• SEPIOLIDAE Leach, W.E. 1817. The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals … illustrated with coloured figures drawn from nature by R.P. Nodder &c. London : E. Nodder & Son Vol. 3 pp. i-vi 1-152 pls 121-149.

Introduction

Sepiolids are small animals of less than 10 cm mantle length (ML). The Sepiolidae Leach, 1817 is very speciose family, comprising 10 genera in three subfamilies: Sepiolinae Appellöf, 1898; Heteroteuthinae Appellöf, 1898; and Rossiinae Appellöf, 1898. In Australian waters, the subfamily Sepiolinae is represented by several species in the genera Amutatiola, Dextrasepiola, Eumandya, Euprymna and Sepiolina; Heteroteuthinae is represented by several species of the genera Heteroteuthis, Iridoteuthis and Stoloteuthis; and Rossinae is represented by several species in the genera Austrorossia and Neorossia. Fourteen species in total are known from Australian waters, with some yet to be described.

Although this is a large and diverse family with members occurring in all oceans, it has never been reviewed taxonomically in great detail. Naef (1923), Sasaki (1929) and Voss (1955, 1956, 1963) have treated regional faunas, i.e., the Mediterranean, Japanese, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and the Philippines faunas, respectively in some detail, but Joubin's (1902) work, until recently, remained the only major taxonomic revision on a worldwide basis. Bello (2020), Fernandez-Alvarez et al.(2021) and Sanchez et al. (2021) have provided considerable insights into the family and relationships among genera based on morphological and molecular data.

The first Australian record of a member of this family is of Sepiola tasmanica, described from a specimen from Bass Strait (Pfeffer 1884), and currently known as Euprymna tasmanica (Sepiolinae). Brazier (1892), in his catalogue of cephalopods from Australia, listed Sepiola rondeletii, Inioteuthis stenodactyla, and Inioteuthis tasmanica; the identity of the animal Brazier referred to as Sepiola rondeletii is unclear; the other two species are now referred to the genus Euprymna. Berry (1918) described Rossia australis (Rossinae) from the Great Australian Bight. Allan (1945) described Heteroteuthis serventyi (Heteroteuthinae) from near Jervis Bay, New South Wales (although the staus of this taxon remains incertain). Lu & Phillips (1985) published the first Australian records of the genera Iridoteuthis and Sepiola (from unidentified species) and of Sepiolina nipponensis. Adam (1986) described Euprymna hoylei from northern Western Australia and Reid (1991) reviewed the Australian Rossiinae and described Neorossia leptodons from south-eastern Australia. Norman & Lu (1997) redescribed Euprymna tasmanica from southern Australia and revised the genus. New genera and species have since been added to the Australian fauna recently, with Iridoteuthis merlini described by Reid (2021) and Amutatiola macroventosa and Dextrasepiola taenia described by Lu & Okutani (2022). In addition, Stoloteuthis maoria and Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis from New Zealand and Hawaii respectively are now known to occur in Australian waters. Originally described by in Reid in 2011 as Euprymna pardalota, Bello's (2020) review placed this taxon in a new genus, Eumandya.
.
Little is known of the life history and biology of most sepiolids, and nothing is known about food and feeding of Australian sepiolids. A study on Rossia pacifica, a species common in the North Pacific, from Japan to California, reported that 80% of their diet in their natural habitat consists of shrimps, crabs, small fishes and cephalopods (Brocco 1970; Hochberg & Fields 1980). Aside from Lu (2001), data on non-Australian sepiolids are derived largely from diets given in laboratory rearing experiments. For example, Rossia macrosoma of the Mediterranean Sea was fed live prawn (Boletzky & Boletzky 1973). Euprymna berryi, a species found in China, Japan and Korea, has been reared on live mysids (Choe & Oshima 1963; Choe 1966). Adult Euprymna scolopes, from Hawaii, were reared on adult Leander debilis and Gambusia affinis. Laboratory-hatched young of E. scolopes were fed Anisemysis, Artemia salina and occasionally newly hatched Octopus cyanea (Arnold et al. 1972). Boletzky et al. (1971) reared six sepiolid species in the Mediterranean in a laboratory (Sepiola rondeleti, S. robusta, S. affinis, S. ligulata, Sepietta obscura, and S. neglecta): young animals were fed mysids (Leptomysis mediterranea); older juveniles and adults were fed Leander species. Boletzky (1983) also fed Sepiola robusta with crangonid shrimps of the genus Philocheras. Bergstrom & Summers (1983) successfully cultured Sepietta oweniana in aquaria, feeding juveniles on mysids (Praunus flexuosus and P. inermis), amphipods (Ericthonius) and large copepods; on rare occasions cannibalism occurred. The adults were fed one of the mysids (Praunus flexuosus) as well as shrimps (Palaemon elegans, Thoralus cranchii and Crangon crangon).

Much of the information on eggs and egg-laying also derives from laboratory studies. In aquarium studies (English 1981), Euprymna tasmanica laid eggs individually; the eggs were attached to the substratum and to adjoining eggs in the clutch. Each egg was coated with a tough, opaque gelatinous capsule, and development took approximately 29 days at 20°C. Similar eggs have been described for another sepioline, Sepiola robusta (Boletzky 1987). Nothing is known about the eggs of Australian Rossinae and Heteroteuthinae. Rossia palpebrosa of the North Atlantic laid eggs in sponges (Akimushkin 1963; Aldrich & Lu 1968), Rossia macrosoma laid in bivalve shells (Boletzky & Boletzky 1973), and Rossia pacifica attached its eggs, singly or in small groups, to seaweed or other objects on the bottom (Hochberg & Field 1980).

Most benthic sepiolids (Rossinae and Sepiolinae) bury themselves in the soft bottom sediments during the day. This 'burrowing' process is reported to have two phases. In the first phase, the animal blows the sand with jets of water, gradually settling down as it does so. In the second phase, the dorso-lateral arms are stretched out over the surface to gather sand particles to completely cover the animal. This behaviour has been observed in four species of Sepiola and three species of Sepietta (Boletzky & Boletzky 1970; Bergstrom & Summers 1983). Newly hatched Euprymna tasmanica settled immediately and adopted the benthic mode of life of adults; within one day of hatching juveniles initiated burying behaviour, but no successful burying was achieved prior to death at three days old in aquaria (English 1981).

Many sepiolids have luminescent organs, including Australian sepiolids in the genera Heteroteuthis, Iridoteuthis, Sepiolina, Sepiola and Euprymna. Herring (1988) reviewed information on these organs in cephalopods: in Sepiola and Euprymna they are paired, separate and ear-shaped, while in Heteroteuthis, Nectoteuthis, Iridoteuthis, Stoloteuthis and Sepiolina the paired structures are fused to form a single rounded entity. It is generally accepted that bacterial luminescence is involved in sepiolid photophores, although luminescent bacteria have not been identified or cultured in vitro for some genera, such as Heteroteuthis and Sepiolina. Nothing is known about the luminescent organs of any Australian sepiolids.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

Diagnosis

The mantle is short with the posterior end rounded. The anterior dorsal mantle margin may be fused with the head or articulated by means of nuchal cartilages. The head is large, as wide as, or wider than the mantle. The fins are lateral, large, kidney-shaped with well-developed anterior lobes. The tentacles are retractile with a well-defined club. The arms are short, and lack protective membranes. The gladius, if present, is chitinous and rudimentary; in some genera it is absent. Most members of the family have luminous organs on the ink sac. In males, one or both dorsal arms or a laterodorsal arm are usually hectocotylised. In females, only the left oviduct is developed.

Members of the subfamily Sepiolinae are distinguished by the fusion of the anterior dorsal mantle margin with the head by a muscular band. The nuchal cartilage is absent. The funnel-mantle locking cartilages are simple, straight lines. The arm suckers in most taxa are biserial, except in the genus Euprymna where they are tetraserial (with the exception of the Philippines species, E. phenex Voss, 1962, which has biserial arm suckers). The club suckers are in 4, 8, 10 or more series, depending on the generic identity. The shell is absent in the genus Euprymna, while in the remaining genera e.g. Sepiola, Rondeletiola, Sepietta and Inioteuthis, the shell is present but rudimentary.

Members of the subfamily Heteroteuthinae have their anterior dorsal mantle margins either articulating with the head by the nuchal cartilage (Heteroteuthis, Nectoteuthis) or completely fused with the head (Iridoteuthis, Sepiolina and Nectoteuthis). The ventral mantle margin may, extraordinarily, extend forward covering the funnel and part of the head (Iridoteuthis and Nectoteuthis) or may project forward only slightly (Stoloteuthis and Sepiolina) or be intermediate between these two states, as in Heteroteuthis. In all taxa, the first three pairs of arms are united by a deep web. The arm suckers are in two series. The fins are large. The shell is absent. Coloration is rich, with a metallic sheen. Most members of the subfamily have luminescent organs on the ink sac.

Members of the subfamily Rossinae have large semicircular fins with conspicuous anterior lobes sometimes reaching beyond the mantle margins. The posterior lobes of the fins are barely discernable. The mantle margins are connected with the head dorsally by means of the nuchal cartilage and ventrally by the funnel-mantle locking cartilages. The nuchal cartilage is spade-shaped. The funnel locking cartilages are oval, deeply grooved. The large funnel reaches the level of the centre of the eyes. The arms are short with 2 series of suckers which are spherical with the aperture minute. In males both dorsal arms are hectocotylised. The tentacles are long and slender and bear an elongate club occupying about ¼ of the length. The club is not expanded and is covered on its oral aspect with numerous minute suckers. The gladius is chitinous and rudimentary, slender, lanceolate and shorter than the body. The surface of the body is smooth. The chromatophores are several shades of reddish brown.

General References

Adam, W. 1986. Contribution à la connaissance du genre Euprymna Steenstrup, 1887 (Mollusca Cephalopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 56: 131-136

Akimushkin, I.I. 1963. Cephalopods of the seas of the U.S.S.R. Jerusalem : Israel Program for Scientific Translation 223 pp. [English translation from Russian. Mercade, A. (Transl.), Finesilver, R. (ed.)]

Aldrich, F.A. & Lu, C.C. 1968. Report on the larva, eggs, and egg mass of Rossia sp. (Decapoda, Cephalopoda) from Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 46: 369-371

Allan, J. 1945. Planktonic cephalopod larvae from the eastern Australian coast. Records of the Australian Museum 21: 317-350 pls 24-27

Appellöf, A. 1898. Cephalopoden von Ternate. 1. Verzeichniss der von professor Kükenthal gesammelten Arten. II. Untersuchungen über Idiosepius, Sepiodarium und verwandte Formen, ein Beitrag zur Beleuchtung der Hektokotylisation und ihrer systematischen Bedeutung. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 24: 561-637

Arnold, J.M., Singley, C.T. & Williams-Arnold, L.D. 1972. Embryonic development and post hatching survival of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes under laboratory conditions. Veliger 14: 361-364

Bello, G. 2020. Evolution of the hectocotylus in Sepiolinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) and description of four new genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 655: 1-53

Bergstrom, B. & Summers, W.C. 1983. Sepietta oweniana. pp. 75-91 in Boyle, P.R. (ed.). Cephalopod Life Cycles. Vol. 1. Species Accounts. London : Academic Press xvii 474 pp.

Berry, S.S. 1918. Report on the Cephalopoda obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour in the Great Australian Bight and other southern Australian localities. Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F.I.S. Endeavour 1909-1914 4: 203-298 pls 59-88

Boletzky, S.v. 1983. Sepiola robusta. pp. 53-67 in Boyle, P.R. (ed.). Cephalopod Life Cycles. Vol. 1. Species Accounts. London : Academic Press xvii 474 pp.

Boletzky, S.v. 1987. Juvenile behaviour. pp. 45-60 in Boyle, P.R. (ed.). Cephalopod Life Cycles. Vol. 2. Comparative Reviews. London : Academic Press xxi 441 pp.

Boletzky, S.v., Boletzky, M.v., Frösch, D. & Gätzi, V. 1971. Laboratory rearing of Sepiolinae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Marine Biology, Berlin 8: 82-87

Boletzky, S.v. & Boletzky, M.v. 1970. Das Eingraben in Sand bei Sepiola und Sepietta (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 77: 536-548

Boletzky, S.v. & Boletzky, M.V.v. 1973. Observations on the embryonic and early post-embryonic development of Rossia macrosoma (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 25: 135-161

Brazier, J. 1892. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Australia and Tasmania. Pt I. Cephalopoda; Pt II. Pteropoda. Sydney : Australian Museum Catalogue Vol. 15 42 pp.

Brocco, S. 1970. Aspects of the biology of the sepiolid squid Rossia pacifica Berry. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 151 pp.

Choe, S. 1966. On the growth, feeding rates and the efficiency of food conversion for cuttlefishes and squids. Korean Journal of Zoology 9: 12-20 [in Korean]

Choe, S. & Oshima, Y. 1963. Rearing of cuttlefishes and squids. Nature (London) 197: 307

English, S.A. 1981. The biology of two species of estuarine cephalopods from the Sydney region. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney 125 pp.

Fernandez-Alvarez, F.A. Sanchez, P. & Villanueva, R. 2021. Morphological and molecular assessments of bobtail squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) reveal a hidden history of biodiversity. Frontiers of Marine Science 7(632261)

Herring, P.J. 1988. Luminescent organs. pp. 449-489 in Trueman, E.R. & Clarke, M.R. (eds). The Mollusca. Vol. 11. Form and function. London : Academic Press.

Hochberg, F.G. Jr & Fields, W.G. 1980. Cephalopoda: The squids and octopuses. pp. 429-444 in Morris, R.H., Abbot, D.P. & Haderlie, E.C. (eds). Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford : Stanford University Press.

Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds) 2005. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262.

Joubin, L. 1902. Revision des sépiolides. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 15: 80-145

Lu, C.C. 2001. Cephalopoda. pp. 129-308 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2 Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia xii 353 pp. [Date published 3 July 2001]

Lu, C.C. & Phillips, J.U. 1985. An annotated checklist of Cephalopoda from Australian waters. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Victoria 2: 21-36

Naef, A. 1923. Die Cephalopoden, Systematik. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel 35 1: 1-863

Norman, M.D. & Lu, C.C. 1997. Redescription of the southern dumpling squid Euprymna tasmanica and a revision of the genus Euprymna (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77: 1109-1137

Pfeffer, G. 1884. Die Cephalopoden des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen 8: 63-90 3 pls

Reid, A. 1991. Taxonomy review of the Australian Rossiinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), with a description of a new species, Neorossia leptodons, and redescription of N. caroli (Joubin, 1902). Bulletin of Marine Science 49(3): 748-831

Sanchez, G. Fernandez-Alvarez, F.A. Tait, M. Sugimoto, C. Jolly, J. Simakov, O. Marletaz, F. Allcock, L. & Rokhsar, D.S. 2021. Phylogenomics illuminates the evolution of bobtail and bottletail squid (order Sepiolida). Communications Biology 4(819): 1-9

Sasaki, M. 1929. A monograph of the dibranchiate cephalopods of the Japanese and adjacent waters. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University 20(Suppl.): 1-357 30 pls

Voss, G.L. 1955. The Cephalopoda obtained by the Harvard-Havanna Expedition off the coast of Cuba in 1938–39. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 5: 81-115

Voss, G.L. 1956. A review of the cephalopods of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 6: 85-178

Voss, G.L. 1963. Cephalopods of the Philippine Islands. United States National Museum Bulletin 234: 1-180

History of changes

• Sepiolinae Leach, W.E. (ed.) 1817. The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals. London : R.P. Nodder Vol. 3 v 151 pp. pls 121-150.
• Sepiolinae Leach, 1817.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Amutatiola Lu, C., & Okutani, T. 2022. Two new genera and species of sepioline squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81: 1-23 [7].

  Type species:

   Amutatiola macroventosa Lu & Okutani, 2022 by monotypy.

Distribution

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis: Small Sepiolinae with fins rounded with large
anterior lobe, which do not reach the anterior mantle margin;
fin length about 40–66% mantle length. Suckers biseriate on all
arms. Tentacular club suckers in 4–8 longitudinal series.
Nuchal commissure moderately wide, not reaching over the
ocular globes, about 38–59% of mantle width. A pair of
dumbbell-shaped or elongated kidney-shaped photophores on
ventral surface of ink sac. Gladius absent. Ventral mantle
margin slightly sinuate, without any deep funnel indentation.
No arm in mature males hectocotylised. Some arm suckers in
mature males grossly enlarged. Female bursa copulatrix closed
type, pouch-like, opening at level of base of left gill.

Diagnosis References

Lu, C., & Okutani, T. 2022. Two new genera and species of sepioline squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81: 1-23

History of changes

• Amutatiola macroventosa Lu, C., & Okutani, T. 2022. Two new genera and species of sepioline squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81: 1-23 [8].

  Type data:

   Holotype MV F80081 ♂ (trawl depth 36–42 m, bottom depth 86–90 m, collected by CSIRO, FRV Soela SO1/85/124, 27 Feb 1985, 0331 hr, Rectangular Midwater Trawl with 8 m2 mouth area), south-east Tasmania [42° 38.1' S, 148° 12.4' E].
  Paratype(s) MV F275293 ♀ (40–170 m, collected by CSIRO, FRV Soela SO3/80/32, 13 May 1980), Great Australian Bight [32° 43' S, 126° 00' E to 32° 45' S, 125° 59' E]; MV numerous (5 m, active over algae, collected by D. Rawlins, J. Finn and M. Norman, 26 April 1998, 1915 hr, hand net), Luck Bay, western point off beach, Cape Le Grand National Park, WA [33° 59' S, 122° 13' E]; WAM 3091-83 ♂ (7–8 m, collected by N. Sinclair, 4 Apr 1983, Rotenone Station,), west side of Irwin Reef, Port Denison, WA [29° 16' S, 114° 55' E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Dextrasepiola Lu, C., & Okutani, T. 2022. Two new genera and species of sepioline squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81: 1-23 [2].

  Type species:

   Dextrasepiola taenia Lu & Okutani, 2022 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis: Sepiolinae with fins rounded with large anterior
lobes, which do not reach the anterior mantle margin; fin length
about 50–80% mantle length. Suckers biseriate on all arms.
Tentacular club suckers in 4–8 longitudinal series. Nuchal
commissure narrow, not reaching over the ocular globes. A pair
of dumbbell-shaped photophores on ventral surface of ink sac.
Gladius absent. Ventral mantle margin slightly sinuate, without
any deep funnel indentation. Right arm I of male hectocotylised.
Hectocotylus tripartite: basal part with five suckers in two
series, two suckers in dorsal series and three in ventral series;
copulatory apparatus long, fleshy, tape like, formed by fusion of
two adjoining very elongate sucker stalks, no additional
modified structure on the arm (i.e. hook-like stalks); distal to
tape-like copulatory apparatus biserial suckers to arm tip (19
suckers in holotype, 23 suckers in paratype 2). Female bursa
copulatrix on right side of mantle cavity, open type (cf. Bello,
2020), roughly ear shaped.

Diagnosis References

Lu, C., & Okutani, T. 2022. Two new genera and species of sepioline squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81: 1-23 [2]

History of changes

• Dextrasepiola taenia Lu, C., & Okutani, T. 2022. Two new genera and species of sepioline squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81: 1-23 [3].

  Type data:

   Holotype MV F80458 ♂ (1.2 m, CSIRO Moreton Bay Survey, J43, Location 31, 10 Aug 1951), Redland Bay, Qld [27° 36' S, 153° 19' E].
  Paratype(s) MV F91359 ♀, same as Holotype; MV numerous various (1.2 m, CSIRO Moreton Bay Survey, J26, Location 41, 10 Aug 1951), Peel Island, Qld [27° 30' S, 153° 21' E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis: Small sepioline with right arm I of mature male
hectocotylised, copulatory apparatus in the form of a long tapelike
process, no hook-like structure on the arm. Females with
bursa copulatrix on right side of mantle cavity.

Diagnosis References

Lu, C., & Okutani, T. 2022. Two new genera and species of sepioline squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81: 1-23

History of changes

• Eumandya Bello, G. 2020. Evolution of the hectocotylus in Sepiolinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) and description of four new genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 655: 1-53.

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Euprymna pardalota Reid, A. 2011. Euprymna pardalota sp. nov. (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), a new dumpling squid from northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 27: 135-142.

  Type data:

   Holotype NTM P.15796 ♂ (13 m), Western Australia. Timor Sea, Cartier Reef [66°8′S, 94°17′E].
  Paratype(s) NTM P.2496 ♀ (0.2–0.6 m), Western Australia, Timor Sea, Cartier Reef [12°32.8′S, 123°32.3′E]; NTM P.2497 ♀ (10–20 m), Western Australia, Timor Sea, Cartier Reef [12°32.8′S, 123°32.4′E]; WAM S.34548 ♂ (12 m), Western Australia, Kimberley, northwest end of Long Reef [13°48'S 125°47'E]; AM C.303908 ♂, Queensland [10°59.98'S 144°1.22'E]; AM C.456837 ♂, Queensland, GBR, E of Lizard Island, Yonge Reef [14°35.00'S 145°37.00E'E].

Generic Combinations

• Eumandya pardalota (Reid, 2011) Bello, G. —
  Bello, G. 2020. Evolution of the hectocotylus in Sepiolinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) and description of four new genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 655: 1-53 [38]

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Northern Australia from Western Australia, 12º14'S, 122º56'E to Queensland, 23º30.00'S, 152º28.00'E. Depth range 0.2-20.0 m.

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Reid, A. 2011. Euprymna pardalota sp. nov. (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), a new dumpling squid from northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 27: 135-142 [136] (description)

History of changes

• Euprymna Steenstrup, J.J. 1887. Notae Teuthologicae. 6. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1887: 47-66 [66].

  Type species:

   Inioteuthis morsei Verrill, 1881 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-Pacific region.

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Norman, M.D. & Lu, C.C. 1997. Redescription of the southern dumpling squid Euprymna tasmanica and a revision of the genus Euprymna (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77: 1109-1137 [1109] (revision of the genus)

History of changes

• Euprymna hoylei Adam, W. 1986. Contribution à la connaissance du genre Euprymna Steenstrup, 1887 (Mollusca Cephalopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 56: 131-136 [133].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM 465-65 ♂, 4º31'N 119º22'E, S Lagoon, Sibutu, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines.
  Paratype(s) WAM 335-77 ♂; WAM 339-77 ♂.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

North-west Australia

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Inshore, marine.

General References

Norman, M.D. & Lu, C.C. 1997. Redescription of the southern dumpling squid Euprymna tasmanica and a revision of the genus Euprymna (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77: 1109-1137 [1124] (key and distribution)

Reid, A. & Jereb, P. 2005. Family Sepiolidae. pp. 153-203 in Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262. [181] (geographical distribution)

History of changes

• Sepiola stenodactyla Grant, R.E. 1833. On a new species of Sepiola (Sep. Stenodactyla) from the Mauritius, presented by C. Telfair Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1833(1): 42-43 [42].

  Type data:

   Holotype (lost), Mauritius.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known with certainty only from Mauritius. Records from the Indo-west Pacific are considered doubtful

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Norman, M.D. & Lu, C.C. 1997. Redescription of the southern dumpling squid Euprymna tasmanica and a revision of the genus Euprymna (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77: 1109-1137 [1128] (the taxonomic status of this species is unresolved)

History of changes

• Sepiola tasmanica Pfeffer, G. 1884. Die Cephalopoden des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen 8: 63-90 3 pls [66].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH, Bass Strait.

Generic Combinations

• Euprymna tasmanica (Steenstrup, 1887).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

Extra Ecological Information

Inshore, marine

General References

Lu, C.C. & Phillips, J.U. 1985. An annotated checklist of Cephalopoda from Australian waters. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Victoria 2: 21-36 [27] (Australian distribution)

Norman, M.D. & Lu, C.C. 1997. Redescription of the southern dumpling squid Euprymna tasmanica and a revision of the genus Euprymna (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77: 1109-1137 [1128] (Redescription and Australian distribution)

Reid, A. 2016. Cephalopods of Australia and Sub-Antarctic Territories. Clayton South, Victoria : CSIRO Publishing pp. 446.

Reid, A. & Jereb, P. 2005. Family Sepiolidae. pp. 153-203 in Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262. [173] (diagnostic features, geographical distribution, habitat and biology)

Common Name References

Norman, M. 2000. Cephalopods, a world guide. Hakenheim : ConchBooks 320 pp. [98] (Southern Bobtail Squid)

History of changes

• Sepiolina Naef, A. 1912. Teuthologische Notizen: (1) Die familien der Myopsiden. (2) Die Gattungen der Sepioliden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 39: 241-248 [248].

  Type species:

   Stoloteuthis nipponensis Berry, 1911 by original designation.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Western Pacific

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Stoloteuthis nipponensis Berry, S.S. 1911. A new sepiolid from Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger 37: 39 [39].

  Type data:

   Holotype CAS 2027 ♂, Suruga Bay, Japan.

Generic Combinations

• Sepiolina nipponensis (Berry, 1911). —
  Lu, C.C. 2001. Cephalopoda. pp. 129-308 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2 Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia xii 353 pp. [Date published 3 July 2001] [209] (combination cited)

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Great Australian Bight

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Adult: demersal.

Marine.

General References

Reid, A. & Jereb, P. 2005. Family Sepiolidae. pp. 153-203 in Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262. [201] (diagnostic features, geographical distribution, habitat and biology)

Common Name References

Reid, A. & Jereb, P. 2005. Family Sepiolidae. pp. 153-203 in Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262. [201] (Japanese Bobtail Squid)

History of changes

• Heteroteuthinae Appellöf, A. 1898. Cephalopoden von Ternate. 1. Verzeichniss der von professor Kükenthal gesammelten Arten. II. Untersuchungen über Idiosepius, Sepiodarium und verwandte Formen, ein Beitrag zur Beleuchtung der Hektokotylisation und ihrer systematischen Bedeutung. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 24: 561-637.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Heteroteuthis Gray, J.E. 1849. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. 1. Cephalopoda Antepedia. London : British Museum (Natural History) 164 pp. [90] [first introduced as a subgenus of Rossia Owen, 1835].

  Type species:

   Sepiola dispar Rüppell, 1844 by monotypy.
• Heteroteuthis (Stephanoteuthis) Berry, 1909.
• Stephanoteuthis Berry, 1909 [invalid name].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indian and Pacific Oceans, Mediterranean Sea.

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Southern Province (8)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Stephanoteuthis hawaiiensis Berry, S.S. 1909. Diagnoses of new cephalopods from the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37: 407-419 [409].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 214311 ♀ (22 mm), Hawaiian Islands, near Kauai Island.

Generic Combinations

• Heteroteuthis (Stephanoteuthis) hawaiiensis (Berry, 1909).
• Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis (Berry, 1909).

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Great Australian Bight. Depth range 795-820 m.

IMCRA

Southern Province (8)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Norman, M. 2000. Cephalopods, a world guide. Hakenheim : ConchBooks 320 pp. [105] (biology)

Reid, A. & Jereb, P. 2005. Family Sepiolidae. pp. 153-203 in Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262. [203] (Australian distribution)

History of changes

• Heteroteuthis serventyi Allan, J. 1945. Planktonic cephalopod larvae from the eastern Australian coast. Records of the Australian Museum 21: 317-350 pls 24-27 [340].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM C126033, 35º07'S 150º51'E (near Jervis Bay), NSW.

Generic Combinations

• Heteroteuthis serventyi (Allan, 1945).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Southeastern Australia including New South Wales, eastern Victoria and Tasmania

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Adult: epipelagic, mesopelagic, oceanic.

Juvenile: mesopelagic, oceanic.

Marine.

General References

Lu, C.C. & Phillips, J.U. 1985. An annotated checklist of Cephalopoda from Australian waters. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Victoria 2: 21-36 [27] (Australian distribution)

History of changes

• Iridoteuthis Naef, A. 1912. Teuthologische Notizen: (1) Die familien der Myopsiden. (2) Die Gattungen der Sepioliden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 39: 241-248 [247].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Reid, A. 2021. Two new species of Iridoteuthis (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae: Heteroteuthinae) from the southwest Pacific, with a redescription of Stoloteuthis maoria (Dell, 1959). Zootaxa 5005: 503-537

History of changes

• Iridoteuthis merlini Reid, A. 2021. Two new species of Iridoteuthis (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae: Heteroteuthinae) from the southwest Pacific, with a redescription of Stoloteuthis maoria (Dell, 1959). Zootaxa 5005: 503-537 [512].
  Zoobank Registration Number:https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A06EDB00-575C-4F6A-B47F-A9CFB4CF50B4

  Type data:

   Holotype NMNZ M.67223 ♂ (530 m (over 710–732 m), coll. RV ‘James Cook’, Stn J07/59/80, 12 Apr. 1980), W of New Plymouth, New Zealand [39°2.27´S, 172°13.5´E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Also found in New Zealand

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Stoloteuthis Verrill, A.E. 1881. The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America, Part II. The smaller cephalopods, including the "squids" and the octopi, with other allied forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 5: 259-446.

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northwest Transition (3), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Stoloteuthis maoria Dell, R.K. 1959. Some additional New Zealand cephalopods from Cook Strait. Zoological Publications of the Victoria University, Wellington 25: 1-12 [3].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMNZ M.11179 ♂ (washed ashore after frosty night, 9 Aug.1954), Paraparaumi, N of Wellington, North Island, New Zealand [40°53.00´S, 174°59.00´E].

Generic Combinations

• Stoloteuthis maoria (Dell, 1959).

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Also found in New Zealand

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Heteroteuthis weberi Joubin, L. 1902. Revision des sépiolides. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 15: 80-145.

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHNP 1-7-281, Indonesia [7°35′04"S, 117°28′06"E].

  Type locality references:

  Joubin, L. 1902. Revision des sépiolides. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 15: 80-145 [401].
• Stoloteuthis weberi (Joubin, 1902).

Generic Combinations

• Stoloteuthis weberi (Joubin, 1902). —
  Joubin, L. 1902. Revision des sépiolides. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 15: 80-145

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-Pacific: central Indonesia. South-western Pacific: south-eastern Australia. Pelagic (epi-mesopelagic) or bathyl, depth 700-900 m.

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northwest Transition (3)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Rossiinae Appellöf, A. 1898. Cephalopoden von Ternate. 1. Verzeichniss der von professor Kükenthal gesammelten Arten. II. Untersuchungen über Idiosepius, Sepiodarium und verwandte Formen, ein Beitrag zur Beleuchtung der Hektokotylisation und ihrer systematischen Bedeutung. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 24: 561-637.
• Rossiinae Appellöf, 1898.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Austrorossia Berry, S.S. 1918. Report on the Cephalopoda obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour in the Great Australian Bight and other southern Australian localities. Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F.I.S. Endeavour 1909-1914 4: 203-298 pls 59-88 [252].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Berry, S.S. 1918. Report on the Cephalopoda obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour in the Great Australian Bight and other southern Australian localities. Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F.I.S. Endeavour 1909-1914 4: 203-298 pls 59-88 [252] (diagnosis)

Reid, A. 1991. Taxonomy review of the Australian Rossiinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), with a description of a new species, Neorossia leptodons, and redescription of N. caroli (Joubin, 1902). Bulletin of Marine Science 49(3): 748-831 [748] (diagnosis and distribution)

History of changes

• Rossia (Austrorossia) australis Berry, S.S. 1918. Report on the Cephalopoda obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour in the Great Australian Bight and other southern Australian localities. Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F.I.S. Endeavour 1909-1914 4: 203-298 pls 59-88 [253].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM C148246 ♂ (=SSB 538, Endeavour E3636, 32 mm), ?ºS 130º50'E, S of Eucla, WA (Great Australian Bight), 250–300 m, latitude not given in original description (locality of Eucla is 34º41'S 128º52'E).
  Paratype(s) USNM 815719 ♀ (50 mm (=SSB 537, Endeavour E3635)).

  Secondary source:

   Reid, A. 1991. Taxonomy review of the Australian Rossiinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), with a description of a new species, Neorossia leptodons, and redescription of N. caroli (Joubin, 1902). Bulletin of Marine Science 49(3): 748-831.

Generic Combinations

• Austrorossia australis (Berry, 1918).

Miscellaneous Literature Names

• Rossia australis Berry, 1918. —
  Lu, C.C. 2001. Cephalopoda. pp. 129-308 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2 Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia xii 353 pp. [Date published 3 July 2001] [208] (name listed in Catalogue)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Southeastern Australia, from Queensland, Raine Island, 11º35'S, 144º04'E to Western Australia, Great Australian Bight, 34ºS, 130º50'E.

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Adult: demersal.

Marine, predator.

General References

Cotton, B.C. 1938. The spermatophores of Rossia australis Berry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 50: 338-440, pls 19, 20

Reid, A. 1991. Taxonomy review of the Australian Rossiinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), with a description of a new species, Neorossia leptodons, and redescription of N. caroli (Joubin, 1902). Bulletin of Marine Science 49(3): 748-831 [748] (Australian distribution)

Reid, A. & Jereb, P. 2005. Family Sepiolidae. pp. 153-203 in Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262. [193] (diagnostic features, geographical distribution, habitat and biology)

History of changes

• Neorossia Boletzky, S.v. 1971. Neorossia n.g. pro Rossia (Allorossia) caroli Joubin, 1902, with remarks on the generic status of Semirossia Steenstrup, 1887 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Bulletin of Marine Science 214: 964-969 [968].

  Type species:

   Rossia caroli Joubin, 1902 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Boletzky, S.v. 1971. Neorossia n.g. pro Rossia (Allorossia) caroli Joubin, 1902, with remarks on the generic status of Semirossia Steenstrup, 1887 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Bulletin of Marine Science 214: 964-969 [964]

History of changes

• Neorossia leptodons Reid, A. 1991. Taxonomy review of the Australian Rossiinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), with a description of a new species, Neorossia leptodons, and redescription of N. caroli (Joubin, 1902). Bulletin of Marine Science 49(3): 748-831 [797].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV F57504 ♂ (31.0 mm), 37º18.81'S 138º36.3'E–37º17.76'S 138º35.01'E, 130-1110 m.
  Paratype(s) NMV F57502 ♀ (39.0 mm); NMV F57503 ♀ (40.0 mm); NMV F57505 ♀ (14.5 mm); NMV F57506 ♀ (37.4 mm); NMV F52341 ♀ (28.1 mm); NMV F57507 ♀ (25.7 mm); NMV F57514 ♀ (41.3 mm); NMV F57515 ♀ (39.1 mm); NMV F57516 ♀ (34.5 mm).

Generic Combinations

• Rossia leptodons (Reid, 1991). —
  Lu, C.C. 2001. Cephalopoda. pp. 129-308 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2 Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia xii 353 pp. [Date published 3 July 2001] [209] (combination cited)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Southeastern Australia, from New South Wales, 32º08'S, 153º07'E to South Australia, 33º58'S, 131º22'E. Depth range 130-1110 m.

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Southern Province (8), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Adult: demersal.

Marine, predator.

General References

Cotton, B.C. 1938. The spermatophores of Rossia australis Berry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 50: 338-440, pls 19, 20

Reid, A. 1991. Taxonomy review of the Australian Rossiinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), with a description of a new species, Neorossia leptodons, and redescription of N. caroli (Joubin, 1902). Bulletin of Marine Science 49(3): 748-831 [797] (description)

Reid, A. & Jereb, P. 2005. Family Sepiolidae. pp. 153-203 in Jereb, P. & Roper, C.F.E. (Eds). Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4 Rome : FAO Vol. 1 pp. 1-262. [197] (geographical distribution)

History of changes