., Ross Sea, off Ross Is., Discovery winter quarters (77º49´S 167º07´04˜E) [77°49´S 167°07´04˜E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, off Gaussberg, off Queen Mary Coast.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 45–385 m.

History of changes

• Spongia cymaeformis Esper, E.J.C. 1794. Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen. Nürnberg : Raspe Vol. 1 230 pp. 104 pls. [45] [redescribed and rendered recognisable Ehlers, E. 1870. Die Esper'schen Spongien in der zoologischen Sammlung der K. Universität Erlangen. Erlangen : E.T. Jacob pp. 36. (24)].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, (egaz), Red Sea [22°32'56"N 37°06'43"E].
• Gellius centrangulatus Sollas, I.B.J. 1902. On the sponges collected during the 'Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula, 1899–1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902: 210–221 pls 14, 15 [212].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) CUMZ unknown number (egaz), Redang, Malaysia [2°47'07"N 113°21'20"E].
• Gellius ridleyi Hentschel, E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwämme der Aru- und Kai Inseln. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 294-448 pls 13-21 [389] [part, not described material; Lévi, C. 1961. Spongiaires des îles Philippines, principalment recoltées au voisinage de Zamboanga. Philippine Journal of Science 88(4): 509–533 [525]; Lévi, C. 1961. Eponges intercotidales de Nha Trang (Viet Nam). Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 100(2): 127–150 pls 1, 2 [142]].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SMF (egaz), Arafura Sea, Indonesia [9°00'S 133°00'E].
• Gellius fibulatus microsigma Dendy, A. 1916. Report on the non-calcareous sponges collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905–6. 93-146, pls 1-4 in Hornell, J. (ed.). Report to the Government of Baroda on the marine zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar. London : Williams & Norgate Vol. 2. [107].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1920.12.9.19 wet (egaz - India), 27–31 m, off Duarka, Kattiawar Peninsula, India [34°24'32"N 73°53'13"E].
• Sigmadocia symbiotica Bergquist, P.R. & Tizard, C.A. 1967. Australian intertidal sponges from the Darwin area. Micronesica 3: 175-202 6 pls [183].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM Z3096 wet (NMV photos 25/23–26 - egaz), Darwin, NT [12°28'S 130°50'E].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Darwin, Cape Don, Cobourg Peninsula, Torres Strait, Prince of Wales Channel, Thursday Is., Port Molle, Magnetic Is., Whitsunday Ils, Mangrove Park, Thalamita Flat, Batt Reef, Low Isles, also Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region and W Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal–34 m.

General References

Brien, P., Lévi, C., Sarà, M., Tuzet, O. & Vacelet, J. 1973. Spongiaires. pp. 1-716 485 figs in Grassé, P.P. (ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Paris : Masson et Cie Vol. 3(1). [536, 547]

Carter, H.J. 1878. Parasites of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 2: 157-172 fig. 1 [163] (misidentified as Reniera fibulata Schmidt, 1862)

Fromont, J. 1993. Descriptions of species of the Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) occurring in the tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 10: 7-40 [13] (as Haliclona cymiformis (Esper, 1794))

Fromont, J. 1999. Demosponges of the Houtman Abrolhos. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 175-184 [177] (Listed in this article)

Fromont, J. 2003. Porifera (Sponges) in the Dampier Archipelago: Taxonomic affinities and biogeography. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Marine Biological Workshop. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. 405-417 pp. [408] (Listed in this article)

Grant, A.J., Trautman, D.A., Menz, I. & Hinde, R. 2006. Separation of two cell signalling molecules from a symbiotic sponge that modify algal carbon metabolism. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 348: 92-98 [94]

Hooper, J.N.A., Capon, R.J., Keenan, C.P., Parry, D.L. & Smit, N. 1992. Chemotaxonomy of marine sponges: families Microcionidae, Raspailiidae and Axinellidae, and their relationships with other families in the orders Poecilosclerida and Axinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 6(2): 261-301 [263]

Hooper, J.N.A., List-Armitage, S.E., Kennedy, J.A., Cook, S.D. & Valentine, C.A. 1999. Sponges of the Low Isles, Great Barrier Reef: an important scientific site, or a case of mistaken identity? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 249-262 [257] (Listed in this article)

Lévi, C. 1967. Démosponges récoltées en Nouvelle-Calédonie par la Mission Singer-Polignac. pp. 13–27 pls 1–3 in, Expéd. Franç. Récifs Coral. Nouv. Caléd. Paris : Fond. Singer-Polignac Vol. 2. [24]

Nevalainen, T.J., Quinn, R.J. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2004. Phospholipase A2 in Porifera. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 137(B): 413-420 [415] (Spelt as "cymiformis")

Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–1882. Spongiida. (Part 1, Australian sponges). London : British Museum (Natural History) 366-482, pls 39-43. [425]

Thomassin, B.A. 1976. Feeding behaviour of the felt-feeder, sponge-feeder, and coral-feeder sea-stars, mainly Culcita schmideliana. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 28: 51-65 [53]

Trautman, D.A. 1999. Photosynthesis and respiration by the symbiotic association between a coral reef sponge and its macroalgal symbiont. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 606-606 [606]

History of changes

• Chalinorhaphis digitata Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [822] [probably an Amphimedon].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1886.8.27.484 wet (=AM G3542 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1925.12.1.8 dry (NMV photo 43/2 - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Reniera proxima Dendy, A. 1895. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 232-260 [237].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NMV G2402 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.4 slide - egaz), 33–35 m, outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; NMV G2403 wet (=AM G2651 slide - egaz), 33–35 m, outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1932.1.25.18 slide only (egaz), 33–35 m, outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [104].
• Reniera longimanus Dendy, A. 1895. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 232-260 [237].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NMV G2372 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.5 slide - egaz), 35–37 m, outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1886.12.15.172 dry (=Chalina polychotoma: Carter, 1885 - egaz), 35–37 m, outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1902.10.18.87 slide only (egaz), 35–37 m, outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [103].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1927. A revision of the genera and species contained in Lendenfeld's 'Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 20: 289–296, 502–512 [503]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Torres Strait, Friday Is., Port Jackson and Port Phillip Heads.

IMCRA

Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 33–36 m.

General References

Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–1882. Spongiida. (Part 1, Australian sponges). London : British Museum (Natural History) 366-482, pls 39-43. [405, pl. 40 figs BB, pl. 41 fig. O] (misidentified as Spongia macrodactyla Lamarck, 1814, which is a Tedania see Topsent, E. 1933. Eponges de Lamarck conservées au Muséum de Paris. Fin. Arch. Mus. Natl Hist. Nat. Paris 6 10: 1–60 5 figs pls 1–3 (13))

History of changes

• Gellius flagellifer Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [333].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.252 wet (egaz), 91–137 m, off Marion Is., Prince Edward Ils, Southern Ocean [46°36'32"N 63°40'55"W]; BMNH 1891.10.3.13 slide (egaz), 91–137 m, off Marion Is., Prince Edward Ils, Southern Ocean [46°36'32"N 63°40'55"W]; ZMB fragments of type(s?) (egaz), 91–137 m, off Marion Is., Prince Edward Ils, Southern Ocean [46°36'32"N 63°40'55"W].

Generic Combinations

• Microxina flagellifera (Ridley & Dendy, 1886). —
  Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1–620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [322]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; George V Coast, Commonwealth Bay, also Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, New Zealand, Subantarctic and N Pacific Ocean.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 26–1378 m.

History of changes

• Reniera foraminosa Thiele, J. 1905. Die Kiesel-und Hornschwämme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher 6: 407-496 pls 27-33 [465].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 3318 (egaz), Tumbes, Peru [3°34'04"S 80°27'14"W].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1908.9.24.196 wet fragment of type; ZMB 3318 wet (egaz), Tumbes, Peru [3°34'04"S 80°27'14"W].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Also SE Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Subtidal.

History of changes

• Gellius glacialis Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [333].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH (possibly other museums in UK), 274 m, Agulhas Bank, South Africa, (35º04´S 18º37´E) [35°04´S 18°37´E]; BMNH 1887.5.2.257 wet, 274 m, Agulhas Bank, South Africa, (35º04´S 18º37´E) [35°04´S 18°37´E]; BMNH 1891.10.3.9–10 slides, 274 m, Agulhas Bank, South Africa, (35º04´S 18º37´E) [35°04´S 18°37´E].
• Gellius glacialis niveus Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology Zool. 20(59): 1-275 pls 1-51 [42] [as var. nivea].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.5.2.277 wet (egaz), 256 m, Prince Edward Ils, Southern Ocean (46º43´S 38º04´30˜W) [46°43´S 38°04´30˜W].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1932. Sponges. Discovery Reports 6: 237-392 56 figs pls 48-57 [274]
• Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. 6-116, 428-433 (systematic index), pls 1-15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2. [in Russian] [103]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr., off Wilhelm II Coast, Davis Sea, Budd Coast, Ballery Ils, also S Africa, Southern Ocean, Subantarctic and Antarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 93–660 m.

History of changes

• Gellius rudis Topsent, E. 1901. Notice préliminaire sur les Eponges recueillies par l'Expédition Antarctique Belge. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 3 9(Notes Rev.): 5-16 [6].

  Type data:

   Holotype MIZL, 500 m, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica (70º23´S 82º47´E) [70°23´S 82°47´E].

  Secondary source:

   Schulze, F.E. & Kirkpatrick, R. 1910. Die Hexactinelliden der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 12(Zool. 4): 1–62 pls 1–10. [4].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 500 m.

General References

Wiedenmayer, F. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] (distribution uncertain, pending re-examination of possibly misidentified material of Microxina fimbriata Kirkpatrick, 1907 see Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35–141 pls 4–8 pp. [130]; Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. pp. 6–116, 428–433 (systematic index), pls 1–15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2 . [in Russian] [100] and Koltun, V.M. 1976. Porifera. Part I. Antarctic sponges. Report of the B.A.N.Z. Exp. 1929–31 B Zoology & Botany 9(4): 147–198 pls 1–3 [195])

History of changes

• Gellius tenellus Topsent, E. 1916. Diagnoses d'Eponges recueillies dans l'Antarctique par le Pourquoi pas? Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 22: 163-172 [171].

  Type data:

   Holotype (MNHN Paris* - egaz - Palmer Archipelago), 50–70 m, NE coast of Petermann Is., Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula [64°11'31"S 64°50'59"W].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Davis Sea, also Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 50–220 m.

History of changes

• Gellius toxius Topsent, E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'archipel Malais.). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 4: 421-487 pls 18-21 [470].

  Type data:

   Holotype GMNH C–12/51 wet (egaz), Ambon, Moluccas, Indonesia [3°50'39"S 137°40'49"E].

  Secondary source:

   Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. 1981. Révision de la collection d'Eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonésie) constituée par Bedot et Pictet et conservée au Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Genève. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 88: 723-764 [756].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Crab Spit, Low Isles, SE end of Mangrove Swamp, also Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–71 m.

History of changes

• Gellius tremulus Topsent, E. 1916. Diagnoses d'Eponges recueillies dans l'Antarctique par le Pourquoi pas? Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 22: 163-172 [171] [virtually unrecognisable; recorded in Burton, M. 1932. Sponges. Discovery Report 6: 237–392 56 figs pls 48–57 (276) and Burton, M. 1938. Non-calcareous sponges. Science Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition C 9(5): 1–22 fig. 1 (8) as Adocia; may be a synonym of Gellius (=Sigmadocia) glacialis , see Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. pp. 6–116, 428–433 (systematic index), pls 1–15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2 . [in Russian] (104)].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) (possibly in MNHN Paris - egaz - Palmer Archipelago), 92 m, Pettier Channel, Wiencke Is., Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula; 254 m, entrance to Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula (67º55´S 70º45´48˜W) [64°11'31"S 64°50'59"W].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Antarctica.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Gellius tylotoxus Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [131].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 4786 wet, slide (egaz), 350–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. (66º2´9˜S 89º38´E) [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Wiedenmayer, F. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Generic Combinations

• Haliclona (Gellius) tylotoxa (Hentschel, 1914). —
  van Soest, R. 2011. Haliclona (Gellius) tylotoxa (Hentschel, 1914). In: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database at http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=166572 on 2012-01-18. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=166572 (checked on 2012-01-18)
• Microxina tylotoxa (Hentschel, 1914). —
  Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1–620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [322]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Known only from type locality.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 350–385 m.

History of changes

• Halichondria varia Bowerbank, J.S. 1875. Contributions to a general history of the Spongiadae. Part vii. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1875: 281-296 [292].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1932.1.5.17 dry (egaz), Strait of Malacca [5°11'02"N 98°48'00"E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1877.5.21.1342 slide.
• Isodictya virgata Bowerbank, J.S. 1875. Contributions to a general history of the Spongiadae. Part vii. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1875: 281-296 [294].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1932.1.5.18 dry (egaz), Strait of Malacca [5°11'02"N 98°48'00"E].
• Gellius varius fibrosus Wilson, H.V. 1925. Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross during the Philippine Expedition, 1907–10. In Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 100(2/4): i-vii 273-532 pls 37-52 [388] [as var. fibrosa].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 21329 wet (egaz), Philippines [7°00'59"N 124°45'20"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Wiedenmayer, F. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [119]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Christmas Is.; Darwin, Flying Fish Cove, and also Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 15–33 m.

History of changes

• Halichoclona Laubenfels, M.W. de 1932. The marine and fresh water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 2927/81(4): 1-140.

  Type species:

   Halichoclona gellindra de Laubenfels, 1932 by monotypy.
• Neoadocia Laubenfels, M.W. de 1950. The sponges of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Pacific Science 4(1): 3-36.

  Type species:

   Neoadocia mokuoloea de Laubenfels, 1950 by monotypy.
• Pellinella Thiele, J. 1905. Die Kiesel-und Hornschwämme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher 6: 407-496 pls 27-33.

  Type species:

   Pellinella conica Thiele, 1905 by monotypy.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [862]

Distribution

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Diagnosis

Massive, tubiform, cushion-shaped or encrusting sponges, with a strong tendency in several species to form fistular outgrowths. Oscula usually large, not numerous. Colour orange, pink, purplish or white; in some species there is a two-colour combination of a whitish transparent ectosome and a darker coloured, purple or orange choanosome. Consistency relatively crisp and brittle, only slightly compressible. Spongin absent or very scarce, at the nodes of the spicules. Ectosomal skeleton of the same structure as the choanosome, usually very loosely overlaying the choanosome, from which it may be separated by extensive subectosomal spaces. Choanosomal skeleton a subisotropic, somewhat confused reticulation, commonly intercepted by many choanosomal spaces. Megascleres usually acerate or hastate oxeas, reaching substantial sizes in some species. Microscleres, if present, microxeas or sigmas.

ID Keys

See Genus Haliclona Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [862]

History of changes

• Pellinella conica Thiele, J. 1905. Die Kiesel-und Hornschwämme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher 6: 407-496 pls 27-33 [471].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1931.3.27.9 wet (egaz), Seno Almirantazgo, Tierra del Fuego, Chile [54°12'25"S 69°58'08"W].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr., Macquarie Is.; Banzare Coast, also Subantarctic.

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 320 m.

History of changes

• Chalina Bowerbank, J.S. 1862. On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part III. On the generic characters, the specific characters, and on the method of examination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 152: 1087-1135 pls 72-74 [1120].

  Type species:

   Spongia oculata Linnaeus, 1759 by original designation (as Halichondria oculata Johnston 1842).
• Adocia Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [522].

  Type species:

   Isodictya simulans Bowerbank, 1866 by monotypy.
• Chalinula Schmidt, E.O. 1868. Die Spongien der Küste von Algier. Mit Nachträgen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 44 pp. 5 pls. [7].

  Type species:

   Chalinula renieroides Schmidt, 1868 by subsequent designation, see Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [47].
• Amorphina Schmidt, E.O. 1870. Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 6 pls. [40].

  Type species:

   Reniera grossa Schmidt, 1864 by subsequent designation, see Higgin, T.H. 1877. Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steamyacht Argo in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4 19: 291-299 pl. 14.
• Pellina Schmidt, E.O. 1870. Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 6 pls. [41].

  Type species:

   Halichondria semitubulosa Lieberkühn, 1859 by subsequent designation, see Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [535].
• Lessepsia Keller, C. 1883. Die Fauna im Suez-Canal und die Diffusion der mediterranen und erythräischen Thierwelt. Eine thiergeographische Untersuchung. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 28(3): 1-39 pls 1-2 [19].

  Type species:

   Lessepsia violacea Keller, 1883 by monotypy.
• Euchalinopsis Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [742].

  Type species:

   Chalina oculata Bowerbank, 1864 by subsequent designation, see Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [529].
• Halichondriella Burton, M. 1931. Studies on Norwegian sponges. I. Kongelige Norske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhanglinger 4: 136-143 [137].

  Type species:

   Halichondriella corticata Burton, 1931 by monotypy.
• Neoadocia Laubenfels, M.W. de 1950. The sponges of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Pacific Science 4(1): 3-36 [15].

  Type species:

   Neoadocia mokuoloea de Laubenfels, 1950 by original designation.
• Kaneohea Laubenfels, M.W. de 1950. The sponges of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Pacific Science 4(1): 3-36 [23].

  Type species:

   Kaneohea poni de Laubenfels, 1950 by original designation.
• Toxiclona Laubenfels, M.W. de 1954. The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7: 1-306 pls 1-12 [73].

  Type species:

   Siphonochalina gaussiana Hentschel, 1914 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Koltun, V.M. 1976. Porifera. Part I. Antarctic sponges. Report of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1928–31 B Zoology & Botany 9(4): 147-198 pls 1-3 [195] (as Haliclona gaussiana (Hentschel, 1914))
• van Soest, R.W.M. 1980. Marine sponges from Curaçao and other Caribbean localities. Part II. Haplosclerida. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 62(191): 1-173 49 figs 18 pls [104 part]
• Weerdt, W.H. de 1986. A systematic revision of the north-eastern Atlantic shallow-water Haplosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae), Part II: Chalinidae. Beaufortia 36(6): 81-165 pls 1-10 [60]
• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [111] (for Sigmadocia de Laubenfels, 1936)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23), Northern Shelf Province (25), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Diagnosis

Sponges branched, repent ramose or thinly encrusting. Consistency varying from soft, flexible, to firm, corky. Oscula in the branched and ramose forms circular, small, but clearly visible; in the branched form they may be arranged alongside the narrower sides of the branches; in encrusting sponges they are very small, with a slight tendency to be surrounded by star-shaped aquiferous canals.

ID Keys

See Genus Haliclona Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [863]

History of changes

• Reniera camerata Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–2. Part II. Collections from the western Indian Ocean. Spongiida. London : British Museum (Natural History) 582-630 pls 53-54. [605].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1882.10.17.117 wet (egaz), 4 m, Seychelles and 29–31 m, Amirante Group, Indian Ocean [9°48'14"S 50°17'34"E, 6°55'37"S 52°06'03"E]; BMNH 1882.10.17.63 wet (egaz), 4 m, Seychelles and 29–31 m, Amirante Group, Indian Ocean [9°48'14"S 50°17'34"E, 6°55'37"S 52°06'03"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Low Isles, Thalamita Flat, also Indian Ocean and Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 4–31 m.

History of changes

• Reniera clathrata Dendy, A. 1895. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 232-260 [237].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NMV G2331 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.3 slide - egaz), inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1902.10.18.86 slide (egaz), inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Type locality references:

  Wilson, J. Bracebridge 1895. List of dredging stations at and near Port Phillip Heads. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 261-263 [station 10].

  Secondary source:

   Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [101].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Low Isles, Luana Creek, Luana Harbour, Port Jackson, Port Phillip Heads, also Indo-Malayan region, New Zealand, Japan and Subantarctic.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–18 m.

History of changes

• Euchalina corticata Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [817] [misspelled cortica on p. 817, but spelling correct on pp. 757, 824].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.8.27.480 wet (egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1887.4.27.85 wet (doubtful, as Reniera).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania

IMCRA

Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Spongia crassiloba Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de Monet 1814. Sur les polypiers empâtés. Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris 20: 294-312, 370-386, 432-458 [374].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHN Paris LBIM DT554 (egaz), no locality (Bass Strait, King Is.) [39°20'S 145°30'E].

  Type locality references:

  Topsent, E. 1930. Eponges de Lamarck conservées au Muséum de Paris. Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 6 5: 1-56 4 figs pls 1-4 [21].

  Secondary source:

   Topsent, E. 1930. Eponges de Lamarck conservées au Muséum de Paris. Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 6 5: 1-56 4 figs pls 1-4 [21].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Haliclona (Halichoclona) djeedara Fromont, J. & Abdo, D.A. 2014. New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835(1): 97-109 [99].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM Z28839, Australia, Western Australia, Hamelin Bay [34°13.603'S, 115°00.842'E].
  Paratype(s) WAM 7 specimens (1 each in NMV & SAMA), various localities.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30)

History of changes

• Haliclona (Halichoclona) durdong Fromont, J. & Abdo, D.A. 2014. New species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa 3835(1): 97-109 [102].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM Z28838, Australia, Western Australia, Hamelin Bay [34°13.603'S, 115°00.842'E].
  Paratype(s) WAM 7 specimens (one in each of NMV & SAMA), various localities.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30)

History of changes

• Haliclona flabellodigitatus Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [534].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1930.18.13.167 wet (egaz), 30 m, 0.8 km W of Two Ils, Great Barrier Reef [15°01'S 145°27'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [534].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Off Two Ils, and also central Pacific Ocean (Hawaii).

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 30–50 m.

History of changes

• Reniera fryetti Dendy, A. 1896. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 2. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 8: 14-51 [23].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NMV G2357 wet (=BMNH 19.2.1.25.16 slide - egaz), Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; NMV G2358 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.6 slide - egaz), Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Secondary source:

   Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [103].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Siphonochalina gaussiana Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [136].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4835 wet, slide (egaz), 350 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. (66º02´09˜S 89º38´E) [66°02´09˜S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Enderby Land, off Amery Ice Shelf, Mawson Coast, also Weddell Sea and Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 120–437 m.

History of changes

• Cacochalina globosa Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [762].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G8935 dry figured (NMV photos 4/1,2 - egaz), Illawarra, NSW [37°04'S 142°42'E]; BMNH 1886.8.27.418 dry (NMV photos 42/35,36, =AM G3400 slide - egaz), Illawarra, NSW [37°04'S 142°42'E].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1927. A revision of the genera and species contained in Lendenfeld's 'Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 20: 289–296, 502–512 [290].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Lake Illawarra, Tuggerah Beach, Swansea, Hawkesbury River and Jervis Bay.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Reniera innominata Kirkpatrick, R. 1900. IV. On the sponges of Christmas Island. In Andrews, C.W., Smith, E.A., Bernard, H.M., Kirkpatrick, R. & Chapman, F.C.: On the marine fauna of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1900: 127-141 pls 12-13 [138].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1898.12.20.48 wet (egaz), Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Is. [10°26'27"S 105°30'46"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Christmas Island.

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow water, reefs.

History of changes

• Chalina ligulata Whitelegge, T. 1901. Report on sponges from the coastal beaches of New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 4: 55-118 pls 10-15 [74].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM 3028 dry (NMV photo 5/2 - egaz), Tuggerah Beach, Newcastle, NSW [33°19'S 151°31'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Tuggerah Beach, Newcastle, and also W Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 2 m.

History of changes

• Reniera lobosa Lendenfeld, R. von 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. London : Taylor & Francis 260 pp. 12 pls. [79].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, (egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Pachychalina megalorrhaphis Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [328].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.5.2.226 wet, 219 m, Coast of NSW (33º57´S 151º39´15˜E) [33°57´S 151°39´15˜E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Port Jackson, and also Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 45–220 m.

History of changes

• Chalina minor Row, R.W.H. 1911. Report on the sponges collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland, 1904–5. Part II. Non-Calcarea. In Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea XIX. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology Zool. 31: 287-400 pls 35-41 [323].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1912.2.1.46 wet (egaz), 9 m, Suakin Harbour, Sudanese Red Sea [22°32'56"N 37°06'43"E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Percy Ils, also Red Sea and Indian Ocean.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 0–22 m.

History of changes

• Pellina muricata Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–1882. Spongiida. (Part 1, Australian sponges). London : British Museum (Natural History) 366-482, pls 39-43. [411] [transferred to Adocia by Bergquist, P.R. & Tizard, C.A. 1967. Australian intertidal sponges from the Darwin area. Micronesica 3: 175–202 6 pls (182)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1882.2.23.316 wet (egaz), 13 m, Darwin, NT [12°28'S 130°50'E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal waters–13 m.

History of changes

• Gelliodes obtusa Hentschel, E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwämme der Aru- und Kai Inseln. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 294-448 pls 13-21 [394].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) SMF 1676 wet, fragments (egaz for Nuhu and Banda sea), 3–4 m, North coast, Nuhu Tawun, Kai Ils, Banda Sea, Indonesia [5°42'14"S 132°39'03"E, 8°04'26"S 128°08'45"E]; SMF 1505 wet (egaz for Nuhu and Banda sea), 3–4 m, North coast, Nuhu Tawun, Kai Ils, Banda Sea, Indonesia [5°42'14"S 132°39'03"E, 8°04'26"S 128°08'45"E]; SMF 2051 wet (=BMNH 1929.1.22.4 slide - egaz for Nuhu and Banda sea), 3–4 m, North coast, Nuhu Tawun, Kai Ils, Banda Sea, Indonesia [5°42'14"S 132°39'03"E, 8°04'26"S 128°08'45"E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Eagle Is., and also Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 3–18 m.

History of changes

• [Siphonochalina minor] Dendy, A. 1916. Report on the non-calcareous sponges collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905–6. 93-146, pls 1-4 in Hornell, J. (ed.). Report to the Government of Baroda on the marine zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar. London : Williams & Norgate Vol. 2. [115] [junior homonym of Haliclona minor (Row, 1911)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1920.12.9.27 wet (egaz for India), Okha/Beyt, Kattiawar Peninsula, India [34°24'32"N 73°53'13"E].
• Haliclona pacifica Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [118] [nom. nov. for Siphonochalina minor Dendy, 1916].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s).

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Mangrove Park, Low Isles, and also Indian Ocean.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Reniera pigmentifera Dendy, A. 1905. Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. 57-246 pls 1-16 in Herdman, W.A. (ed.). Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. London : Royal Society Vol. 3 Suppl. 18. [143].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.2.1.38 wet (egaz), 18 m, Jokkenpiddi Paar, Sri Lanka [8°23'31"N 80°11'24"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Low Isles, Thalamita Flat, and also Indian Ocean.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 18 m.

History of changes

• Euchalinopsis reticulata Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [815].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, BMNH 1886.8.27.600 wet (=AM G3514 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Eagle Is. and Port Jackson.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 18 m.

History of changes

• Haliclona tenuispiculata Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [533].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1930.8.13.59 wet (egaz), 25 m, E of Snake Reef, Great Barrier Reef [14°28'S 145°01'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Snake Reef, Low Isles, Thalamita Flat, also Indian Ocean and Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 8–25 m.

History of changes

• Acervochalina velinea Laubenfels, M.W. de 1954. The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7: 1-306 pls 1-12 [52].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 22854 wet, 2 m, Ebon Atoll, Marshall Ils, Micronesia [?].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Torres Strait, Alert Is., Port Jackson, and also W Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 0–13 m.

History of changes

• Adocia venustina Bergquist, P.R. 1961. A collection of Porifera from northern New Zealand, with descriptions of seventeen new species. Pacific Science 15: 33-48 18 figs [37].

  Type data:

   Holotype MONZ Por. 82 (egaz), Noises Ils, Northland, New Zealand [27°34'19"S 177°59'49"E].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

One Tree Point, also North Island, New Zealand.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal–shallow subtidal.

General References

Bergquist, P.R. & Warne, K.P. 1980. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida). Memoirs of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 87: 1-77 17 pls 4 figs [21]

Carpay, M. 1986. The marine sponges of Tasmania. A checklist of a number of marine sponges, occurring along the Tasmanian coast. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Bijzondere Dierkunde, Institute of Taxonomic Zoology, Amsterdam. pp. 1–77. [37]

History of changes

• Reniera virens Topsent, E. 1908. Spongiaires. 1-37 5 pls in Joubin, L. (ed.). Expédition Antarctique Française (1903–1905) commandée par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences naturelles: documents scientifiques. Paris : Masson. [19].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) (MNHN Paris? - egaz), 40 m, Booth-Wandle Is., Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula [64°11'31"S 64°50'59"W].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; George V Coast, Commonwealth Bay.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 40–256 m.

History of changes

• Reniera Schmidt, E.O. 1862. Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 7 pls.

  Type species:

   Reniera aquaeductus Schmidt, 1862 by subsequent designation, see Wiedenmayer, F. 1977. Shallow-water Sponges of the Western Bahamas. Basel : Birkhäuser (Experientia Suppl. 28) 287 pp. 43 pls.
• Philotia Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28.

  Type species:

   Isodictya varians Bowerbank, 1866 by monotypy.
• Prianos Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28.

  Type species:

   Reniera cratera Schmidt, 1862 by original designation, see Schmidt, E.O. 1862. Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 7 pls.
• Toxadocia Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map.

  Type species:

   Gellius abbreviatus Topsent, 1918 by original designation, see Topsent, E. 1918. Eponges de San Thomé. Essai sur les genres Spirastrella, Donatia et Chondrilla. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 57: 535-618 29 figs.
• Kallypilidion Laubenfels, M.W. de 1954. The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7: 1-306 pls 1-12.

  Type species:

   Kallypilidion poseidon de Laubenfels, 1954 by monotypy.
• Reniclona Laubenfels, M.W. de 1954. The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7: 1-306 pls 1-12.

  Type species:

   Isodictya permollis Bowerbank, 1866 by original designation, see Bowerbank, J.S. 1866. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. London : Ray Society Vol. 2 388 pp.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Diagnosis

Delicate sponges with a cushion-shaped or encrusting, laterally spreading growth form, also masses of anastomosing slender branches intermittently and loosely attached to the substratum, or clusters of tubes; some species have a tendency to form long, thin, blind-ending proliferations. Oscula at the end of oscular chimneys or mounds, or flush with the surface. Consistency varying from soft, compressible but fragile to moderately firm. Several species produce slime strands when torn apart. Colour commonly bright, varying from purple, violet to orange and yellow. Surface smooth, even. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, a regular, tangential, unispicular, isotropic, reticulation. Choanosomal skeleton also a delicate, regular, unispicular, isotropic reticulation. Spongin always present at the nodes of the spicula, but never abundant. Oxeas frequently bluntpointed or strongylote. Microscleres, if present, toxas and sigmas.

ID Keys

See Genus Haliclona Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [867]

History of changes

• Reniera altera Topsent, E. 1901. Notice préliminaire sur les Eponges recueillies par l'Expédition Antarctique Belge. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 3 9(Notes Rev.): 5-16 [6].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MIZL, 450 m, (71º15´S 87º39´W), and 500 m, (70º23´S 82º47´W), Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica [(71°15´S 87°39´W) and (70°23´S 82°47´W)].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; George V Coast, Commonwealth Bay.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 45–500 m.

History of changes

• Reniera aquaeductus Schmidt, E.O. 1862. Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 7 pls. [73].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH number lost dry fragment (egaz - Yugoslavia), Sibenik, Yugoslavia, Adriatic Sea [44°38'15"N 18°42'25"E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1867.3.11.35 slide INM unregistered slide ex Norman coll., Adriatic.

  Secondary source:

   Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & Stone, S.M. 1992. O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue. An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle iv+190 pp. 49 pls. [15, 58] (re types).

Taxonomic Decision for Subspecies Arrangement

• Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology Zool. 20(59): 1-275 pls 1-51 [16, pl. 1 fig. 2, pl. 2 fig. 8]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Reniera aquaeductus infundibularis Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology Zool. 20(59): 1-275 pls 1-51 [16].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.219 wet, 256 m, off the SW coast of Patagonia (49º24´30˜S 74º23´30˜W) [49°24´30˜S 74°23´30˜W]; BMNH 1887.5.2.228 wet, 2 or 3 specimens, 256 m, off the SW coast of Patagonia (49º24´30˜S 74º23´30˜W) [49°24´30˜S 74°23´30˜W].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Houtman Abrolhos, Darwin, Thursday Is., Torres Strait.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal–shallow waters.

History of changes

• Spongia cinerea Grant, R.E. 1826. Notice of two new species of British Sponges. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 2: 203-204.
• Isodictya permollis Bowerbank, J.S. 1866. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. London : Ray Society Vol. 2 388 pp. [278].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH (several dry, including one 'hypotype' of Halichondria cineria (Grant); Johnston - egaz), Peterhead, Scarborough, Great Britain [57°30'18"N 1°48'07"W].

History of changes

• Reniera cribricutis Dendy, A. 1922. Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H.M.S. Sealark in the Indian Ocean. In Report of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. Vol. 7. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2nd Series Zoology 18: 1-164 pls 1-18 [32].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1921.11.7.22 wet (egaz), 58 m, Amirante Ils, Indian Ocean [6°55'37"S 52°06'03"E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1925.11.1.196 wet.

Generic Combinations

• Haliclona (Reniera) cribricutis (Dendy, 1922).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30)

History of changes

• [Reniera cinerea porosa] Topsent, E. 1901. Spongiaires. pp. 1–54 6 pls in, Expédition Antarctique Belge. Résultats du voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897–1898–1899. Rapports scientifiques. Zoologie. [12] [junior homonym of Reniera porosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti)].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MIZL fragments, Lapataia, Beagle Canal, Tierra del Fuego, South America [no coords available].
• Reniera topsenti Thiele, J. 1905. Die Kiesel-und Hornschwämme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher 6: 407-496 pls 27-33 [462] [nom. nov. for Reniera cinerea porosa Topsent, 1901].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 3315 wet, 1 slide, Punta de Arenas, Tierra del Fuego; BMNH 1908.9.24.202 fragment of type, Punta de Arenas, Tierra del Fuego.
• Reniera kerguelensis Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [134].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 4833 dry, 5 specimens and 19? slides, Observatory Bay, Kerguelen, Subantarctic; Royal Sound [no coords available]; ZMB 6976 slide, Observatory Bay, Kerguelen, Subantarctic; Royal Sound [no coords available].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1929. Porifera. Part 2. Antarctic sponges. In, British Antarctic (`Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report. Zoology. 6(4): 393–458 pls 1–5. 393-458 pls 1-5 [419]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Macquarie Is.; also Antarctic and Subantarctic.

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–90 m.

History of changes

• Rhizoniera Griessinger, 1971.

  Type species:

   Reniera rhizophora Vacelet, 1969 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Griessinger, J.M. 1971. Etude des Réniérides de Méditerranée (Démosponges, Haplosclérides). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [published 1907-1971] 3 (Zool.) 3: 97-182

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Diagnosis

Sponges thickly encrusting, cushion-shaped with oscular chimneys or mounds, or massive, rarely stalked. Consistency soft to moderately firm, sometimes viscous. Surface frequently slightly hispid through projecting spicules of the primary lines. Colour brown, pink, purple or bluish-grey. Megascleres usually slender oxeas with acerated points. No microscleres. Consistency soft to moderately firm.

ID Keys

See Genus Haliclona Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Weerdt, W. H. De 2002. Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. pp. 852-873 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1.

History of changes

• Reniera australis Lendenfeld, R. von 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. London : Taylor & Francis 260 pp. 12 pls. [78].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM Z2017 wet (not found - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; AM 2491 wet (NMV photo 11/25–26 - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1887.4.27.20 wet (=AM G3333 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; ZMB 1154 slide (egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Reniera dancoi Topsent, E. 1901. Notice préliminaire sur les Eponges recueillies par l'Expédition Antarctique Belge. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 3 9(Notes Rev.): 5-16 [5].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) fragments, 450 m, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica (71º19´S 87º37´W) [71°19´S 87°37´W]; BMNH 1910.2.9.10 wet fragment of type, 450 m, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica (71º19´S 87º37´W) [71°19´S 87°37´W].

  Secondary source:

   Schulze, F.E. & Kirkpatrick, R. 1910. Die Hexactinelliden der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 12(Zool. 4): 1–62 pls 1–10. [4].
• Reniera scotti Kirkpatrick, R. 1907. Preliminary report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 20: 271-291 [291].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1908.2.5.206 wet, 9–183 m, off Ross Is., near Discovery winter quarters (77º49´S 167º07´4˜E), New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [77°49´S 167°07´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1908.2.5.203 B 5 specimens, wet; BMNH 1908.2.5.203 C wet; BMNH 1908.2.5.204 wet; BMNH 1908.2.5.205 wet; BMNH 1908.2.5.207 wet.
• Reniera flaccida Topsent, E. 1908. Spongiaires. 1-37 5 pls in Joubin, L. (ed.). Expédition Antarctique Française (1903–1905) commandée par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences naturelles: documents scientifiques. Paris : Masson. [16].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHN Paris (egaz - Palmer Archipelago), 20 m, Wiencke Is., Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula [64°11'31"S 64°50'59"W].
• Reniera cylindrica Topsent, E. 1913. Spongiaires de l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale écossaise. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 49(3): 579-643 pls 1-6 [639].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) RSM 1921.143.1422 wet (egaz), 16–18 m, Scotia Bay, South Orkney Ils, Subantarctic [60°46'19"S 44°39'21"W]; MNHN Paris fragments of type(s?) (probable - egaz), 16–18 m, Scotia Bay, South Orkney Ils, Subantarctic [60°46'19"S 44°39'21"W].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Koltun, V.M. 1976. Porifera. Part I. Antarctic sponges. Report of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1928–31 B Zoology & Botany 9(4): 147-198 pls 1-3 [196]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, George V Coast–Commonwealth Bay, Kemp Coast, Prydz Bay, Enderby Land, Sabrina Coast, Mawson Coast, also Weddell Sea and Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 9–2267 m.

History of changes

• Cacochalina macrorhaphis Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [763] [unrecognisable; possibly a Haplosclerida; suggested identity as Chalina? (=Haliclona?) species dubia, see Burton, M. 1927. A revision of the genera and species contained in Lendenfeld's ‘Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes’. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 20: 289–296, 502–512 (291, 292)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.680 dry (egaz), Torres Strait [10°25'S 142°10'E].
• Cacochalina rubra Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [762] [unrecognisable, possibly in Haplosclerida; suggested possible identity Chalina? (=Haliclona?) species dubia ; see Burton, M. 1927. A revision of the genera and species contained in Lendenfeld's ‘Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes’. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 20: 289–296, 502–512 (291)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.422 wet (=AM G3399 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Cavochalina digitata arenosa Carter, H.J. 1882. Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 9: 266-301, 346-368 pls 11-12 [281] [presently unrecognisable, possibly Haplosclerida].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1872.5.21.25 dry (egaz), Swan River (Perth), WA [32°03'S 115°45'E].
• Chalina digitata arenosa Carter, H.J. 1882. Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 9: 266-301, 346-368 pls 11-12 [280] [transferred to Dactylochalina in Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbucher Syst. 2: 723–828 pls 18–26, 28 (811), but unrecognisable].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1857.1.2.9 dry (egaz - NZ), New Zealand and Australia [27°34'19"S 177°59'49"E]; ZMB 3049 7 slides (egaz - NZ), New Zealand and Australia [27°34'19"S 177°59'49"E].
• Chalinodendron dendrilla Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [820] [unrecognisable, other than possibly in Haplosclerida].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G8938 dry (NMV photo 2/32 - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1886.8.27.456 wet (=AM G3532 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Chalinodendron elegans Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [819] [unrecognisable].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.45 wet (=AM G3530 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Chalinodendron exiguum Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [819] [unrecognisable; type series composite; first syntype possibly an Amphimedon, second a Callyspongia, third a Haliclona].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1932.2.10.1 slide 3/62 (egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1886.8.27.455 slide 3/62 (=AM G3529 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1932.2.10.2 slide 3/62 (egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Chalinodendron minimum Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [820] [possible Haplosclerida, possibly Haliclona ; Burton ms].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.454 wet –454a, 2 slides 3/83 (egaz), Darnley Is., Torres Strait [9°35'S 143°46'E, 10°25'S 142°10'E].
• Chalinodendron ramosum Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [820] [possible Haplosclerida, possibly Haliclona ; Burton ms].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.457 wet –457a, 2 slides 3/87 (egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Chalinopora laxa Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [765] [possibly a haplosclerid; transferred to Cladochalina in Burton, M. 1927. A revision of the genera and species contained in Lendenfeld's ‘Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes’. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 20: 289–296, 502–512 (294), but speculatively].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.409 wet (=AM G3403 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Chalinopora lutea Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [766] [possible haplosclerid; suggested identity Cladochalina? species dubia , see Burton, M. 1927. A revision of the genera and species contained in Lendenfeld's ‘Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes’. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 20: 289–296, 502–512 (294)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.4.27.76 wet (depository uncertain, as Reniera lutea, Port Phillip =Adocia cinerea see Burton ms, =AM G3329 slide - egaz), Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
• Chalinopora tenella Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [765] [possible haplosclerid; suggested identity Cladochalina? species dubia see Burton, M. 1927. A revision of the genera and species contained in Lendenfeld's ‘Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes’. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 20: 289–296, 502–512 (294)].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1957.8.30.1 dry (NMV photo 43/18 - egaz), Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
• Chalinorhaphis armata Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [821] [possible Haplosclerida, possibly Haliclona ; see Burton ms].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.483 wet (=AM G3539 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Chalinorhaphis densa Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [822] [possible Haplosclerida, possibly Haliclona ; see Burton ms].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.485 wet (=AM G3541 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Euchalina reticulata Lendenfeld, R. von 1887. Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrbücher Syst. 2: 723-828 pls 18-26, 28 [817] [unrecognisable].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.8.27.475 dry (NMV photos 42/11–12, =AM G3521 slide - egaz), Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
• Gellius panis Lendenfeld, R. von 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. London : Taylor & Francis 260 pp. 12 pls. [189] [unrecognisable].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G9023 d dry (NMV photos 6/9,10 - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1887.1.24.32 wet (egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Gellius phillipensis Dendy, A. 1895. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 232-260 [247] [unrecognisable].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NMV G2391 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.111 slide - egaz), inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; NMV G2392 wet (=AM G2660 slide - egaz), inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; NMV G2393 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.113 slide - egaz), inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; NMV G2394 dry (=BMNH 1902.10.18.15 slide - egaz), inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1902.10.18.112 slide (egaz), inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Type locality references:

  Wilson, J. Bracebridge 1895. List of dredging stations at and near Port Phillip Heads. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 261-263 [station 5].

  Secondary source:

   Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [104].
• Gellius raphidiophora Lendenfeld, R. von 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. London : Taylor & Francis 260 pp. 12 pls. [190] [unrecognisable; redescribed from AM syntype and new records in Hallmann, E.F. 1914. A revision of the monaxonid species described as new in Lendenfeld's ‘Catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum’. Part 2. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 39: 327–376 12 figs (363, fig. 10)].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G9141 wet (NMV photos 22/23,24 - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1887.1.24.33 wet (=AM G3561 slide - egaz), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Gellius reptans Whitelegge, T. 1906. Sponges. Part I. In Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. Thetis off the coast of New South Wales in February and March, 1898. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 4: 453-484 pls 43-44 [462] [unrecognisable].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G10555 dry (egaz), 8 m, Jervis Bay, NSW [35°05'S 150°45'E]; AM G10556 dry (egaz), 8 m, Jervis Bay, NSW [35°05'S 150°45'E].

History of changes