Diagnosis

Recent Amphidiscosida are distinguished from the other Amphidiscophora order, the fossil Hemidiscosida Schrammen, by amphidisc, rather than hemidisc, microscleres. All Amphidiscosida are lophophytous, with skeletons composed of loose (non-fused) spicules. Body forms are highly variable, including solid ovoids and cylinders, solid or hollow funnels or cups, and flattened bilateral variations of these. Some patterns of spicule form and location are consistent for all families, including pinular pentactins and rarely hexactins as dermalia and atrialia, oxypentactins as hypodermalia and hypoatrialia, basalia (where known) as monactins with one to many teeth at the lower ‘center’ end, three forms of amphidiscs and oxyhexactins as microscleres. Variation occurs in basalia (numbers of basalia, numbers of basalia bundles, compactness of basalia bundles, and numbers of head teeth), presence and form of prostalia (pinular diactins, monactine sceptres or none), and form of main choanosomal spicules. Families are presently distinguished most easily on the basis of the latter: principalia are diactins in Hyalonematidae, tauactins in Monorhaphididae, and pentactins in Pheronematidae.

ID Keys

KEY TO FAMILIES
(1) Major choanosomal spicules are diactins ------------------------------------------------------------- Hyalonematidae
Major choanosomal spicules other than diactins ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

(2) Major choanosomal spicules are tauactins ----------------------------------------------------------- Monorhaphididae
Major choanosomal spicules are pentactins ----------------------------------------------------------------Pheronematidae

Diagnosis References

Reiswig, H. 2002. Order Amphidiscosida Schrammen, 1924. 1231 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1231]

History of changes

Introduction

Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857 are sponges with spheroid or ovoid bodies, although the actual shape can be very variable. Tufts of long basal spicules anchor the sponges in soft sediments. Basal spicules have a terminal 'anchor', consisting of an inverted-conical swelling bearing a circle of several short teeth. These basal spicules (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 193) are bundled compactly and twisted dextrally, forming a single basal tuft extending into the sponge body and there forming a compact axial columella. The apical end of these spicules may give rise, at the upper pole of body, to a small projection called the gastral cone. Exhalant canals open on top of the body around the columella or gastral cone and are sharply offset from the inhalant surface by the oscular margin. Four separate exhalant canals may open around the columella, or the entire exhalant region may be either inwardly depressed or outwardly bulging to form a 'gastral' cavity, sometimes covered by a lattice-like sieve plate. Neither uncinate spicules nor scepters are present. Marginal prostals are pinular rhabdodiactines (i.e. diactinal with the distal end spined, as in Fig. 194); pleural prostals are smooth diactines. Choanosomal supporting spicules are mostly rhabdodiactines, often occurring in association with macrohexactines or macropentactines (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 194, 195, 200, 201).

The family occurs in abyssal waters to a depth of at least 5900 m. Species extend upwards into bathyal waters to at least 200 m and are worldwide in distribution (Hartman 1982). Many nominal genera are included in the family, but probably only four are valid. Only Hyalonema, and three of its subgenera, have been reported so far for the Australian fauna.

Reviews of the family are available in Schulze (1904); Ijima (1927; with discussion, key); and Hartman (1982).

Diagnosis

Body varies strongly: oval, cup-like or spindle-like (consists of two opposite cones), lophophytose, with or without atrial cavity. Basalia are located in a single tuft, contain spicules with more than two teeth (usually 4–8), other prostalia are represented by diactines, usually with pinular distal ray. Choanosomal skeleton consists predominately of diactines. Hexactines, ambuncinates and rarely uncinates are found in various combinations with diactines. Dermalia and atrialia are pinular pentactines, rarely hexactines. Hypodermal and hypoatrial skeleton consists of pentactines. Amphidiscs are various, usually they are represented by three kinds. Microhexactines and micropentactines usually prevail upon all their derivatives up to monactines.

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA

(1) Macramphidiscs or large mesamphidiscs have serrated teeth edges ................... Hyalonema (Prionema)
All macramphidiscs have smooth teeth edges ................................................................................ 2
(2) Dermal pinular ray is thickest at base, tapering towards the end ..................................................... 3
Dermal pinular ray is spindle-like (rarely even) with outer end represented by an apical cone (rarely conical) .... 13
(3) Macramphidiscs have umbels longer than broad ......................................................................... 4
Macramphidiscs have umbels broader than long or as broad as long ...................................................... 6
(4) Dermal pinular ray with unusually long spines .................................... Hyalonema (Thamnonemiella)
Dermal pinular ray short-spiny or moderately long-spiny .................................................................... 5
(5) Dermal pinular ray is even with rounded or conically pointed outer end; basalia are anchorate spicules with pileate, serrated discs .......................................... ..................................................... Platella
Dermal pinular ray is usually whip-like; basalia are four-toothed anchors ................Hyalonema (Leptonema)
(6) Dermal pinular ray with unusually long spines ................ ..................... Hyalonema (Phialonemiella)
Dermal pinular ray short-spiny or moderately long-spiny ................................................................... 7
(7) With paradiscs among micramphidiscs ............................................... Hyalonema (Paradisconema)
Without paradiscs among micramphidiscs ...................................................................................... 8
(8) Ambuncinates absent ........................................................................................................ 9
Ambuncinates present ........................................................................................................... 10
(9) Sieve-plate absent ......................................................................... Hyalonema (Cyliconema)
Sieve-plate present, basalia are situated in a broad, loose, untwisted tuft ............................. Charalonema
(10) Dermal pinular ray moderately long-spiny, conical or spindle-like in general shape (with or without sieve-plate)
..................................................................................................... Hyalonema (Pteronema)
Dermal pinular ray short-spiny often whip-like in general shape ........................................................... 11
(11) Prostalia lateralia are gathered in tufts on conical prominances of dermal surface; atrial surface is divided by septas into four parts ......................................................................................... Composocalyx
Dermal surface has no conical prominances and tufts of prostalia lateralia .............................................. 12
(12) The sieve-plate when present has open small meshes uniformly distributed .... Hyalonema (Coscinonema)
The sieve-plate has open meshes assembled in groups separated by imperforate tracts ........................... .......................................................................................................Hyalonema (Hyalonema)
(13) With uncinates ............................................................................... Hyalonema (Onconema)
Without uncinates ................................................................................................................ 14
(14) Body composed of two opposite cones ............................................................... Lophophysema
Body is bell-like or oval .......................................................................................................... 15
(15) Most macramphidiscs are ovoid with umbels 1/3–1/2 long as the length of the whole spicule .......................................................................................................... Hyalonema (Oonema)
Macramphidiscs have umbels narrower or broader than long, their umbels are about 1/4–1/3 long as the length of the whole spicule ...............................................................................Hyalonema (Corynonema)

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1232]

General References

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill.

Schulze, F.E. 1904. Hexactinellida. In Chun, C. (ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer 'Valdivia' 1898–1899. Vol. 4 266 pp. (text) pls 1–52 (atlas).

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2.

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Subgeneric Arrangement

• Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill. [50]

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Hyalonema sp. reported from Perth Canyon, west of Rottnest Island, see Tabachnick et al. (2019)

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Northwest Transition (3), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Province (6)

Diagnosis

Hyalonematidae with mainly bell-like or ovoid body; the everted (when known) atrialia do not form notable rise; basalia are gathered in a compact twisted (in grown specimens) tuft, being represented by toothed anchors.

ID Keys

See Family Hyalonematidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1234]

General References

Tabachnick, K., Fromont, J., Ehrlich, H. & Menshenina, L. 2019. Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 4664: 47-82 [53]

History of changes

• Corynonema Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill.

  Type species:

   Hyalonema (Corynonema) owstoni Ijima, 1894 by original designation.

Distribution

IMCRA

Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20)

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Corynonema) intersubgenerica Tabachnick, K.R., Janussen, D. & Menschenina, L.L. 2008. New Australian Hexactinellida (Porifera) with a revision of Euplectella aspergillum. Zootaxa (1866): 7-68 [15].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHP MNHN (p1) (CIDARIS expedition, RV Franklin), [17°19.76'S, 147°28.05'E].

Distribution

IMCRA

Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20)

History of changes

• Coscinonema Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill. [50] [proposed as a subgenus of Hyalonema Gray, 1835].

  Type species:

   Hyalonema (Coscinonema) kirkpatricki Ijima, 1927 by original designation.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

West Indian region, SW, S and N Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region, NW, central and E Pacific.

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Body is oval, without atrial cavity and osculum when small and funnel-like, with atrial cavity and osculum in large specimens. One species has sieve-plate with small and uniformly distributed open meshes. The apical cone is found in some species, in one species the atrial cavity is divided by septas into four parts. Choanosomal spicules are diactines and in most species together with hexactines. Ambuncinates are known in a single species. Pleuralia oscularia, when present, are usually pinular diactines. Basalia, when known, have usually 4 teeth (in one species 2–6 teeth). Acanthophores, when known, are stauractines, tauactines and pentactines. Dermalia and atrialia are pentactines, rarely hexactines (usually similar to each other). The pinular ray is whip-like with short lateral spines (rarely with a little amount of long spines), its rhachis thickest at base. Hypodermalia and sometimes hypoatrialia are pentactines. Amphidiscs are usually of three kinds (sometimes some of them are absent). Macramphidiscs have umbels broader than long (usually about 1/2–1/8 as long, and about 1/2–1/3 as broad, as the length of the whole spicule). Mesamphidiscs and micramphidiscs have common shape. Microhexactines sometimes are rare, they have smooth or rough, straight or curved rays.

ID Keys

See Family Hyalonematidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1238]

History of changes

• Hyalonema conus Schulze, F.E. 1886. Ueber den Bau und des System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin 1886: 1-97 [59].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.10.20.81 Challenger Collection, wet, cupboard 27, 3400 m, Challenger Station (50º1´S 123º4´E) south of Australia [50°1´S 123°4´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

S Ocean; Challenger Station 158 (S of Australia) S Atlantic.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 3294–3700 m.

History of changes

• Cyliconema Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill. [51] [originally proposed as a subgenus of Hyalonema Gray, 1835].

  Type species:

   Hyalonema apertum Schulze, 1886 by original designation.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

N and central Atlantic, Indian Ocean, S Africa, Indo-Malayan region, Japan, NW, N and S Pacific.

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

The body varies from ovoid (in small specimens) to invertedconical, funnel-like, cup-like or is combined from two cones fused to each other by their base. The atrial cavity, the apical cone and septes dividing the atrial cavity into several (often 4) parts may be present. Oscular sieve-plate is absent. The choanosomal spicules are diactines often together with hexactines. Ambuncinates are absent. Pleuralia lateralia are pinular diactines. Basalia are fourtoothed anchors. Acanthophores vary from hexactines to diactines. Dermalia, atrialia and canalaria are pinular pentactines rarely hexactines. The pinular ray is whip-like (in one species spindle-like) with short spines, rhachis thickest at base. Hypodermalia and hypoatrialia are pentactines. Amphidiscs are represented by three, sometimes two kinds. Macramphidiscs have umbels, usually about 1/2–1/7 (rarely up to 1/13) as long, and about 1/1.5–1/6 as broad, as the length of the whole spicule. Microhexactines predominate their rare deviates: pentactines and stauractines.

ID Keys

See Family Hyalonematidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1240]

History of changes

Distribution

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3)

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Cyliconema) apertum maehrenthali Schulze, F.E. 1896. Hexactinelliden des Indischen Oceanes. II. Theil. Die Hexasterophora. Abhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin 1895: 1-92 8 pls.

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1896.09.12.003, Andaman Islands.

Distribution

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Cyliconema) clavapinulata Tabachnick, K.R., Janussen, D. & Menschenina, L.L. 2008. New Australian Hexactinellida (Porifera) with a revision of Euplectella aspergillum. Zootaxa (1866): 7-68 [24].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM Z106-82 wet, Wes of West Clarke Reef, Timor Sea, Western Australia [-17.25°S, 119.05°E].

Distribution

IMCRA

Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

History of changes

• Hyalonema drygalskii Schulze, F.E. & Kirkpatrick, R. 1910. Die Hexactinelliden der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 12(Zool. 4): 1–62 pls 1–10. [7].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 4926 dry, 2725 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, NW of Gauss Winter Station, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Known only from type locality.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 2725 m.

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Cyliconema) keiense Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill.

Distribution

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Cyliconema) lanceolata Tabachnick, K.R., Janussen, D. & Menschenina, L.L. 2008. New Australian Hexactinellida (Porifera) with a revision of Euplectella aspergillum. Zootaxa (1866): 7-68 [20].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM Z12488 wet, Northwest Cape, Northwest Shelf, Western Australia [-21.653°S, 113.8573°E].

Distribution

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Cyliconema) timorense Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill.

Distribution

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Hyalonema Gray, J.E. 1835. On the coral known as the Glass Plant. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3: 63-65 [65].

  Type species:

   Hyalonema sieboldi Gray, 1835 by original designation.
• Euhyalonema Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill. [50] [unjustified emendation of Hyalonema Gray, 1835 as subgenus name; junior objective synonym of Hyalonema].

  Type species:

   Hyalonema sieboldi Gray, 1835 by original designation.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Body is oval, small atrial cavity divided by septas into several parts when small and inverted-conical with flat oscular sieve-plate has open meshes assembled in groups which are separated by imperforate tracts in large specimens. The apical cone was not found. Choanosomal spicules are diactines, ambuncinates and rarely hexactines. In one species the ambuncinates are absent but uncinates with the tubercules in the middle are present instead of them. Pleuralia lateralia are pinular diactines. Acanthophores are stauractines, tauactines, pentactines and diactines. Basalia are represented by anchors. Dermalia and atrialia are pinular pentactines. Their pinular ray is whip-like with short lateral spines, its rhachis is thickest at base. Hypodermalia and sometimes hypoatrialia are pentactines. Amphidiscs are represented by two or three kinds (mesamphidiscs may be absent). Macramphidiscs have umbels, usually about 1/4 – 1/3 (rarely 1/12) as long, and about 1/3 – 1/2 (rarely ) as broad, as the length of the whole spicule. Mesamphidiscs and micramphidiscs have common shape. Microhexactines are entirely absent in most species or they are rare.

ID Keys

See Family Hyalonematidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1234]

General References

Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill. (established and retained twelve subgenera including four of Lendenfeld, 1915)

Lévi, C. 1964. Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. 63-112 pls 2-11 in Wolff, T. (ed.). Galathea Report. Scientific results of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950–1952. Copenhagen : Danish Science Press Vol. 7.

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Hyalonema) proximum Schulze, F.E. 1904. Hexactinellida. In Chun, C. (ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer 'Valdivia' 1898–1899. Vol. 4 266 pp. (text) pls 1–52 (atlas). [64].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) HZM HM 4354 (RV Siboga), Indonesia.
• Hyalonema intermedium Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill. [55].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Tabachnick, K.R., Janussen, D. & Menschenina, L.L. 2008. New Australian Hexactinellida (Porifera) with a revision of Euplectella aspergillum. Zootaxa (1866): 7-68 [9]

Distribution

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Hyalonema sieboldii Gray, J.E. 1835. On the coral known as the Glass Plant. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3: 63-65 [65].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH (depository uncertain), Sagami Bay, Japan [coords for "Sagami Nada"?].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Unknown.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill. [28, 50]

Reiswig, H.M. 1990. Correction of Ijima's (1927) list of Recent hexactinellid sponges (Porifera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103(3): 731-745 [744]

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Hyalonema) soelae Tabachnick, K.R., Janussen, D. & Menschenina, L.L. 2008. New Australian Hexactinellida (Porifera) with a revision of Euplectella aspergillum. Zootaxa (1866): 7-68 [14].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM 108-82, Western Australia.

Distribution

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

History of changes

• Leptonema Lendenfeld, R. von 1915. XXIX The sponges. 3. Hexactinellida. In Reports on the scientific results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassis, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, 1904–1905, and of other expeditions of the Albatross, 1891–1899. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 42: 1-397 pls 1-109 [245] [originally proposed as a subgenus of Hyalonema Gray, 1835].

  Type species:

   Hyalonema (Leptonema) campanula Lendenfeld, 1915 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Central and E Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region, central, E and NE Pacific.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Body is from ovoid (when young) to inverted-conical, funnelor cup-like. The atrial cavity is present or absent in different species. Some species have septas dividing the atrial cavity into several parts. The oscular sieve-plate and the apical cone is present in some species. Choanosomal spicules are diactines and sometimes hexactines. Without ambuncinates. Basalia, when known, are fourtoothed anchors. Prostalia lateralia are pinular diactines known in most species. Dermalia and atrialia are pinular pentactines. The pinular ray is whip-like with short or moderate spines; its rhachis is thickest at base. Hypodermalia and hypoatrialia are pentactines. Amphidiscs are represented by three or rarely two sizes (mesamphidiscs may be absent). They are often similar in shape and hardly differ from each other due to presence of intermediate forms. Macramphidiscs have umbels, usually about 1/2–1/5 as long, and about 1/2–1/6 as broad, as the length of the whole spicule; the shafts are usually covered with spines. Microhexactines are rough, with straight or curved rays (in one species microhexactines are absent, in the other only microstauractines with tree rays short and one long are known).

ID Keys

See Family Hyalonematidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1242]

History of changes

• Hyalonema acuferum Schulze, F.E. 1893. Revision des Systems der Hyalonematiden. Sitzungsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1893: 541-589 [583].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.10.20.94 wet, 2562 m, off Cape York, Torres Strait [10°42'S 142°28'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Off Cape York, and also Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 2562–4330 m.

History of changes

• Oonema Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill.

  Type species:

   Hyalonema bianchoratum Wilson, 1904 by monotypy.

Distribution

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19)

History of changes

• Hyalonema (Oonema) microstauractina Tabachnick, K.R. & Levi, C. 2000. Porifera Hexactinellida: Amphidiscophora off New Caledonia. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] 184: 53-140.

Distribution

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Lophophysema Schulze, F.E. 1900. Hexactinelliden des Indischen Oceans. III. Theil. Abhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin Phys.-Math. Kl. 1900: 1-46 pls I-VII [19].

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Diagnosis

Body is composed of two opposite cones. The outer surface of the upper cone corresponds to the everted atrial surface, forming the major part of the external body surface, while the same of the lower one is the dermal area, deeply sunk in the form of pits. Extensive inhalant system of wide and branching cavities and canals is vertically directed. The apical cone seems to protrude over the apex. The basalia are twisted in a tuft. Choanosomal skeleton consists of diactines, sometimes with hexactines. Prostalia marginalia (corresponding to oscularia) are pinular diactines. Dermalia, atrialia and canalaria are usually pinular pentactines, rarely hexactines. Hypodermalia are pentactines, hypoatrialia may be absent or are also pentactines. Microscleres are amphidiscs (macramphidisc and mesamphidiscs may be absent or rare, micramphidiscs are always present) and spiny microhexactines or rough monactines.

ID Keys

See Family Hyalonematidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857. pp. 1232-1263 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1260]

History of changes

• Lophophysema australicum Tabachnick, K.R. & Levi, C. 1999. Revision of Lophophysema (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hyalonematidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 13: 495-509 [502 figs 5-8].

  Type data:

   Holotype MTQ JCU 63 preserved, Queensland continental slope, off Innisfail [17°19'12"S 147°11'20"E].
  Paratype(s) MTQ p 74 preserved, Queensland continental slope, off Innisfail [17°19'12"S 147°11'20"E]; MTQ JCU 64, fr 866 preserved, Queensland continental slope, off Ingham, campaign, 'Cidaris V' [18°09'40"S 148°22'08"E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

QLD continental slope, off Innisfail.

Australian Endemic.

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, coral reef, filter-feeder.

General References

Tabachnick, K.R. & Levi, C. 1999. Revision of Lophophysema (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hyalonematidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 13: 495-509 [502]

History of changes

• Lophophysema inflatum Schulze, F.E. 1900. Hexactinelliden des Indischen Oceans. III. Theil. Abhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin Phys.-Math. Kl. 1900: 1-46 pls I-VII [496].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1908.09.24.043 preserved, Andaman Sea [13°50'30"N 93°26'E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, coral reef, filter-feeder.

General References

Tabachnick, K.R. & Levi, C. 1999. Revision of Lophophysema (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hyalonematidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 13: 495-509 [496]

History of changes

• Chalaronema sibogae Ijima, I. 1927. The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. 1-383 26 pls in Weber, M.W.C. (ed.). Siboga-Expeditie, livr. 106, monogr. 6. Leiden : J.E. Brill.

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMA 03437 12490 wet, Indonesia, Maluku, Banda Sea [-5.4733°S, 132.0033°E]
  Comment: One of several syntypes.

Generic Combinations

• Lophophysema sibogae (Ijima, 1927).

Distribution

IMCRA

Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Distribution References

History of changes

Introduction

Monorhaphididae contains a single deep-water genus (Monorhaphis), widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific with depth range 516-1920 m. Until recently three or four species were recognised, whereas Tabachnick & Lévi (2000) showed that there was only one authentic species (M. chuni), living in muddy substrata, fixed to the bottom by a single basal spicule.

Diagnosis

Body is cylindrical round or oval in section, lophophytose, with atrial surfaces situated along one side as a linear series of rounded separate spots. Basalia consist only of a single spicule. Choanosomal skeleton consists predominantly of tauactines (triactines), elongate in the complete axis, sometimes paratetractines and diactines (the latter are usually longer and thicker than other choanosomal spicules). Dermalia and atrialia are pinular pentactines, rarely hexactines. Hypodermal skeleton consists of pentactines, sometimes of hexactines and stauractines. Microhexactines are accompanied by rare pentactines and stauractines. Amphidiscs of three types (each with many forms), macramphidiscs and mesamphidiscs may be absent.

ID Keys

Monogeneric.

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. 2002. Family Monorhaphididae Ijima, 1927. pp. 1264-1266 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1264]

General References

Tabachnick, K. 2002. Family Monorhaphididae Ijima, 1927. pp. 1264-1266 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2.

Tabachnick, K.R. & Levi, C. 2000. Porifera Hexactinellida: Amphidiscophora off New Caledonia. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] 184: 53-140

History of changes

• Monoraphis Schulze, F.E. 1904. Hexactinellida. In Chun, C. (ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer 'Valdivia' 1898–1899. Vol. 4 266 pp. (text) pls 1–52 (atlas). [167].

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Province (6)

Diagnosis

Same as family.

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. 2002. Family Monorhaphididae Ijima, 1927. pp. 1264-1266 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1264]

History of changes

• Monorhaphis chuni Schulze, F.E. 1904. Hexactinellida. In Chun, C. (ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer 'Valdivia' 1898–1899. Vol. 4 266 pp. (text) pls 1–52 (atlas). [112].

  Type data:

   Holotype (no holotype seen "valdivia"?), off Somalia, depth 863 m [3°38.8'S 40°16.0'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

QLD, and Perth Canyon, west of Rottnest Island.

IMCRA

Central Western Province (6)

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, benthic, filter-feeder.

General References

Tabachnick, K., Fromont, J., Ehrlich, H. & Menshenina, L. 2019. Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 4664: 47-82 [52]

History of changes

Introduction

Pheronematidae Gray, 1870 (synonym Semperellidae Schulze, 1886) are sponges with thick-walled vase-shaped, or columnar and lamellate growth forms. Oscula are single, terminal, or grouped and dispersed on opposite sides of lamellae, or grouped into sieve-plates and scattered indiscriminately. Dermal spicules are scepters (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 184–189) derived from marginal prostals (i.e. spicules projecting around the oscula) and pleural prostals (i.e. spicules projecting from the sides of the body). Choanosomal spicules are uncinates (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 192) and scepters, and hexactine and/or pentactines support the choanosome (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: figs 201, 204). Basal spicules have bidentate terminal anchors (Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: fig. 193), and tufts of basal spicules are never twisted nor do they form axial columns.

These sponges live at depths between 200–3000 m (Hartman 1982). The family is widely distributed in the world's oceans (Hartman 1982), but has only recently been recorded for the Australian fauna, with the description of a species in one of the six genera (Reiswig 1992).

Diagnosis

Body varies strongly from a cup-like to conical and bilaterallysymmetrical form, lophophytose, with or without atrial cavity, with common atrial surface or that divided into several areas. Basalia are usually two-toothed spicules often accompanied by diactines, and other prostalia are represented by scepters. Choanosomal skeleton consists predominantly of pentactines and uncinates often 2–3 kinds) (diactines seem to be absent). Dermalia and atrialia are pinular pentactines, rarely hexactines. Hypodermal and hypoatrial skeleton consists of pentactines similar to choanosomal ones. Amphidiscs are various, usually consisting of three kinds. Microhexactines usually prevail over all their derivatives up to monactines.

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA
(1) Body is more-or-less radially-symmetrical --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Body is bilaterally-symmetrical -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

(2) Atrial areas are represented by several units separated from each other by dermalia, deprived of atrial cavity, body is elongate (columnar in shape) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Semperella
Atrialia is a common surface ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

(3) Atrial cavity is enclosed with a sieve-plate formed by overgrown walls ----------------------------- Schulzeviella
Atrial cavity is open (sponge is cup-like with osculum) or expanded (sponge is hemispherical or spherical) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pheronema

(4) Basalia in a broad tuft, usually short; the body is evenly distributed from the lower part (deprived of even pedunculate part) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Poliopogon
Basalia in a compact tuft; the body has a well recognizable pedunculate part ------------------------------------------- 5

(5) Body is spoon-like -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Platylistrum
Body with thin marginalia flexed backwards, covering part of dermal surface; crooks (monaxones with wavy shafts and spherical distal end) are present together with common one-toothed anchors in the basalia -----Sericolophus

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Pheronematidae Gray, 1870. pp. 1267-1280 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1267]

General References

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Reiswig, H.M. 1992. First Hexactinellida (Porifera) (glass sponges) from the Great Australian Bight. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 26: 25-36

History of changes

• Pheronema Leidy, J. 1868. Description of Pheronema annae, a new species of sponge. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Biology and Microscopy Section 1869: 9-10 [9].

  Type species:

   Pheronema annae Leidy, 1868 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Reiswig, H.M. 1992. First Hexactinellida (Porifera) (glass sponges) from the Great Australian Bight. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 26: 25-36 [25].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Pacific.

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Central Western Province (6)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Body is cup-like, hemispherical or spherical. Prostalia lateralia or oscularia may be absent. Basalia are usually in several separate tufts or in one broad and loose tuft. Choanosomal, hypodermal and hypoatrial spicules are mainly pentactines. Uncinates are represented by three types. Prostalia lateralia are usually scepters. Prostalia basalia are usually two-toothed anchors, rarely together with oxyoidal monaxones. Dermalia, atrialia and canalaria are pinular pentactines, rarely hexactines. Microscleres are various amphidiscs and microhexactines, micropentactines, rarely microstauractines.

ID Keys

See Family Pheronomatidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Pheronematidae Gray, 1870. pp. 1267-1280 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1268]

History of changes

• Pheronema amphorae Reiswig, H.M. 1992. First Hexactinellida (Porifera) (glass sponges) from the Great Australian Bight. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 26: 25-36 [25].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAM S696, 183 km south of Cape Adieu, SA (33º42´S 132º25´E), Saxon Progress, Station C4, trawl [33°42´S 132°25´E].

Distribution

States

South Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 130 m.

History of changes

• Pheronema pilosum Lévi, C. 1964. Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. 63-112 pls 2-11 in Wolff, T. (ed.). Galathea Report. Scientific results of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950–1952. Copenhagen : Danish Science Press Vol. 7.

Distribution

IMCRA

Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Pheronema raphanus Schulze, F.E. 1895. Hexactinelliden des indischen Oceanes. I. Die Hyalonematiden. Abhandlungen der Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalische Klasse) (2): 1-60 [Date published 1895: dated 1894] [8] (included in volume for 1894, but published in July 1895).

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1896.09.12.002, Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Perth Canyon, west of Rottnest Island, WA

IMCRA

Central Western Province (6)

Distribution References

General References

Tabachnick, K., Fromont, J., Ehrlich, H. & Menshenina, L. 2019. Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa 4664: 47-82

History of changes

• Semperella Gray, J.E. 1868. Note on Hyalonema schultzei, Semper. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1868: 373-377 [376].

  Type species:

   Hyalonema schultzei Semper, 1868 by monotypy.

Distribution

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

History of changes

• Hyalonema schultzei Semper, C. 1868. Über neue Kieselschwämme der Philippinen. Verhandlungen Physikalish-Medicinische Gesellschaft, Wurzburg 1: 29-30.

Generic Combinations

• Semperella schultzei (Semper, 1868).

Distribution

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Distribution References

History of changes

Distribution

States

Queensland

Diagnosis

The body is spoon-like with thin marginalia which is flexed backwards covering part of dermal surface. Basalia are in a compact long (sometimes slightly twisted) tuft. Choanosomal, hypodermal and hypoatrial spicules are mainly pentactines. Uncinates may be divided into two or three kinds: macrouncinates, microuncinates and sometimes mesouncinates. Prostalia are scepters and basalia. Basalia are represented by 'crooks' (spicules with wavy shafts and clavate termination) and anchorate basalia (one-toothed, two-toothed, discoidal and multi-toothed terminations). Dermalia and atrialia are pinular pentactines, rarely hexactines. Microscleres are amphidiscs (one or two kinds), microhexactines and sometimes micropentactines, microstauractines and micromonactines, rarely microasters.

ID Keys

See Family Pheronomatidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Tabachnick, K. & Menshenina, L. L. 2002. Family Pheronematidae Gray, 1870. pp. 1267-1280 in Hooper, J.N.A. & Soest, R.W.M. Van (eds). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 2. [1278]

History of changes

• Sericolophus cidaricus Tabachnick, K.R. & Levi, C. 2000. Porifera Hexactinellida: Amphidiscophora off New Caledonia. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] 184: 53-140 [81].

  Type data:

   Holotype MTQ HCL 180, North Eastern coast of Australia [18°11.52'S 147°52.12'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, coral reef, filter-feeder.

History of changes