Species Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852)

Museums

Regional Maps

• Lecanium coffeae Walker, F. 1852. List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part IV. London : British Museum (Natural History) 1188 pp. [1079].
• Lecanium hemisphaericum Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1867. Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Milano 3(3): 1-87 [26].
• Chermes anthurii Boisduval, J.A. 1867. Essai sur l'entomologie horticole. Hémiptères. Paris 640 pp. [328].
• Chermes filicum Boisduval, J.A. 1867. Essai sur l'entomologie horticole. Hémiptères. Paris 640 pp. [335].
• Chermes hibernaculorum Boisduval, J.A. 1867. Essai sur l'entomologie horticole. Hémiptères. Paris 640 pp. [337].
• Lecanium beaumontiae Douglas, J.W. 1887. Note on some British Coccidae (No. 8). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 24: 95-101, 165-171 [95].
• Lecanium clypeatum Douglas, J.W. 1888. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 9). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 25: 57-60 [59].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Cockerell, T.D.A. & Parrott, P.J. 1899. Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae. The Industrialist 25: 159-165, 227-237, 276-284 [164] (synonymy of Lecanium hemisphaericum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867)
• Kirkaldy, G.W. 1902. Hemiptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis 3(2): 93-174 [105] (synonymy of Chermes hibernaculorum Boisduval, 1867)
• Green, E.E. 1904. The Coccidae of Ceylon. London : Dulau & Co. Vol. 3. [232] (synonymy of Chermes anthurii Boisduval, 1867; synonymy of Chermes filicum Boisduval, 1867)
• Sanders, J.G. 1909. The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale-insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 2: 428-448 [439] (synonymy of Lecanium beaumontiae Douglas, 1887; synonymy of Lecanium clypeatum Douglas, 1888)

Ecological Descriptors

Sap-feeder.

ID Keys

(Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C., 2000) [195] (female; New Zealand); (Granara de Willink, M.C., 1999) [157] (female; Argentina); (Tang, F.T., 1991) [215] (female; China); (Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W., 1990) [160] (female; tropical South Pacific); (Gill, R.J., 1988) [103] (female; USA, California); (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L., 1984) [106] (female; USA, Florida); (Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C., 1983) [72] (female; Taiwan); (Kawai, S., 1980) [157] (female; Japan); (Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A., 1969) [374] (female; Egypt); (Beardsley, J.W., 1966) [494] (female; Micronesia); (Borchsenius, N.S., 1957) [332] (female; Palaearctic Region); (Zimmerman, E.C., 1948) [320] (female; Hawaii)

STRUCTURE

See colour photograph in Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. Tokyo : National Agricultural Education Association 455 pp. [fig. 6.43), Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Carvalho, J.P. & Aguiar, A.M.F. 1997. [Citrus pests in the Island of Madeira] Pragas dos citrinos na Ilha da Madeira. Madeira : Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescs 411 pp., Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.]. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan : Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute 98 pp., and Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

ECONOMIC AND CONTROL

A pest of ornamental plants, especially of cycads.

GENERAL

Good description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha. pp. 268 in Zimmerman, E.C. (ed). Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press Vol. 5 464 pp., Ezzat, Y.M. & Hussein, N.A. 1969. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 51: 359–426, Tao, C.C.C., Wong, C.Y. & Chang, Y.C. 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum 36: 57–107, Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp., Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp., Williams, D.J. & Watson, G.W. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. London : CAB International Institute of Entomology 267 pp., Tang, F.T. 1991. [The Coccidae of China]. Taiyuan, P. R. China : Shanxi United Universities Press, Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CAB International Institute of Entomology 639 pp., Granara de Willink, M.C. 1999. [Soft scale insects of Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)] Las cochinillas blandas de la República Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 3(1): 1–183 and by Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. 2000. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 259 pp..

BIOLOGY

Females reproduce parthenogenetically. Develops up to eight generations per year in Peru (Beingolea, G.O. 1969. Notas sobre la biología de Saissetia coffeae (Walk.) (Hom.: Coccidae) en laboratorio y en el campo. Revista Peruana de Entomología 12: 137–145), several overlapping generations in Cuba (Alayo Soto, R. & Blahutiak, A. 1980. [Seasonal dynamic of Saissetia hemisphaerica Targioni (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in Cuba.] Dinámica estacional de Saissetia hemisphaerica Targioni (Homoptera: Coccoidea) en Cuba. Poeyana (Instituto de Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba) 210: 1–16), one or two generations in Florida, USA (Hamon, A.B. & Williams, M.L. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). In, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Gainesville : Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Div. Plant Ind. 194 pp.), and two or more in California, USA (Gill, R.J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). Sacramento, California : California Dept of Food & Agriculture 132 pp.). Six generations per year on potato sprouts, under laboratory conditions (see Blumberg, D. & Swirski, E. 1977. Mass breeding of two species of Saissetia (Hom.: Coccidae) for propagation of their parasitoids. Entomophaga 22: 147–150). Blumberg, D. 1977. Encapsulation of parasitoid eggs in soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Ecological Entomology 2: 185–192, Blumberg, D. 1988. Encapsulation of eggs of the encyrtid wasp, Metaphycus swirskii, by the hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae: Effect of host age and rearing temperature. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 47: 95–99, Blumberg, D. & Goldenberg, S. 1992. Encapsulation of eggs of two species of Encyrtus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) in six parasitoid-host interactions. Israel Journal of Entomology 25–26: 57–65 studied the encapsulation of parasitoid eggs. Stylet penetration described by Ramanarayan, E.P., Chacko, M.J. & Ramachandran, M. 1980. Studies on stylet penetration in Saissetia coffeae. Journal of Coffee Research 10: 71–74.

General References

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1868. Introduzione alla seconda memoria per gli studi sulle cocciniglie, e catalogo dei generi e delle specie della famiglia dei coccidi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 11: 694-738 [37] (Lecanium hybernaculorum: misspelling of species name)

Tschorbadjiew, P. 1939. Short note on scale insects (Coccidae, Rhynchota) in Bulgaria. Izvestiya na Bulgarskoto Entomologichno Druzhestvo 10: 88-90 [89] (Saissetia hemisphericum: misspelling of species name)

Common Name References

Lit, I.L. & Calilung, V.J. 1994. An annotated list of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae, Coccoidea, Hemiptera) from Mount Makiling and vicinity, Laguna, Philippines. Philippine Entomologist 9: 385-398 (Coffee Root Mealybug)

Naumann, I.D., Ingram, R.J. & Floyd, R. 2002. Australian Insect Common Names, based on CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect Names. 6th edn 1993. http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/. (Hemispherical Scale)

History of changes