• Spheniscidae Bonaparte, C.L. 1831. Saggio di una distribuzione metodica degli animali vertebrati. Giornale Arcadico di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 49: 3-77 [original spelling].

  Type genus:

   Spheniscus Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [240]; Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130].
• Aptenodytidae Sundevall, C.J. 1836. Ornithologiskt system. For 1835. Kongliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 43-130.

  Type genus:

   Aptenodytes Miller, J.F., 1778 [Aptenodytes Var. Subj. nat. Hist.: pl. 23 (gender: masculine) (type species, by monotypy: Aptenodytes patagonica Miller, 1778, Var. Subj. nat. Hist.: pl. 23) (Aves). Op. 67 aptera, Forficula, Charpentier, 1825, Hor. Entomol.: 69 (specific name of the type species of Chelidura Berthold, 1827) (Insecta, Dermaptera). Direction 5].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130].
• Dasyramphinae Bonaparte, C.L. 1856. Espèces nouvelles d'oiseaux d'Asie et d'Amerique, et tableaux paralleliques des pelagiens ou gaviae. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 41: 764-776 (775).

  Type genus:

   Dasyramphus Hambrom & Jacquinot, 1841 [a junior synonym of Pygoscelis Wagler, 1832].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130].
• Eudyptidae Des Murs, M.A.P.O. 1860. Traité général d'Oologie ornithologique au point de vue de la classification. Paris. xix 640 pp. [470].

  Type genus:

   Eudyptes Vieillot, 1816.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130].
• Dypsicleidae Poche, F. 1904. Ein bisher nicht berücksichttigtes zoologisches Werk aus dem Jahre 1758, in dem die Grundsätze der binären Nomenklatur befolgt sind. Zoologischer Anzeiger 27: 495-510 [498].

  Type genus:

   Dypsicles Möhring, 1752 [Dypsicles Gloger = Spheniscus Brisson, 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130].
• Pygoscelidae Boetticher, H. von 1943. Bemerkungen zur Systemayik der Pinguine. Zoologischer Anzeiger 142: 22-29.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130].
• Eudyptulidae Boetticher, H. von 1943. Bemerkungen zur Systemayik der Pinguine. Zoologischer Anzeiger 142: 22-29 [subsequent misspelling].

  Type genus:

   Eudyptula Bonaparte, C.L., 1856.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [240]
• Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [130]

Introduction

Spheniscidae, the penguins, have long been recognised as a family (e.g. Sibley & Ahlquist 1990; Giannini & Bertelli 2004; Christidis & Boles 2008). The family is centred in the southern oceans with outlying species Eudyptula minor occurring as far north as Australia, and Spheniscus mendiculus in the Galapagos Islands. Spheniscidae evolved in the early Tertiary period from flying, tube-nosed ancestors. The family comprises 17 species in six genera, one of which is an Australian resident while another 11 are vagrants or occur on subantarctic islands or the Antarctic mainland. Most are gregarious. Penguins are flightless marine species highly adapted for swimming; their streamlined bodies, reduced length of both feet and legs and their paddle-like wings acting as flippers combine to provide them with the speed they require to feed in the ocean. The toes are thick, fleshy and anisodactyl with a greatly reduced or vestigial hallux.

Locomotion is principally through the use of their wings; the small legs are used principally in moving from the water to their nest area. This swimming and diving style is aided by the well-developed sternum which provides an anchor for their breast muscles; their shortened legs, situated towards the tail inhibits drag and assists with steering through the water; the wings lack flight feathers — these are replaced by small scale-like feathers. The adaptation of forelimbs for swimming has seen the development of wing bones that do not allow the wing to be folded. The bodies are completely covered with small extremely dense feathering, lacking any apteria. These feathers are replaced by moulting in patches. The sexes are similar, their counter-shaded plumage is dark, blackish blue, above and white below; the only deviations in this is seen in some that have elongate golden-yellow superciliary crests, or patterns of yellow to orange, on the head and neck.

The size limit for the larger species is reached by Aptenodytes forsteri of Antarctica. One of the smallest is Eudyptula minor of Australia and New Zealand; this species is often encountered in coastal waters about islands and in bays and estuaries whereas the larger, vagrant, species are more often observed cast up on beaches either deceased or in poor condition. Most penguins are gregarious although single birds and pairs are not unknown. Vocalisations, a series of loud yapping notes, are invariably restricted to communication between pairs but the birds are capable of loud alarm calls; other noises have been described as series of ‘loud harsh brays, croaks, barks or trumpeting’. All penguins are piscivorous, catching their food by underwater pursuit, or obtaining it as flotsam; they will also consume large amounts of crustaceans (particularly krill) and squid.

Eudyptula minor is the only species to breed on the Australian continent and Tasmania, often in large colonies on offshore islands. Permanent pair bonding, often reusing the same nest burrow, is acknowledged. The nest is formed from a short tunnel, an overhang, under a tree trunk or tussock. Larger species either use pebble beaches, tussock hillsides or in the case of A. forsteri the Antarctic ice fields. The nest, when lining is used, contains little apart from tufts of grasses, sticks and/or pebbles. Incubation lasts between 33 and 62 days dependent on the species and breeding area and both sexes incubate the eggs and both adults assist in raising and caring for their young. Clutches of two eggs are normal; rarely three are encountered for the smaller species, while the larger species lay only a single egg. All eggs are short-pyriform in shape and are coloured pale cream, often becoming stained from decaying vegetation or faecal material. The newly hatched young are nidicolous and covered with dense down.

Excluded Taxa

Vagrant Species

CAVS:8669
SPHENISCIDAE: Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi Mathews & Iredale, 1921 [Northern Rockhopper Penguin; vagrant to Heard and Macquarie Islands, also treated as a species (e.g. del Hoyo & Collar, 2014) but retained here as a subspecies of E. chrysocome pending further study (see Christidis & Boles, 2008)] — Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [99, 100]; del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions pp. 903. [368]

CAVS:0923
SPHENISCIDAE: Eudyptes robustus Oliver, 1953 [Snares Penguin] — Marchant, S. & Higgins, P. (coordinators) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Melbourne : Oxford University Press Vol. 1 Pt A 735 pp. 53 pls. [206–207]; Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [98]

CAVS:0959
SPHENISCIDAE: Eudyptes sclateri Buller, 1888 [Erect-crested Penguin; vagrant to Tasmaia and southern Australia] — Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [5]; Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp.; Simpson, K. & Day, N. 2004. Birds of Australia. Camberwell, Victoria : Penguin Group (Australia) Edn 7, pp. 382. [283]; Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [100]

CAVS:0924
SPHENISCIDAE: Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) [Adelie Penguin; vagrant on Heard & Macquarie Islands] — Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp.; Simpson, K. & Day, N. 2004. Birds of Australia. Camberwell, Victoria : Penguin Group (Australia) Edn 7, pp. 382. [283]; Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19, 100]

CAVS:0858
SPHENISCIDAE: Spheniscus magellanicus (J.R. Forster, 1781) [Magellanic Penguin; one Australian record, beach-washed, Phillip Island, Vic. (31 March 1976)] — Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp.; Simpson, K. & Day, N. 2004. Birds of Australia. Camberwell, Victoria : Penguin Group (Australia) Edn 7, pp. 382. [283]; Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [100]

General References

Baker, A.J., Pereira, S.L., Haddrath, O.P. & Edge, K-A. 2006. Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 273: 11-17

Bertelli, S. & Giannini, N.P. 2005. A phylogeny of extant penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) combining morphology and mitochondrial sequences. Cladistics 21: 209-239

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp.

Giannini , N.P. & Bertelli, S. 2004. Phylogeny of extant penguins based on integumentary and breeding characters. Auk 121: 422-434

Ksepka, D.T., Bertelli, S. & Giannini, N.P. 2006. The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins). Cladistics 22: 412-441

Sibley, C.G. & Ahlquist, J.E. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. A Study in Molecular Evolution. New Haven : Yale University Press xxiii 976 pp.

History of changes

• Aptenodytes Miller, J.F. 1778. Icones Animalium. Part 4 pp. pl. 23.

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes patagonicus Miller, J.F., 1778 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [9]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [7]; Falla, R.A. & Mougin, J.-L. 1979. Order Sphenisciformes. pp.121-134 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [122]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [52].
• Aptenodytes Forster, J.G.A. 1777. A voyage around the world in H.M.S. Resolution, commanded by Capt. J Cook, during 1772-5. Vol. 1. [98].
• Aptenodita Bonnaterre, (l'Abbé) 1791. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Pt 1: ornithologie 1. Paris: veuve Agasse. [xcvii + 320] [lxxxiv] [incorrect subsequent spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778].
• Apteniodytes Swainson, W. 1837. On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. In, Lardner, D. (ed.). The Cabinet Cyclopaedia. London : Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman and John Taylor Vol. 2(92) vi 398 pp. [publication dated 1836-1837 Kluge, A.G. 1971. John Edward Gray and "The Zoological Miscellany". In Gray, J.E. (1831–1844). The Zoological Miscellany. [reprint]. U.S.A. Misc. Publ. of Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.] [193].

  Type species:

   Apteniodytes chrysocome Forster, J.R., 1781 by original designation.
• Aptenodites Lesson, R.P. 1837. Complément des Oevres de Buffon; ou, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux rares découverts par les naturalistes et les voyageurs depuis la mort de Buffon. Oiseaux. Paris : Pourrat Frères Vol. 9 550 pp. [542] [incorrect subsequent spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778].
• Apterodytes Hermann, J. 1783. Tabula Affinitatum Animalium, olim academico specimene edita nunc uberiore commentario illustrata cum annotationibus ad historiam naturalem animalium augendam facientibus. Argentorati : J.G. Treuttel 370 pp. [published before Nov. 5 or 15] [235] [new name for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778].
• Apterodita Scopoli, G.A. 1786. Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae; seu Novae, aut minus cognitae species plantarum et animalium quas in Insubria austriaca tam spontaneas, quam exoticas vidit, descripsit, et aeri incidi curavit Ionnes Antonius Scopoli. 3 pts. Ticini : Ex Typographia Reg. et Imp. Monasterii S. Salvatoris Vol. 2. [91] (Emendation of Aptenodytes Miller, 1788).

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [52].
• Aptenodyta Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae. Lipsiae : Georg Emanuel Beer Vol. 1 pp.500. [pt 1: 242, pt 2: 555] [incorrect subsequent spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778].
• Pinguinaria Shaw, G. 1792. Musei Leveriani, explicatio Anglica et Latina. London : James Parkinson pp. 248. [144].

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [52].
• Apteradytes Bechstein, J.M. 1809. Gemeinnützige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands nach allen drey Reichen. Vol. 4(2) 2, pp.532-1282. [1215] [new name for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778].
• Penguinaria Griffith, E. & Pidgeon, E. in Griffith, E., Smith, C.H. & Pidgeon, E. 1829. The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation, by the Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of France, &c. with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed. London : G.B. Whittaker Vol. 3 pp.690. [Date published 1825-1835] [560, 561] [new name for Pinguinaria Shaw, 1792].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Aptenodytes forsteri Gray, G.R. 1844. Aptenodytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 13: 315 [315].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1880.11.18.791-793 Skin, Antarctic seas.
• Aptenodytes imperator Bonaparte, C.L. 1856. Espèces nouvelles d'oiseaux d'Asie et d'Amerique, et tableaux paralleliques des pelagiens ou gaviae. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 41: 764-776 [775].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), locality unknown.
• Aptenodytes excelsior Mathews, G.M. & Iredale, T. 1935. [Messrs. Gregory M. Mathews and Tom Iredale sent the following notes on Penguins]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 55: 101 [101] [nomen nudum].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Breeds in Antarctica, rarely moves beyond pack-ice, vagrant records from Heard and Macquarie Islands.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Emperor Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19] (Emperor Penguin)

History of changes

• Aptenodytes patagonica Miller, J.F. 1778. Icones Animalium. Part 4 pp. pl. 23.

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), No locality = South Georgia.

  Type locality references:

  Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [7].
• Aptenodytes patagonica halli Mathews, G.M. 1911. The Birds of Australia. London : H.F. & G. Witherby Vol. 1 pp. [272].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 525878 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [215].
• Aptenodytes patachonica Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. London : Leigh & Sotheby Vol. 1 & 2 xviii 920 pp.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Breeds on sub Antarctic Islands including Heard and Macquarie Islands, occasionally observed along southern coast of Australia

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (King Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19] (King Penguin)

History of changes

• Eudyptes Vieillot, L.P. 1816. Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. Paris : Déterville 70 pp. [Date published 14 Apr 1816] [67, 70].

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes chrysocome Forster, J.R., 1781 (= Aptenodytes crestata J.F. Miller, 1796) by subsequent designation, see Gray, G.R. 1840. A List of the Genera of Birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London : R. & J.E. Taylor viii 80 pp. [Date published Apr 1840: published before Apr.] [77].

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [10]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [8]; Falla, R.A. & Mougin, J.-L. 1979. Order Sphenisciformes. pp.121-134 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [126]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [55].
• Catarractes Brisson, M.-J. 1760. Ornithologie ou méthode contenant la Division des oiseaux en Ordres, Sectiones, Genres, Espèces & leurs Variétés. Paris : J.-B. Bauche Vol. I xxiv 526 lxxiii pp. XXXVII pls. [52; 6: 102].

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. & Iredale, T. 1913. A Reference List of the Birds of New Zealand. Part 1. Ibis 10 1(2): 201-263 [219]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [55].
• Penguinus Brünnich, M.T. 1772. Zoologiae fundamenta praelectionibus academicus accommodata; grunde i dyrelaeren. Hafniae et Lipsiae : Frider. Christ. Pelt 253 pp. [78].

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes chrysocome Forster, J.R., 1781 by subsequent designation, see Mathews, G.M. 1911. The Birds of Australia. London : H.F. & G. Witherby Vol. 1 pp. [276].

  Secondary source:

   Preyer, W. 1862. Ueber Plautus impennis Brünn. Journal für Ornithologie 10: 110-124 [115]; Mathews, G.M. 1911. The Birds of Australia. London : H.F. & G. Witherby Vol. 1 pp. [276]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [8].
• Cataractes Scopoli, G.A. 1777. Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem, sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Prague : Wolfgangus Gerle 506 pp. [472] [new name for Catarractes Brisson, 1760].
• Penguin Illiger, J.C.W. 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione Germanica. Berolini : Sumptibus C. Salfeld xvii 301 pp. [284, 299] [new name for Penguinus Brünnich, 1772].
• Catarrhactes Cuvier, G.L. 1816. Le Régne Animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. L'Introduction, les Mammiéres et les Oiseaux. Paris : Déterville Vol. 1 xxxvii 540 pp. [513] [new name for Catarractes Brisson, 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [55].
• Chrysocoma Stephens, J.F. 1826. In: General Zoology or Systematic Natural History, commenced by the late George Shaw, M.D.F.R.S. & C. Aves. London : J. & A. Arch etc Vol.XIII(1) 290 pp. [57].

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes chrysocome Forster, J.R., 1781 by Linnaean tautonymy.

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [8]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [55].
• Geopega Billberg, G.J. 1828. Synopsis Faunae Scandinaviae. Tom. I, Pars 2. Aves. Holmiae 208 pp. [For publication date Richmond, C.W. 1900. Some necessary changes in nomenclature. Auk ns 17: 178–179 Lysaght, A. 1957. The first specimens of Dacelo novaeguineae and D. leachii in European collections. Emu 57: 209–210 Mathews, G.M. 1926. An important date. Emu 26: 148] [Tab.A] [nomen nudum].
• Catarhactes Brandt, J.F. 1837. Note sur une nouvelle espèce du genera Catarhactes de Brisson. Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 2: 314-315 [314] [new name for Catarractes Brisson, 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [55].
• Microdyptes Milne Edwards, A. 1880. Recherches sur la faune des regions australes. Annales Sciences Naturelle, Zoologie Recherches sur la faune des regions australes. Paris, Faune avienne 21(Ser. 6): 21-81 [58].

  Type species:

   Eudyptula serresiana Oustalet, 1874 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [8].
• Catarrachtes Allen, J.A. 1904. The case of Megalestris vs. Catharacta. Auk 21(3): 345-348 [346] [new name for Catarractes Brisson, 1760].
• Penguinus Mathews, G.M. 1911. The Birds of Australia. London : H.F. & G. Witherby Vol. 1 pp. [276] [junior homonym of Penguinus Brünnich, 1772].

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes chrysocome Forster, J.R., 1781 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [55].
• Catadyptes Mathews, G.M. 1934. Untitled. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 55: 74 [74].

  Type species:

   Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt, J.F., 1837 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Falla, R.A. & Mougin, J.-L. 1979. Order Sphenisciformes. pp.121-134 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [126-127]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [55].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Macquarie Island Province (24), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Macquarie Island Province (24), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [5] (Crested Penguin, Drooping-crested Penguin, Jackass Penguin, Rockhopper, Tufted Penguin, Victoria Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Rockhopper Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19] (Rockhopper Penguin)

History of changes

• Aptenodytes chrysocome Forster, J.R. 1781. Historia Aptenodytae, generis Avium orbi australi proprii. Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, Gottingae 3: 121-148, pl. 5 [Date published 1781: dated 1780] [121-148].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), Tasmania and Falkland Islands.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Rare vagrant from Falkland Islands and islands off Cape Horn

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [99]

History of changes

• Eudyptes filholi Hutton, F.W. 1879. On an apparently new species of Penguin, from Campbell Island. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 3: 334 [imprint 1878] [334].

  Type data:

   Holotype OMNZ Mounted skin (Unlocated), Campbell Island.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Breeds on Heard and Macquarie Islands, occasionally observed in SE Australia, usually moulting

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

Introduction

Both subspecies also treated at the specific level by some authors based on limited studies (see del Hoyo & Collar, 2014). We follow Baker et al. (2006) and Christidis & Boles (2008) in retaining E. schlegeli as a subspecies of E. chrysolophus until further work can more fully resolve the relationship between the two taxa.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

In Australia breeds on Heard Island and McDonald Islands, vagrant to Macquarie Island, no confirmed records from mainland but potential vagrant to SW Australia

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Macquarie Island Province (24), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

General References

Baker, A.J., Pereira, S.L., Haddrath, O.P. & Edge, K-A. 2006. Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 273: 11-17

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [98]

del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions pp. 903. [368]

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19] (Macaroni Penguin)

Stanger, M., Clayton, M., Schodde, R., Wombey, J. & Mason, I. 1998. CSIRO List of Australian Verebrates: A Reference with Conservation Status. Collingwood : CSIRO Publishing iii 124 pp. (Macaroni Penguin)

History of changes

• Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt, J.F. 1837. [title]. Bulletin of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg 2(20) [col. 315].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), Falkland Island.
• Catadyptes chrysolophus redimitus Mathews, G.M. & Iredale, T. 1935. Messrs. Gregory M. Mathews and Tom Iredale also named a new subspecies of Maccaroni Penguin. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 55: 102 [102].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1905.12.30.164 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].

  Type locality references:

  Warren, R.L.M. 1966. Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1 Non-Passerines. London : British Museum ix 320 pp. [243].
• Eudyptes albigularis Milne Edwards, A. 1880. Recherches sur la faune des regions australes. Annales Sciences Naturelle, Zoologie Recherches sur la faune des regions australes. Paris, Faune avienne 21(Ser. 6): 21-81 [55].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHP C.G: 2000-3296 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].

  Type locality references:

  Voisin J.-F. & Mougin J.-L. 2002. Liste des types d'oiseaux des collections du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. 11: Manchots (Spheniscidae). Zoosystema 24(1): 187-190 [189].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Heard Island and McDonald Island, AAT, vagrant in other Australian locations; S Atlantic & S Indian Oceans

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

General References

Marchant, S. & Higgins, P. (coordinators) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Melbourne : Oxford University Press Vol. 1 Pt A 735 pp. 53 pls. [222]

Common Name References

del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions pp. 903. [368] (Macaroni Penguin)

Marchant, S. & Higgins, P. (coordinators) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Melbourne : Oxford University Press Vol. 1 Pt A 735 pp. 53 pls. [222] (Macaroni Penguin)

History of changes

• Eudyptes schlegeli Finsch, O. 1876. Further remarks on some New Zealand Birds. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 8: 200-204 [204].

  Type data:

   Holotype RMNH 87035 Mounted skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].

  Type locality references:

  Van den Hoek Ostende, L.W., Dekker, R.W.R.J. & Keijl, G.O. 1997. Type-specimens of birds in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden. NNM Technical Bulletin 1(1): 1-248 [Non-Passerines.] [11].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Breeds on Macquarie Island, but also recorded from southern Australia especially TAS but also VIC & SA; New Zealand

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Macquarie Island Province (24), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

General References

Marchant, S. & Higgins, P. (coordinators) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Melbourne : Oxford University Press Vol. 1 Pt A 735 pp. 53 pls. [230]

Common Name References

del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N.J. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions pp. 903. [368] (Royal Penguin)

Marchant, S. & Higgins, P. (coordinators) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Melbourne : Oxford University Press Vol. 1 Pt A 735 pp. 53 pls. [230] (Royal Penguin)

History of changes

• Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Gray, G.R. 1845. Part 3. Birds. In, Richardson, J. & Gray, J.E. (eds). The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror, under the command of Capt. Sir James Clark Ross during the years 1839 to 1843. London Vol. 1. [Date published October 1844] [17] [usually attributed to G.R. Gray, but title page (Birds) indicates Sharp as a co-author].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1845.1.13.29 Skin, Waikowaiti, South Island, New Zealand.

  Type locality references:

  Warren, R.L.M. 1966. Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1 Non-Passerines. London : British Museum ix 320 pp. [218].

Introduction

Following Christidis and Boles (2008: 98), E. robustus is merged as a subspecies under E. pachyrhynchus, this requiring allocation of a new CAVS number.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Breeds on South Island of NZ, frequent visitor to southern Australia and Macquarie Island

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Southwest Transition (7), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [98]

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [5] (Thick-billed Penguin, Victoria Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Fiordland Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19] (Fiordland Penguin)

History of changes

History of changes

• Eudyptula Bonaparte, C.L. 1856. Espèces nouvelles d'oiseaux d'Asie et d'Amerique, et tableaux paralleliques des pelagiens ou gaviae. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 41: 764-776 [775].

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes minor Forster, J.R., 1781 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [11]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [11]; Falla, R.A. & Mougin, J.-L. 1979. Order Sphenisciformes. pp.121-134 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [131]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [61].
• Eudyptila Heine, F. & Reichenow, A. 1890. Nomenclator Musei Heineani Ornithologici. Verzeichniss der Vogel-Sammlung des Königlichen Oberamtmanns Ferdinand Heine. Berlin : R. Friedländer pp. vi + 373. [368] [Nom. Mus. Hein. Ornith.: 368. Unjustified emendation].

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [61].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

History of changes

• Aptenodytes minor Forster, J.R. 1781. Historia Aptenodytae, generis Avium orbi australi proprii. Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, Gottingae 3: 121-148, pl. 5 [Date published 1781: dated 1780] [135] [nominate subspecies not present in Australia].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown, Dusky Sound, Fiordland, NZ.

Introduction

Nominate subspecies Eudyptula minor minor not present in Australia

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Nominate subspecies Eudyptula minor minor not present in Australia

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [5] (Fairy Penguin, Little Blue Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Little Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19] (Little Penguin)

History of changes

• Spheniscus novaehollandiae Stephens, J.F. 1826. In: General Zoology or Systematic Natural History, commenced by the late George Shaw, M.D.F.R.S. & C. Aves. London : J. & A. Arch etc Vol.XIII(1) 290 pp. [68].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia.
• Aptenodytes undina Gould, J. 1844. In Proceedings of meeting of Zoological Society of London, March 26, 1844. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1844: 55-58 [57].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ANSP 4491 (VN 1340) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania); ANSP 4480 (VN 1684) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania); ANSP 4487 (VN 1336) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania); ANSP 4488 (VN 1337) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania).

  Type locality references:

  Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. 2006. Type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Draft. pp. 1-355 [7].
• Eudyptula minor woodwardi Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] [199].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 525638 Skin, Sandy Hook Island, Western Australia [34°02'S, 121°59'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [215].

Generic Combinations

• Eudyptula minor novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Southern Australia from around Brisbane, QLD, to Shark Bay, WA

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

History of changes

• Pygoscelis Wagler, J.G. 1832. Mittheilungen ueber einige merkwuerdige Thiere. Isis ii: 265-282 [281].

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes papua Forster, J.R., 1781 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [9]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [7]; Falla, R.A. & Mougin, J.-L. 1979. Order Sphenisciformes. pp.121-134 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [124]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [54].
• Dasyramphus Hombron, J.B. & Jacquinot, C.H. (eds) 1853. Voyage au Pole Sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zélée exécuté par ordre du Roi pendant les années 1837-1840, sous le commandement de M.J. Dumont-d'Urville Capitaine de Vaisseau. Zoologie. Paris : Gide & Baudry Vol. 3 166 pp. [154].

  Type species:

   Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [630]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [7]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [54].
• Pygoscelys Bonaparte, C.L. 1854. Conspectus systematis ornithologiae. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, Paris 4 1: 105-152 [145] [emendment for Pygoscelis Wagler, 1832].
• Dasycelis Mathews, G.M. 1934. Untitled. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 55: 74-75 [74].

  Type species:

   Aptenodytes antarctica Forster, J.R., 1781 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Falla, R.A. & Mougin, J.-L. 1979. Order Sphenisciformes. pp.121-134 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [124]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [54].
• Pucheramphus Mathews, G.M. 1935. Untitled. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 55: 112-113 [113].

  Type species:

   Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Falla, R.A. & Mougin, J.-L. 1979. Order Sphenisciformes. pp.121-134 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [124]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins. pp.52-63 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [54].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Macquarie Island Province (24), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Aptenodytes antarctica Forster, J.R. 1781. Historia Aptenodytae, generis Avium orbi australi proprii. Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, Gottingae 3: 121-148, pl. 5 [Date published 1781: dated 1780] [134, 141, pl. 4].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), South Shetland.

Miscellaneous Literature Names

• Pygoscelis antarctica J.R. Forster, 1781 [alternative spelling].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Most abundant on Antarctic peninsula and Atlantic sector but also recorded from AAT, vagrant to Heard Island, many records from Macquarie Islands

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Chinstrap Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [283] (Chinstrap Penguin)

History of changes

Distribution

States

Tasmania

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Macquarie Island Province (24), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [5] (Rock Hopper)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Gentoo Penguin)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [19] (Gentoo Penguin)

History of changes

• Aptenodytes papua Forster, J.R. 1781. Historia Aptenodytae, generis Avium orbi australi proprii. Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, Gottingae 3: 121-148, pl. 5 [Date published 1781: dated 1780] [140, pl. 3].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), Flakland Island.
• Aptenodytes taeniata Peale, T.R. 1848. United States Exploring Expedition. During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Mammalia and Ornithology. Philadelphia : C. Sherman (Printer) 8 xxv pp. 17-338. [264].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Breeds on sub-Antarctic Islands including Heard Island and Macquarie Island, rare vagrant to southern TAS

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Macquarie Island Province (24), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Spheniscus novaehollandiae Stephens, J.F. 1826. In: General Zoology or Systematic Natural History, commenced by the late George Shaw, M.D.F.R.S. & C. Aves. London : J. & A. Arch etc Vol.XIII(1) 290 pp. [68].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Latinisation of name in Latham, 1824), New Holland = Port Jackson, New South Wales.

  Type locality references:

  Latham, J. 1824. A General History of Birds. Winchester [England] : Jacob and Johnson Vol. 10. [388].
• Aptenodytes australis Gray, J.E. in Griffith, E. & Pidgeon, E. 1829. The Class Aves, arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with specific descriptions, Vol. 2. The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation, by the Baron Cuvier. (English transl.). London : Whittaker, Treacher & Co. Vol. VII. 586 pp. 60 pls [563].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), Sydney, New South Wales [33°52'S, 151°12'E].

History of changes