Jussieu, A.L. de (4 August 1789), Genera Plantarum: 384 [tax. nov.]

• Type: Euphorbia L.

Brown, R. in Flinders, M. (1814), General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the Botany of Terra Australis. A Voyage to Terra Australis 2, Appendix III: 555 [secondary reference]

Mueller, F.J.H. von (1882), Systematic Census of Australian Plants: 18 [secondary reference]

Mueller, F.J.H. von (December 1889), Second Systematic Census of Australian Plants: 31 [secondary reference]

Diels, F.L.E. & Pritzel, E.G. (6 December 1904), Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae occidentalis. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pflanzen Westaustraliens, ihrer Verbreitung und ihrer Lebensverhaltnisse. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 35(2-3): 333 [secondary reference]

Dixon, W.A. (1906), The Plants of New South Wales: 2, 4, 6, 10, 60 [secondary reference]

Bailey, F.M. (1913), Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants: 470 [secondary reference]

Black, J.M. (1924), Casuarinaceae - Euphorbiaceae. Flora of South Australia 2: 348-350 [secondary reference]

Ewart, A.J. (1925), Handbook of Forest Trees for Victorian Foresters: 195 [secondary reference]

Black, J.M. (January 1948), Casuarinaceae-Euphorbiaceae. Flora of South Australia Edn. 2, 2: 505-506 [secondary reference]

Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. & Carolin, R.C. (1962), Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the Sydney District and Blue Mountains: 208 [secondary reference]

Curtis, W.M. (1967), Angiospermae: Plumbaginaceae to Salicaceae. The Student's Flora of Tasmania 3: 629-631 [secondary reference]

Burbidge, N.T. & Gray, M. (1970), Flora of the Australian Capital Territory: 245-248 [secondary reference]

Airy Shaw, H.K. & Kalotas, A. in Jessop, J.P. (ed.) (1981), Euphorbiaceae. Flora of Central Australia: 185 [secondary reference]

Cronquist, A.J. (1981), An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants: 736-740, Fig. 5.43 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Putranjivaceae Meisn. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Picrodendraceae Small nom. cons.

Cunningham, G.M., Mulham, W.E., Milthorpe, P.L. & Leigh, J.H. (1981), Plants of Western New South Wales: 452-465 [secondary reference]

Stanley, T.D. in Stanley, T.D. & Ross, E.M. (1984), Euphorbiaceae. Flora of South-eastern Queensland 1: 406-439 [secondary reference]

Wheeler, J.R. in Marchant, N.G., Wheeler, J.R., Rye, B.L., Bennett, E.M., Lander, N.S. & Macfarlane, T.D. (1987), Euphorbiaceae. Flora of the Perth Region 1: 444-445 [secondary reference]

Floyd, A.G. (1989), Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia: 132-133 [secondary reference]

James, T.A. & Harden, G.J. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1990), Euphorbiaceae. Flora of New South Wales 1: 389-430 [secondary reference]

Wheeler, J.R. in Wheeler, J.R. (ed.) (1992), Euphorbiaceae. Flora of the Kimberley Region: 589-590 [secondary reference]

Dunlop, C.R., Leach, G.J. & Cowie, I.D. (1995), Flora of the Darwin Region 2: 206-207 [secondary reference]

Takhtajan, A.L. (1997), Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants: 242, 243-245 [secondary reference]

Jeanes, J.A. in Walsh, N.G. & Entwisle, T.J. (ed.) (1999), Euphorbiaceae. Flora of Victoria 4: 55-57 [secondary reference]

Cowie, I.D., Short, P.S. & Osterkamp Madsen, M. (2000), Floodplain Flora. A flora of the coastal floodplains of the Northern Territory, Australia: 114-115 [secondary reference]

James, T.A. & Harden, G.J. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (2000), Euphorbiaceae. Flora of New South Wales Revised Edition 1: 389 [secondary reference]

Wheeler, J.R., Marchant, N.G. & Lewington, M. (2002), Dicotyledons. Flora of the South West 2: 610 [secondary reference]

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003), An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141(4): 419 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Stilaginaceae C.Agardh legitimate taxonomic synonym: Trewiaceae Lindl. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Peraceae Klotzsch legitimate

Cooper, W.E. & Cooper, W.T. (2004), Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest: 168-169 [secondary reference]

Thorne, R.F. & Reveal, J.L. (2007), An Updated Classification of the Class Magnoliopsida ("Angiospermae"). Botanical Review 73(2): 104 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Tithymalaceae Vent. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Ricinaceae Martinov legitimate taxonomic synonym: Phyllanthaceae Martinov legitimate taxonomic synonym: Mercurialaceae Bercht. & J.Presl legitimate taxonomic synonym: Stilaginaceae C.Agardh legitimate taxonomic synonym: Antidesmataceae Loudon legitimate taxonomic synonym: Trewiaceae Lindl. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Scepaceae Lindl. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Tragiaceae Raf. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Acalyphaceae Juss. ex Menge legitimate taxonomic synonym: Bennettiaceae R.Br. ex Schnizl. nom. illeg. taxonomic synonym: Aporosaceae Lindl. ex Planch. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Micrantheaceae J.Agardh legitimate taxonomic synonym: Hippomanaceae J.Agardh legitimate taxonomic synonym: Crotonaceae J.Agardh legitimate taxonomic synonym: Bertyaceae J.Agardh legitimate taxonomic synonym: Peraceae Klotzsch legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudanthaceae Endl. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg nom. cons. taxonomic synonym: Picrodendraceae Small nom. cons. taxonomic synonym: Ricinocarpaceae Hurus. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Porantheraceae Hurus. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Uapacaceae Airy Shaw legitimate taxonomic synonym: Hymenocardiaceae Airy Shaw legitimate taxonomic synonym: Bischofiaceae Airy Shaw legitimate taxonomic synonym: Androstachyaceae Airy Shaw legitimate taxonomic synonym: Paivaeusaceae A.Meeuse legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cheilosaceae Doweld legitimate taxonomic synonym: Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal legitimate

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2008), Australian Plant Census: - APC [secondary reference]

orthographic variant: Euphorbiae Juss. orth. var.

• APC Dist.: WA (native and naturalised), CoI (native and naturalised), ChI (native and naturalised), NT (native and naturalised), SA (native and naturalised), Qld (native and naturalised), CSI (naturalised), NSW (native and naturalised), LHI (native and naturalised), NI (native and naturalised), ACT (native and naturalised), Vic (native and naturalised), Tas (native and naturalised)

Floyd, A.G. (2008), Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia Edn. 2: 140-141 [secondary reference]

Mabberley, D.J. (1 May 2008), Mabberley's Plant-Book Edn. 3: 326-327, 935 [secondary reference]

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2): 112 [secondary reference]

Barrett, Russell & Tay, Eng Pin (2016), Perth Plants: a Field Guide to the Bushland and Coastal Flora of Kings Park and Bold Park Edn. 2: 23 (photo) [secondary reference]

common name: Spurge [n/a]

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