Introduction

The family has undergone a molecular phylogenetic analysis, which contradicts the morphology based phylogeny and the consequent classification in place (Plotkin et al. 2017). Three genera are clearly separated, namely Polymastia, Sphaerotylus and Spinularia, but the overall results still cannot provide a satisfactory classification of the family. The only taxonomic change proposed is to abandon the genus Radiella, whose only Australian species is moved to Spinularia.

Diagnosis

Hadromerida of massive, encrusting, globular, discate or pedunculate growth form. Surface slightly velvety or very hispid. The choanoskeleton is constituted by radial megasclere tracts. A complex specialised ectosomal skeleton is developed to a greater or lesser degree in different genera. It is composed of at least a palisade of tylostyles, or oxeas and/or exotyles (cladotylostyles, spherostyles, etc.). Spicules are two or three size categories of tylostyles, subtylostyles, strongyloxeas, styles or oxeas. Free spicules are always present in the choanosome which may be intermediary or ectosomal tylostyles as well as smooth centrotylote microxeas, acanthose microxeas, or raphides in trichodragmata. A fringe of long spicules is often present at the edge of the body at the contact with the substrata. When known, reproduction is oviparous, extrusion of oocytes and sperm occurs in the sea, and after cleavage of the egg a flattened blastula larvae is developed. Asexual reproduction by the production of stalked bead-like buds has been observed. Several genera are only found in very deep and or polar waters.

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA
(1) Polymastiidae with exotyles ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Polymastiidae without exotyles ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

(2) Polymastiidae with grapnel-like spicules ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Proteleia
Polymastiidae with spherotylostyles ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sphaerotylus
Polymastiidae with cladotylostyles --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tylexocladus
Polymastiidae with acanthose tylostyles --------------------------------------------------------------------- Trachyteleia

(3) Polymastiidae with the outer layer of the ectosomal skeleton constituted by a palisade of tylostyles ---------- 4
Polymastiidae with the outer layer of the ectosomal skeleton constituted by a palisade of oxeas ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pseudotrachya

(4) Free spicules of the choanoskeleton are smooth centrotylote oxeas, acanthose microxeas or raphides in trichodragmata ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Free spicules of the choanoskeleton are ectosomal or intermediary tylostyles or subtylostyles ---------------------- 6

(5) Free spicules are smooth centrotylote microxeas -------------------------------------------------------------- Atergia
Free spicules are acanthose microxeas ------------------------------------------------------------- Acanthopolymastia
Free spicules are raphides in trichodragmata -------------------------------------------------------------------- Spinularia

(6) Polymastiidae with reduced choanoskeleton ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Polymastiidae with developed choanoskeleton ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8

(7) Choanoskeleton is reduced to bundles of free tylostyles -------------------------------------------------- Quasillina
Choanoskeleton is reduced to a layer of tangential tylostyles in its outer part --------------------------------- Ridleia

(8) Choanoskeleton is radial ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Choanoskeleton is reticulate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Weberella

(9) The ectosomal skeleton is constituted by a single layer of tylostyles perpendicular to the surface ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tentorium
The ectosomal skeleton is constituted by at least two layers ------------------------------------------------------------ 10

(10) The ectosomal skeleton from the upper part is different from the one of the lateral or lower part --- Radiella
The ectosomal skeleton is identical on the whole surface ---------------------------------------------------- Polymastia

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. pp. 201-219 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [201]

General References

Bergquist, P.R. 1978. Sponges. London : Hutchinson 268 pp. 12 pls 81 figs 15 tables.

Boury-Esnault, N. 1987. The Polymastia species (Demosponges, Hadromerida) of the Atlantic area. pp. 29-66 in Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (eds). Taxonomy of Porifera NATO ASI Series. Berlin : Springer-Verlag Vol. G13.

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. pp. 201-219 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1.

Brien, P., Lévi, C., Sarà, M., Tuzet, O. & Vacelet, J. 1973. Spongiaires. pp. 1-716 485 figs in Grassé, P.P. (ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Paris : Masson et Cie Vol. 3(1).

Burton, M. 1930. Additions to the sponge fauna of the Gulf of Manaar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10 5: 665-676

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P.R. 1997. Revision of southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen.nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 367-402

Plotkin, A., Voigt, O., Willassen, E. & Rapp, H.T. 2017. Molecular phylogenies challenge the classification of Polymastiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae) based on morphology. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 17: 45–66 [61]

History of changes

• Polymastia Bowerbank, J.S. 1864. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. London : Ray Society Vol. 1 290 pp. 37 pls.

  Type species:

   Halichondria mamillaris Johnston, 1842 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Thickly encrusting Polymastiidae, spherical or cushionshaped, always with papillae. Skeleton composed of radial tracts of principal spicules between which free spicules are scattered. Ectosomal skeleton composed of at least two layers, the superficial one is a palisade of small tylostyles, the lower layer is made of intermediary spicules, tangential to the surface. The principal spicules can be tylostyles, subtylostyles, styles, and strongyloxeas, intermediary spicules are most often tylostyles, and ectosomal spicules are always tylostyles.

ID Keys

See Family Polymastiidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. pp. 201-219 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [203]

General References

Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P.R. 1997. Revision of southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen.nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 367-402 [370] (emended diagnosis)

History of changes

• Polymastia bicolor Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 17: 40-53, 112-127 [119].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.12.15.97 wet (=AM G2747 slide), 13 m, Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1886.12.15.97a–354a wet, 2 slides, 2/4.
• Polymastia bicolor glomerata Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 17: 40-53, 112-127 [119].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.12.15.114 wet (=AM G2749 slide), Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Dendy, A. 1897. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 3. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 9: 230-259 [249]

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Bass Strait Shelf Province (35)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 13 m.

History of changes

• Polymastia bicolor crassa Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 17: 40-53, 112-127 [120].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1886.12.15.39 wet (NMV photos 34/8,9, =AM G2748 slide), Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1886.12.15.95 wet, 3 specimens (NMV photo 34/10); BMNH 1886.12.15.132 wet (NMV photo 34/13); BMNH 1887.7.11.29 dry (=AM G2933 slide); BMNH 1886.12.15.29a–39a 2 slides 2/6.

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P.R. 1997. Revision of southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen.nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 367-402 [385] (sibling species of P. pepo Kelly-Borges & Bergquist, 1997, from New Zealand)

Wiedenmayer, F. 1989. Demospongiae (Porifera) from northern Bass Strait (Shelf of Southern Australia). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 50(1): 1-242 [32]

History of changes

• Polymastia craticia Hallmann, E.F. 1912. Report on the sponges obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour on the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, 1909–10. Part 1. Zoological (and Biological) Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by F.I.S. Endeavour 1909-1914 2: 117-300 69 figs pls 21-36 [129].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM Z210 dry (NMV photo 2/22), 64–73 m, 13 kms E of Sandon Bluffs, NSW [29°41'S 153°28'E]; AM E1384 wet, originally dry (NMV photos 19/7–11), 64–73 m, 13 kms E of Sandon Bluffs, NSW [29°41'S 153°28'E]; AM E1385 wet, originally dry (NMV photos 19/7–11), 64–73 m, 13 kms E of Sandon Bluffs, NSW [29°41'S 153°28'E]; AM E1386 wet, originally dry (NMV photos 31/12–14), 64–73 m, 13 km E of Sandon Bluffs, NSW [29°41'S 153°28'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Off Sandon Bluffs, off Maria Is.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Shallow coastal to 73m depth.

History of changes

• Polymastia fusca Bergquist, P.R. 1961. A collection of Porifera from northern New Zealand, with descriptions of seventeen new species. Pacific Science 15: 33-48 18 figs [43].

  Type data:

   Holotype MONZ Por.13 wet, Burgess Bay, Kawau Is., New Zealand [36°25'55"S 174°53'02"E].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Stockyard Point.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal to 6 m; vertical rock faces, rocky overhangs, usually shaded.

General References

Carpay, M. 1986. The marine sponges of Tasmania. A checklist of a number of marine sponges, occurring along the Tasmanian coast. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Bijzondere Dierkunde, Institute of Taxonomic Zoology, Amsterdam. pp. 1–77. [12]

Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P.R. 1997. Revision of southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen.nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 367-402 [370]

History of changes

• Polymastia granulosa Brøndsted, H.V. 1923. Sponges from the Auckland and Campbell Islands. In Mortensen, T. (ed.) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914–16. XV. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk. Naturh. Foren. Kbh. 75: 117–167. [162].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC unknown unknown (coords for NZ- nne avail for Carnley Harbour), Carnley Harbour, New Zealand [27°34'19"S 177°59'49"E].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Eddystone Point; also Carnley Harbour, New Zealand.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, filter-feeder, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal to 6 m.

General References

Carpay, M. 1986. The marine sponges of Tasmania. A checklist of a number of marine sponges, occurring along the Tasmanian coast. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Bijzondere Dierkunde, Institute of Taxonomic Zoology, Amsterdam. pp. 1–77. [13]

History of changes

• Polymastia hirsuta Bergquist, P.R. 1968. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1 (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida). Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 188: 1-105 15 pls 30 figs [23].

  Type data:

   Holotype MONZ Por. 16 wet, 8–10m depth, Little Barrier Is., New Zealand [36°12'35"S 174°48'54"E].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

Betsey Is.: also Little Barrier Island, New Zealand.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–40 m; sloping rock surfaces or embedded within sand and sediment.

General References

Carpay, M. 1986. The marine sponges of Tasmania. A checklist of a number of marine sponges, occurring along the Tasmanian coast. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Bijzondere Dierkunde, Institute of Taxonomic Zoology, Amsterdam. pp. 1–77. [13]

Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P.R. 1997. Revision of southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen.nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 367-402 [387]

History of changes

• Polymastia invaginata Kirkpatrick, R. 1907. Preliminary report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 20: 271-291 [271].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1908.2.5.73 wet, off Ross Is., New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [27°34'19"S 177°59'49"E (coord for NZ)].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1908.2.5.74–89 24 slides 2/7; RSM 1901.19.3 wet, 2 specimens).
• Polymastia invaginata gaussi Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [49].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4828 3 specimens wet, 3 slides, 385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr., Gauss Winter Station [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Koltun, V.M. 1976. Porifera. Part I. Antarctic sponges. Report of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1928–31 B Zoology & Botany 9(4): 147-198 pls 1-3 [168]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Davis Sea, Oates Coast, Mawson Coast, Enderby Land, Knox Coast, George V Coast (Commonwealth Bay and Bruce Spur), also Weddell Sea and Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 18–1266 m.

General References

Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088

Holmes, B. & Blanch, H. 2007. Genus-specific associations of marine sponges with group I crenarchaeotes. Marine Biology 150: 759-772

History of changes

• Polymastia isidis Thiele, J. 1905. Die Kiesel-und Hornschwämme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher 6: 407-496 pls 27-33 [414].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 3271 wet, 19 m, Seno Almirantazgo, Tierra del Fuego, Chile [54°12'25"S 69°58'08"W].
• Polymastia isidis simplex Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [47].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4829 wet, 3 slides, 385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´S 89°38´E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. 6-116, 428-433 (systematic index), pls 1-15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2. [in Russian] [26]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Banzare Coast, also Weddell Sea and Subantarctic.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 19–3060 m.

History of changes

• Spongia mamillaris Müller, O.F. 1806. In Abildgaard, P.C., Vahe, M., Holten, J.S. & Rathke, J. Zoologica danica. Copenhagen : Havniae Vol. 4. [44].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, North Sea.
• Polymastia affinis Thiele, J. 1898. Studien über pazifische Spongien. I. Zoologica (New York) 24: 1-72 pls 1-8 [31].

  Type data:

   Holotype MZUS unknown dry (Döderlein Collection (coords for Hokkaido)), Enoshima, Japan [43°38'27"N 143°17'20"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Topsent, E. 1900. Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. III. Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 3 8: 1-331 pls 1-8 [131]
• Vosmaer, G.C.J. 1932. [1932–1935]. The sponges of the Bay of Naples. Porifera Incalcaria. In Vosmaer-Röell, C.S. & Burton, M. (eds) Vol. 1 (1932–3), issued in 5 parts. Capita Zoologica 3: 1–456 pls 1–35. Vol. 2 (1933–5), issued in 5 parts. Capita Zoologica 5: 457–857 pls 36–71 (pls 43, 55 omitted). Also published separately in 3 vols (2 vols text, 875 pp., and atlas, 69 pls). The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff 1933–35. [481, in part]

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Houtman Abrolhos, Thursday Is., also allegedly amphi-N Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean Sea, Indo-Malayan region, Japan and N Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 6–660 m.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] (questions the conspecificity of the North Sea, Japanese and Australian populations)

History of changes

• Polymastia massalis Carter, H.J. 1886. Description of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 17: 40-53, 112-127 [121].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1886.12.15.53 wet (NMV photos 38/16,17, =AM G2750 slide), 35 m, Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

North Island, New Zealand (with question).

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 34 m.

General References

Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P.R. 1997. Revision of southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen.nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 367-402 [390] (identification with question)

History of changes

• Polymastia megasclera Burton, M. 1934. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 513-621 pls 1-2 [567].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1930.8.13.155 wet, Thalamita Flat, the Low Isles, Great Barrier Reef [16°23'S 145°34'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Low Isles, Thalamita Flat, Mangrove Park, and also Indian Ocean (Tuléar, Madagascar).

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal waters–20 m.

History of changes

• Polymastia norfanzii Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088.
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B12CAAA-B341-4860-9E45-F33DBB995B5D

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G339367 (515–700 m depth; Sherman Sled), Lord Howe Plateau, Pacific Ocean Seamounts, Australia [-34.2315, 162.6765].

Distribution

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14)

History of changes

• Sideroderma zitteli Lendenfeld, R. von 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. London : Taylor & Francis 260 pp. 12 pls. [211].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G9109 wet (NMV photos 26/24–26; 2 unregistered slides in BMNH ex. AM G9109 2/10), Port Jackson, NSW; BMNH 1887.4.27.91. wet (as Polymastia zitteli, =AM G3621 slide), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

Generic Combinations

• Polymastia zitteli (Lendenfeld, 1888). —
  Hallmann, E.F. 1914. A revision of the monaxonid species described as new in Lendenfeld's 'Catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum'. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 39(Part 1): 263–315 1 fig. pls 15–24

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

General References

Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088

Koltun, V.M. 1970. Sponges of the Arctic and Antarctic, a faunistic review. pp. 286-297 in Fry, W.G. (ed.). The Biology of the Porifera. London : Academic Press Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 25 540 pp. [28]

History of changes

• Proteleia Dendy, A. & Ridley, S.O. 1886. On Proteleia Sollasi, a new genus and species of monaxonid sponges allied to Polymastia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 152-159 pl. 5 [152].

  Type species:

   Proteleia sollasi Dendy & Ridley, 1886 by original designation.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

South Africa and Antarctic.

Diagnosis

Disc-shaped Polymastiidae with aquiferous papillae. The ectosomal skeleton consists of a palisade of two layers of tylostyles which lie on a tangential layer of intermediary tylostyles. The ectosomal skeleton is echinated by grapnel-like spicules (exotyles). The choanosomal skeleton is composed of stout fibres of principal fusiform styles which end in a palisade. Between the fibres groups of grapnel-like spicules are visible. Besides the grapnel-like spicules three types of tylostyles and styles are present.

ID Keys

See Family Polymastiidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. pp. 201-219 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [204]

History of changes

• Proteleia burtoni Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. 6-116, 428-433 (systematic index), pls 1-15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2. [in Russian] [28].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZIL No. 6299 2 specimens, 3000 m, N of Balleny Ils, Southern Ocean [67°18'S 163°08'E]; ZIL No. 11864, 3000 m, N of Balleny Ils, Southern Ocean [67°18'S 163°08'E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Sabrina Coast.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 2267–3000 m.

History of changes

• Radiella Schmidt, 1870.

  Type species:

   Radiella sol Schmidt, 1870 by subsequent designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

History of changes

• Radiella nidula Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088.
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CAE1C62C-7612-4F4C-8D34-16D9D9344BBD

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G337524 (999–1013 m depth, beam trawl), off Byron Bay, New South Wales [-28.0544, 154.083 to -28.097, 154.081].
  Paratype(s) QM G337530, G337524, G337532, same data as Holotype; QM G339452 (1770–1761m depth), Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve, QLD [-23.6312, 154.6597 to -23.659, 154.6438].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Misidentifications

–Part of Radiella irregularis Ridley & Dendy, 1886, sensu O'Hara et al. (2020)


–? Radiella sarsii (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) sensu Burton 1959

History of changes

• Radiella pumix Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088.
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E596A9A5-C755-4561-BC2C-A16A6EA21316

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G337516 (2587–2562 m depth; Beam Trawl), off Byron Bay, New South Wales, Australia [-28.6765, 154.20327 to - 28.709, 154.1897].
  Paratype(s) QM G337515, G337516, G337616, G339368, same data as Holotype.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12)

Misidentifications

–Part Radiella irregularis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 sensu O'Hara et al. (2020).

History of changes

• Radiella sclera Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088.
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:735298BB-B9BA-4A42-A972-12779E97830A

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G316333 (515–700 m depth; Sherman Sled), Lord Howe Plateau, Pacific Ocean Seamounts, Australia [-34.2315, 162.6765].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14)

History of changes

• Ridleia Dendy, A. 1888. Studies on the comparative anatomy of sponges. I. On the genera Ridleia, n. gen., and Quasillina, Norman. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 28(2): 513–529.

  Type species:

   Ridleia oviformis Dendy, 1888 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Diagnosis

Pedunculate egg-shaped sponge with an oscular papilla. Skeleton mainly confined to the ectosome. From outside to inside there is a palisade of ectosomal tylostyles, a layer of intermediary tylostyles and longitudinal tracts of principal tylostyles which lie on a collagenous layer. In the outermost region of the choanosome there is a tangential layer of ectosomal tylostyles. The spicules are tylostyles in three size categories. Choanocyte chambers are diplodal.

ID Keys

See Family Polymastiidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. pp. 201-219 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [211]

History of changes

• Ridleia echidna Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088.
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A767CF2D-6D25-4945-B238-FE3BDD174D82

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G337550 (1013–1093 m depth; Beam Trawl), Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve, QLD [- 23.587, 154.194 to -23.617, 154.1947].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15)

Misidentifications

–Part Radiella sp. QM 4942 in O'Hara et al. (2020).

History of changes

• Suberites peleia Laubenfels, M.W. de 1954. The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology 7: 1-306 pls 1-12 [207].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 23134, 5 km North of Ngeremetengel on Babeldaub Island in the Palaus [coords not available].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific, Palau and Chuuk.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, coral reef, filter-feeder.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A., List-Armitage, S.E., Kennedy, J.A., Cook, S.D. & Valentine, C.A. 1999. Sponges of the Low Isles, Great Barrier Reef: an important scientific site, or a case of mistaken identity? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 249-262 [257] (This species in 'Ridleia' in Rob's database, but in this reference, noted as in "Suberites". De Laubenfel's original was "Ridleia" so Rob's data may be out of date???)

History of changes

• Sphaerotylus Topsent, E. 1898. Eponges nouvelles des Açores (première série). Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 11: 225-255 [244].

  Type species:

   Polymastia capitata Vosmaer, 1885 by monotypy.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

N Atlantic Ocean, Arctic, Subantarctic and Antarctic.

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Polymastiidae with aquiferous papillae. Primary skeleton composed of tracts of principal spicules and an ectosomal skeleton made up of an inner tangential layer of intermediary tylostyles and an outer layer of small tylostyles reinforced by exotyles, called spherotylostyles by Topsent. The principal skeleton of papillae is constituted by longitudinal tracts of principal spicules and an ectosomal skeleton constituted by a palisade of small tylostyles only. The inner layer of tangential spicules and the exotyles are absent in the papillae.

ID Keys

See Family Polymastiidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. pp. 201-219 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [205]

History of changes

• Sphaerotylus antarcticus Kirkpatrick, R. 1907. Preliminary report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 20: 271-291 [272].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1908.2.5.90, 18–55 m, Discovery winter quarters off Ross Is., Antarctica [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1908.2.5.91–99a; BMNH 1908.2.5.100–110 44 slides, 2/16.
• Sphaerotylus antarcticus drygalskii Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [51].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4836 3 specimens, 1 slide, 695–704 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜ 89°38˜E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. 6-116, 428-433 (systematic index), pls 1-15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2. [in Russian] [27]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, George V Coast, Commonwealth Bay, Budd Coast, Davis Sea, Prydz Bay, Kemp Coast, Enderby Land, Mawson Coast, Amery Ice Shelf, also Weddell Sea and Subantarctic.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 17–450 m.

History of changes

• Sphaerotylus capitatus vanhoeffeni Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [50].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4837 wet, 380–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr., [66°02´09˜S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; off Wilhelm II Coast, Enderby Land, also Subantarctic.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 18–440 m.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [350] (rejected synonymy with Radiella schoenus Sollas, 1882)

History of changes

• Spinularia Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12), Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Spinularia flagellata Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088.
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F7D54F8A-68DF-4602-9C3E-AED029E33337

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G337555 (1013–1093 m depth; Beam Trawl), Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve, QLD [-23.587, 154.194 to -23.617, 154.1947].
  Paratype(s) QM G337175, G339363 (999–1013 m depth; Beam Trawl), off Byron Bay, New South Wales, Australia [-28.0544, 154.083 to -28.097, 154.081]; QM G337548, same data as Holotype.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12), Central Eastern Transition (15)

Misidentifications

–Part Radiella irregularis Ridley & Dendy, 1886: O'Hara et al. (2020)


–? Part Spinularia sarsii (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) – as Trichostemma sarsii: Ridley & Dendy (1886) & Ridley & Dendy (1887)


–? Radiella sarsii: Burton (1959)

History of changes

• Trichostemma sarsii Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [488].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.40 6 specimens, 2560 m, off Cape York, Australia [10°42'S 142°28'E]; BMNH 1887.5.2.61, 1828 m, off the Azores [37°45'25"N 29°21'25"W]; BMNH 1887.5.2.66, Azores [37°45'25"N 29°21'25"W]; BMNH 1887.5.2.38, Azores [37°45'25"N 29°21'25"W]; ZMB fragment of type; BMNH unregistered 4 slides, 2/14.

Generic Combinations

• Spinularia sarsi (Ridley & Dendy, 1886). —
  Plotkin, A., Voigt, O., Willassen, E. & Rapp, H.T. 2017. Molecular phylogenies challenge the classification of Polymastiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae) based on morphology. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 17: 45–66 [60]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

SE of Cape York, also N Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 5.5–2520 m.

History of changes

• Thecophora Schmidt, E.O. 1870. Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 6 pls. [50] [junior homonym of Thecophora Rondani, 1845 (Diptera), Thecophora Agassiz, 1846 (Odonata) and Thecophora Lederer, 1857 (Lepidoptera)].

  Type species:

   Thecophora semisuberites Schmidt, 1870 by monotypy.
• Tentorium Vosmaer, G.C.J. 1887. Porifera. In Bronn, H.G. Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs 2: i-xii 1-496 pls 1-34 [329] [nom. nov. for Thecophora Schmidt, 1870].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

SW and N Atlantic, Arctic, Subantarctic and Antarctic.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Polymastiidae with columnar or globular growth form protected by a dense cylindrical sheath of longitudinally placed spicules which form a solid imperforate layer. The ectosomal skeleton contains bundles of smaller spicules arranged in a palisade and is limited to the upper surface of the cylinder. Ostia are present on the upper surface. The oscule at the top of a small papilla is on centre of the upper surface. Megascleres are subtylostyles and tylostyles.

ID Keys

See Family Polymastiidae Diagnosis

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. pp. 201-219 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [215]

History of changes

• Tentorium labium Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2023. Deep water Polymastiidae (Porifera, Polymastiida) from the south west Pacific. Zootaxa 5369(1): 057–088.
  Zoobank Registration Number:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EFA69B47-C0D3-42AE-8821-40FEA45D7A72

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G337614 (2429–2518 m depth; Beam Trawl), Central Eastern Commonwealth Marine Reserve, NSW [-30.0977, 153.8987 to -30.1193, 153.8745].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12)

History of changes

• Suberites caminatus papillatus Kirkpatrick, R. 1908. Porifera. II. Tetraxonida. National Antarctic Expedition 1901–1904. Natural History London : British Museum Vol. 4 1–56 pls 8–26. [20].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH 1908.2.5.119 wet, 464 m, West of Balleny Ils, New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [67°20'S 163°07'E]; BMNH 1908.5.120 wet, 464 m, West of Balleny Ils, New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [67°20'S 163°07'E]; BMNH 1908.2.5.118–119a 6 slides 2/40, 464 m, West of Balleny Ils, New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [67°20'S 163°07'E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Knox Coast, Banzare Coast, Davis Sea, Prydz Bay, Kemp Coast, George V Coast, Oates Coast, also Weddell Sea and Subantarctic.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 90–585 m.

History of changes

• Thecophora semisuberites Schmidt, E.O. 1870. Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 6 pls. [50].

  Type data:

   
  Status unknown, ZMUC wet, Greenland, North Atlantic [76°36'50"N 61°22'37"W]; BMNH 1870.5.3.86 slide.

  Secondary source:

   Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & Stone, S.M. 1992. O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue. An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle iv+190 pp. 49 pls. [75] (re types).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Mawson Coast, Kemp Coast, Enderby Land, Wilhelm II Coast, Amery Ice Shelf, also Weddell Sea and allegedly N Atlantic Ocean, Arctic and Subantarctic.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 26–2800 m.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] (questions alleged conspecificity with the N Atlantic populations proposed by Koltun, V.M. 1970. Sponges of the Arctic and Antarctic, a faunistic review. pp. 286–297 in Fry, W.G. (ed). The Biology of the Porifera. London : Academic Press, Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 25 ., and by Merejkowsky, C. 1878. Preliminary account on sponges of the White Sea. Trudy St Petersburg Obshch. 9: 249–270 [in Russian] [in Russian])

History of changes