Genus Ceroplastes Gray, 1828

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Genus Ceroplastes Gray, 1828

Ceroplastes Gray, E.J. 1828. Spicilegia Zoologica; or original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. London : Treuttel, Wurtz & Co. Part 1 8 pp., pls. I-VI. [7] [introduced as a subgenus of Coccus; raised to genus level by Westwood, J.O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organization of different families. Vol. II. London : Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans 587 pp. (449)].
Type species:
Coccus (Ceroplastes) janeirensis Gray, 1828 by subsequent designation, see Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360 [147].
Secondary source:
Westwood, J.O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organization of different families. Vol. II. London : Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans 587 pp.
Columnea Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1866. Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Georgofili ns 13: 115-137; App. 138-146 [142].
Type species:
Coccus caricae Fabricius, 1794 (=Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus, 1758) by subsequent designation, see Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1867. Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Milano 3(3): 1-87.
Lacca Signoret, V. 1869. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 2e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 4 8: 829-876 [848] [nom. nud., see Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. (xxiii)].
Secondary source:
Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp.
Ceroplastidia Cockerell, T.D.A. 1910. A new wax scale from the Argentine. The Canadian Entomologist 42: 74-76 [76] [first introduced as a subgenus of Ceroplastes Cockerell, 1910; raised to genus level by Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1–206 (32)].
Type species:
Ceroplastes bruneri Cockerell & Cockerell, 1902 by original designation.
Secondary source:
Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206.
Ceroplastina Cockerell, T.D.A. 1910. A new wax scale from the Argentine. The Canadian Entomologist 42: 74-76 [76] [first introduced as a subgenus of Ceroplastes; raised to genus level by Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1–206 (32)].
Type species:
Ceroplastes lahillei Cockerell, 1910 by original designation.
Secondary source:
Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206.
Baccacoccus Brain, C.K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa – IV. Bulletin of Entomological Research 10: 95-128 [127].
Type species:
Baccacoccus elytropappi Brain, 1920 by monotypy.
Bacococcus Lindinger, L. 1937. Verzeichnis der Schildläus-Gattungen. (Homoptera - Coccoidea Handlirsch, 1903). Entomologisches Jahrbuch 46: 178-198 [180] [unjustified emendation, see Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1–206 (21)].
Secondary source:
Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1-206.
Cerostegia De Lotto, G. 1969. A new genus of wax scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 27: 210-218 [211].
Type species:
Ceroplastes rufus De Lotto, 1966 by original designation.
Ceroplastidia De Lotto, G. 1971. On some genera and species of wax scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 5: 133-153 [145].
Paracerostegia Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press. [303].
Type species:
Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, 1881 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

Sankaran, T. 1954. The natural enemies of Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green (Hemiptera – Coccidae). Journal of Scientific Research of Benares Hindu University 5: 100-120 [100] (misspelling of genus name as Ceroplasses)
De Lotto, G. 1971. On some genera and species of wax scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 5: 133-153 [133] (synonymy of Baccacoccus Brain, 1920; p. 145 synonymy of Ceroplastidia De Lotto, 1971)
Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841: 1-85 [17] (synonymy of Ceroplastidia Cockerell, 1910)
Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. [3] (synonymy of Cerostegia De Lotto, 1969; p. 94 synonymy of Columnea Targioni Tozzetti, 1866; p. 199 synonymy of Paracerostegia Tang, 1991)

Distribution

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [185] (female; New Zealand); (Granara de Willink, M.C., 1999) [24] (female; Argentina); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [325] (female; northeastern North America); (Kosztarab, M., 1996) [325] (female; northeastern North America); (Pellizzari-Scaltriti, G. & Camporese, P., 1994) [177] (female; Mediterranean Region); (Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J., 1994) (female; Australia); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [297-298, 304] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [65] (female; Tropical South Pacific); (Gill, R.J., 1988) [17] (female; USA, California); (Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A., 1986) [328, 334] (female; India); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [18] (female; USA, Florida); (Mosquera, P.F., 1984) [125-126] (female; Colombia); (Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C., 1983) [61] (female; Taiwan); (Kawai, S., 1980) [166] (female; Japan); (Wang, T.C., 1980) [19-20] (female; China); (Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A., 1979) [36-37] (female; India); (Mosquera, P.F., 1979) [625-526] (female; Colombia); (De Lotto, G., 1978) [138, 142] (female; South Africa); (Paik, W.H. (ed.), 1978) (female; Korea); (Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A., 1974) [18-20] (female; U.S.A); (Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M., 1972) [36] (female; USA, Virginia); (Hodgson, C.J., 1969) [4-5] (female; Zimbabwe); (Hodgson, C.J., 1969) [3, 19-20] (female; Zimbabwe); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [(female; Micronesia); (De Lotto, G., 1965) [183] (female; Afrotropical Region); (Gómez-Menor Ortega, J., 1958) [122] (female; Spain); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [451] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Vilar, J.M.D.S., 1951) [133-136] (female; Palearctic Region); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1950) [154-155] (female; USSR); (Gómez-Menor Ortega, J., 1937) [307] (female; Spain); (Green, E.E., 1931) [290-291] (female; Zimbabwe); (Hall, W.J., 1931) [290-291] (female; Zimbabwe); (Brain, C.K., 1920) [2] (female; South Africa); (Green, E.E., 1909) [269] (female; Sri Lanka); (Cockerell, T.D.A., 1905) [198] (female; USA, Colorado); (Cockerell, T.D.A., 1897) [70] (female; Brazil); (Cockerell, T.D.A., 1895) [7-8] (female; West Indies)

GENERAL

Definition and characters by Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., Borchsenius, N.S. 1957. Subtribe mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. IX. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR ns 66: 1–493, Williams, M.L. & Kosztarab, M. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 74: 1–215, Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841: 1–85, Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum 36: 57–107, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp., Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsburg, Virginia : Virginia Museum of Natural History 650 pp. and by Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183.

SYSTEMATICS

Subfamily: Ceroplastinae. Tribe: Ceroplastini. Ceroplastes is a very large genus from which several genera have been split, namely Baccacoccus, Gascardia, Ceroplastidia, Ceroplastina, Cerostegia, Columnea, Paracerostegia and Waxiella. The separation between these genera is controversial. Morrison, H. 1919. A report on collection of Coccidae from Argentina with descriptions of apparently new species (Hom.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 21: 63–91 noted the similarity of Ceroplastidia to Gascardia and its doubtful distinction from Ceroplastes. Gimpel, W.F., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841: 1–85 regarded all the above as synonyms of Ceroplastes. Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Gainesville, FL : Sandhill Crane Press 536 pp. recognized only Ceroplastes and Waxiella while Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp. accepted Ceroplastes, Gascardia and Waxiella as good genera. Following a cladistic analysis, Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. 1995. A cladistic analysis of wax scales. Systematic Entomology 20: 289–308 concluded that all these genera should be classified into the senior synonym Ceroplastes. Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183 suggested that Ceroplastidia was different from Ceroplastes and assigned to the former seven species from Argentina. The generic name Lacca Nomen Nudum was first published by Signoret, V. 1869. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides), 2e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 4 8: 829–876 in the binomen Lacca alba Nomen Nudum, which he credited to Pearson, G. 1794. Observations and experiments on a wax-like substance, resembling the Pe-la of the Chinese, collected at Madras by Dr. Anderson, and called by him White Lac. Philosophical Transactions 84: 383–401. However, such a name was not found in Pearson's 1794 paper, who was only interested in the chemical properties of a wax, named by him 'white wax', produced by scale insects in India. Ben-Dov (1993) concluded that Lacca alba was a Latin form, introduced by Signoret (1869) and erroneously attributed to Pearson, of the term 'white wax'. Both the generic and specific names are Nomina Nuda. Nevertheless, there was good evidence to consider Lacca as a 'synonym' of Ceroplastes, as indicated by Morrison, H. & Morrison, E.R. 1966. An annotated list of generic names of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Miscellaneous Publication United States Department of Agriculture 1015: 1–206, De Lotto, G. 1971. On some genera and species of wax scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History 5: 133–153 and by Ben-Dov (1993). The Type species of Columnea Targioni Tozzetti, 1866 was designated by subsequent restriction to Coccus caricae Fabricius, by Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1867. Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Milano 3(3): 1–87. Columnea is here regarded as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. If Ceroplastes were to be split into smaller generic units, Columnea might be an available name. Baccacoccus Brain is a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes (see De Lotto 1971; Ben-Dov 1993; Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp.. Cerostegia De Lotto is regarded here as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. Paracerostegia Tang, 1991, is regarded here as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes.