History of changes

History of changes

Introduction

The Leptopodidae are a highly derived family of leptopodomorphan bugs, comprising 32 genera and 39 species (Schuh et al. 1987; Polhemus & Polhemus 1987; Henry 2009; Polhemus, J.T. pers. comm.). The family is known from all major zoogeographic regions, with major centres of diversity in Madagascar, India and Australasia. Numerous species are widely distributed in the western Palaearctic Region, but few occur in the Western Hemisphere.

Leptopodidae are characterised by a delicate, elongate-ovoid body, and are usually over 2 mm in length. The head has four to six cephalic setae. The eyes are prominent and subpedunculate. Two ocelli are present on a raised tubercle. The labium is short and does not extend far beyond the prosternum. The antennae are extremely long and slender. The pronotum is enlarged, punctate, with an excavated posterior margin that covers the mesonotum. The metathoracic scent gland is well developed with two reservoirs and two osteoles. The tarsal formula is 3:3:3. Males have the phallotheca well sclerotised and the endosoma mostly membranous (Slater 1982). In the Leptopodinae, the forewing has two corial cells and four membrane cells, and the female genitalia are characterised by a plate-like ovipositor which is sometimes absent. In the Leotichiinae the ovipositor is intermediate between laciniate and plate-like states.

Leptopodids are predaceous and are frequently collected on vertical rock faces in streams. Sometimes they are taken in dry habitats away from water. Carver et al. (1991) report that Australian leptopodids frequently occur on the drier parts of rock walls and boulders, near or in fast flowing streams. Polhemus & Polhemus (1987) indicate that species of Valleriola Distant are warm-adapted, strong fliers and very quick. Monteith (1964) reports that Valleriola wilsonae Drake runs extremely rapidly on rocks which border fast flowing streams. In the Oriental Region, Leotichius Distant species are known from bat guano in caves.

Horváth (1911) established the classification of the Leptopodidae. Polhemus (1981a) analysed the relationships of the Leptopodomorpha and Schuh & Polhemus (1980) provided a cladogram of the groups, claiming that the Omaniidae is the sister-group of the Leptopodidae. They included the Leptosaldinae within the Leptopodidae as the sister group of the Leotichiini and Leptopodini. Drake & Hoberlandt (1951) gave a comprehensive checklist of the family and Schuh et al. (1987) provided a world catalogue. Regional works include Péricart's (1990) revision of the European leptopodids. Polhemus (1981b) revised the African leptopodids and included a checklist. Cobben (1987) described additional Afrotropical species. Polhemus & Polhemus (1991) described new leptopodid taxa from Madagascar. Polhemus & Polhemus (1987) revised the Australian leptopodids, recognising two Valleriola species, both restricted to Queensland. The genus Valleriola belongs to the Leptopodinae: Leptopodini.

General References

Carver, M., Gross, G.F. & Woodward, T.E. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects, etc.) [with contributions by Cassis, G., Evans, J.W., Fletcher, M.J., Hill, L., Lansbury, I., Malipatil, M.B., Monteith, G.B., Moulds, M.S., Polhemus, J.T., Slater, J.A., Štys, P., Taylor, K.L., Weir, T.A. & Williams, D.J.]. pp. 429-509 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Cobben, R.H. 1987. New African Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera: Saldidae, Omaniidae, Leptopodidae), with an annotated checklist of Saldidae from Africa. II. New taxa of Saldidae (except the genus Saldula), Omaniidae, Leptopodidae, and a checklist of African shorebugs. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 101: 3-30

Drake, C.J. & Hoberlandt, L. 1951. Check list and distributional records of Leptopodidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 26(373): 1-5

Horváth, G. 1911. Révision des Leptopodides. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici (Zoologica) 9: 358-370

Monteith, G.B. 1964. Notes on the habitat and distribution of Valleriola wilsonae Drake in Queensland (Heteroptera: Leptopodidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 3: 83-84

Péricart, J. 1990. Hémiptères Saldidae et Leptopodidae d'Europe occidentale et du Maghreb. Faune de France 77: 1-238

Polhemus, J.T. 1981. African Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a checklist and descriptions of new taxa. Annals of the Natal Museum 24: 603-619

Polhemus, J.T. 1981. The phylogeny of the Leptopodomorpha and relationship to other Heteroptera. Rostria Suppl. 33: 17-27

Polhemus, J.T. & Polhemus, D.A. 1987. The genus Valleriola Distant (Hemiptera: Leptopodidae) in Australia, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea with notes on zoogeography. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 26: 209-214

Polhemus, J.T. & Polhemus, D.A. 1991. A revision of the Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera) of Madagascar and nearby Indian Ocean Islands. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99: 496-526

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406

Schuh, R.T. & Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Zoology 29: 1-26

Slater, J.A. 1982. Hemiptera. pp. 417-447 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw Hill Book Co.

History of changes

• Valleriola Distant, W.L. 1904. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota (Heteroptera). London : Taylor & Francis Vol. 2(2) xvii 243-503 pp. [405].

  Type species:

   Valleriola greeni Distant, 1904 (=Leptopus assouanensis Costa, 1875) by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Afrotropical Region—Kenya, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, Nubia, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia; Palaearctic Region—Afghanistan, Egypt, Hong Kong, Iran, Nepal, Sudan; Oriental Region—India, Indonesia (Flores, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Sumba), Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Melanesia—Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Ils.

IBRA

Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Wet Tropics (WT)

Distribution References

General References

Cobben, R.H. 1978. Evolutionary Trends in Heteroptera. Part II. Mouthpart-structures and feeding strategies. Wageningen : H. Veenman & B.V. Zonen 407 pp. [45] (morphology)

Cobben, R.H. 1987. New African Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera: Saldidae, Omaniidae, Leptopodidae), with an annotated checklist of Saldidae from Africa. II. New taxa of Saldidae (except the genus Saldula), Omaniidae, Leptopodidae, and a checklist of African shorebugs. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 101: 3-30 [25] (Afrotropical Region)

Drake, C.J. 1956. Philippine Leptopodidae (Hemiptera). Philippine Journal of Science 85: 467-469 [469] (Philippines)

Horváth, G. 1911. Révision des Leptopodides. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici (Zoologica) 9: 358-370 [361] (description, key)

Oshanin, B.F. 1912. Katalog der paläarktischen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera—Auchenorhyncha und Psylloideae). Berlin : R. Friedländer & Sohn xvi 187 pp. [87] (Palaearctic Region)

Péricart, J. & Polhemus, J.T. 1990. Un appariel stridulatoire chez les Leptopodidae de l'ancien monde (Heteroptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France NS 26: 9-17 [15] (morphology)

Schuh, R.T. & Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Zoology 29: 1-26 [19] (phylogeny)

History of changes

• Valleriola tribulosa Polhemus, J.T. & Polhemus, D.A. 1987. The genus Valleriola Distant (Hemiptera: Leptopodidae) in Australia, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea with notes on zoogeography. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 26: 209-214 [213].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♂, Archer River, along Peninsula Development Road, QLD.
  Paratype(s) CPOLH ♂ 2♀.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IBRA

Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, coastal, diurnal, predator, terrestrial, tropical, volant.

History of changes

• Valleriola wilsonae Drake, C.J. 1956. First record of the family Leptopodidae (Hemiptera) from Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 13: 146-147 [146].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T5313 ♀, Somerset Dam, QLD.
  Paratype(s) QM T5314 ♂.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Crystal Creek National Park, Tolga.

IBRA

Qld: Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, coastal, diurnal, predator, subtropical, terrestrial, tropical, volant.

General References

Monteith, G.B. 1964. Notes on the habitat and distribution of Valleriola wilsonae Drake in Queensland (Heteroptera: Leptopodidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 3: 83-84 [83] (habitat, distribution)

Polhemus, J.T. & Polhemus, D.A. 1987. The genus Valleriola Distant (Hemiptera: Leptopodidae) in Australia, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea with notes on zoogeography. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 26: 209-214 [210]

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [260] (catalogue)

History of changes

Introduction

The leptopodomorphan family Omaniidae comprises two genera and six species (Henry 2009) and is restricted to the Eastern Hemisphere. Commonly known as intertidal dwarf bugs, omaniids are usually encountered just below the high-tide mark (Cobben 1970).

Omaniids are very small, coleopteriform, and are grey, bluish or dark in colour. They have very large eyes and flattened ocelli. The head has a collar-like vertex region. The pronotum is strongly transverse and quadrate. The metepisternum is shield-like and encloses the coxa. The metathoracic scent glands have four reservoirs with a single median opening. The forewing sometimes has sutures and hind wings are absent. The pretarsus is simple and has two parempodia. The hind legs are saltatorial with setose areas on the inner side of the hind coxae. The male genitalia are characterised by a short, medially cleft pygophore, small club-shaped parameres, and a grasping device on laterotergites II and III. The females have a shield-like ovipositor plate (Kellen 1960, Cobben 1970, Slater 1982).

Cobben (1970) reported that omaniids inhabit solid substrates of coral, volcanic rock or granite with fine cavities, into which they retreat during high-tide. When tides recede, omaniids become active and are found on the moist exposed edges and lower surfaces of rocks and nearby sand. Kellen (1960) gave detailed notes on Corallocoris marksae (Woodward) in the laboratory. Omaniids are predaceous and feed on organisms associated with algae. Woodward (1958) recorded a range of organisms associated with C. marksae, including mites, springtails and small beetles. Schuster (1965) indicated that Omania coleoptera Horváth is found in association with ptiliid beetles and isopods.

Cobben (1970) erected the family, reviewed their morphology and proposed a close relationship between the Omaniidae and the Saldidae. Polhemus (1976) gave a brief summary of omaniids and supported a sister-group relationship with the Saldidae. Schuh & Polhemus (1980) and Polhemus (1985) gave detailed cladistic analyses of the Leptopodomorpha, which included the omaniids. Cobben (1970) proposed an alternative view, with the Omaniidae as the sister-group of the remainder of the leptopodomorphans. Schuh et al. (1987) catalogued the omaniids, giving a full synonymic listing.

The two omaniid genera are Corallocoris Cobben (four species, from Australia, Japan and the Oriental Region) and Omania Horváth (monotypic, O. coleoptrata from Oman). Corallocoris marksae is known from the coastal regions of Queensland, Melanesia, the Oriental Region and as far east as Samoa. The other Corallocoris species are C. nauruensis (Herring & Chapman) from south-eastern Micronesia, C. satoi (Miyamoto) from Japan and C. aldabrae Cobben from the Indian Ocean.

General References

Cobben, R.H. 1970. Morphology and taxonomy of intertidal dwarfbugs (Heteroptera: Omaniidae fam. nov.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 113: 61-90

Kellen, W.R. 1960. A new species of Omania from Samoa, with notes on its biology (Hemiptera: Saldidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53: 494-499

Polhemus, J.T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.). pp. 225-262 in Cheng, L. (ed.). Marine Insects. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Co.

Polhemus, J.T. 1985. Shore Bugs (Heteroptera Hemiptera; Saldidae). A world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms. Englewood, Colorado : The Different Drummer v 252 pp.

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406

Schuh, R.T. & Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Zoology 29: 1-26

Schuster, R. 1965. Faunistische Studien am Roten Meer (im Winter 1961/62). Teil I. Litoralbewohnende Arthropoden terretrischer Herkunft. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik 92: 327-343

Slater, J.A. 1982. Hemiptera. pp. 417-447 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw Hill Book Co.

Woodward, T.E. 1958. Studies on Queensland Hemiptera. Part III. A remarkable new intertidal Saldid. University of Queensland Papers Dept. Entomol. 1: 99-110

History of changes

• Corallocoris Cobben, R.H. 1970. Morphology and taxonomy of intertidal dwarfbugs (Heteroptera: Omaniidae fam. nov.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 113: 61-90 [62].

  Type species:

   Omania marksae Woodward, 1958 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Palaearctic Region—Japan; Oriental Region—Philippines, Singapore, Kwajalien Atoll, Melanesia—Nauru; Polynesia—Samoa.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

General References

Cobben, R.H. 1987. New African Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera: Saldidae, Omaniidae, Leptopodidae), with an annotated checklist of Saldidae from Africa. II. New taxa of Saldidae (except the genus Saldula), Omaniidae, Leptopodidae, and a checklist of African shorebugs. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 101: 3-30 [24] (Indian Ocean)

Polhemus, J.T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.). pp. 225-262 in Cheng, L. (ed.). Marine Insects. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Co. [240] (distribution)

Schuh, R.T. & Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Zoology 29: 1-26 [19] (distribution, habitat)

History of changes

• Omania marksae Woodward, T.E. 1958. Studies on Queensland Hemiptera. Part III. A remarkable new intertidal Saldid. University of Queensland Papers Dept. Entomol. 1: 99-110 [104].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T5690 ♂, Low Isles, Great Barrier Reef, QLD.
  Paratype(s) ANIC 36♂ 26♀ 41 larvae; EUQ; NMV; QM; SAMA ♂ ♀; KU; USNM.
• Omania samoensis Kellen, W.R. 1960. A new species of Omania from Samoa, with notes on its biology (Hemiptera: Saldidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53: 494-499 [495].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM ♂, Tafuna, Tutuila Island, Samoa.
  Paratype(s) BPBM 10 specimens; USNM 27 adults 67 larvae.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Cobben, R.H. 1970. Morphology and taxonomy of intertidal dwarfbugs (Heteroptera: Omaniidae fam. nov.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 113: 61-90 [66]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Oriental Region—Kwajalein Atoll, Philippines, Singapore, Melanesia—New Caledonia, Polynesia—Samoa.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, coral reef, predator.

Extra Ecological Information

Intertidal zone, shallow protected lagoon, adults and larvae in small holes and crevices in volcanic rocks.

General References

Carver, M., Gross, G.F. & Woodward, T.E. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects, etc.) [with contributions by Cassis, G., Evans, J.W., Fletcher, M.J., Hill, L., Lansbury, I., Malipatil, M.B., Monteith, G.B., Moulds, M.S., Polhemus, J.T., Slater, J.A., Štys, P., Taylor, K.L., Weir, T.A. & Williams, D.J.]. pp. 429-509 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp. [485, fig. 30.53] (habitus)

Cobben, R.H. 1968. Evolutionary Trends in Heteroptera. Part I. Eggs, architecture of the shell, gross embryology and eclosion. No. 151. Wageningen : Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Mededeling 475 pp. [42] (distribution)

Drake, C.J. 1961. Insects of Micronesia. Hemiptera: Saldidae. Honolulu : Bishop Museum Vol. 7(6) 287-305 pp. [302]

Polhemus, J.T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.). pp. 225-262 in Cheng, L. (ed.). Marine Insects. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Co. [244] (eggs, larvae)

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [260-261] (catalogue)

Schuster, R. 1965. Faunistische Studien am Roten Meer (im Winter 1961/62). Teil I. Litoralbewohnende Arthropoden terretrischer Herkunft. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik 92: 327-343 [340] (distribution)

Woodward, T.E., Evans, J.W. & Eastop, V.F. 1970. Hemiptera (Bugs, leafhoppers, etc.). pp. 387-457 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Carlton : Melbourne University Press 1029 pp. [441, fig. 26.51B] (habitus)

History of changes

History of changes

Introduction

The Saldidae, or shorebugs, are the most speciose leptopodomorphan family and are known from all major zoogeographic regions. Globally, the family presently comprises two subfamilies, 29 genera and 335 extant species (Schuh et al. 1987, Zoological Record 1986–1994, Polhemus, J.T. pers. comm., Henry 1995).

The Saldidae are ovoid to elongate and usually medium sized. They are cryptically coloured, most often dark, with various lighter markings, particularly on the hemelytra. The head is declivent, short, lacks a collar-like vertex, and has three pairs of trichobothria. The eyes are very large, reniform and not subpendunculate. Ocelli are almost always present and flattened. The antennae are long and 4-segmented. The labium is 4-segmented, with the first segment very short and not apparent. The pronotum is subtrapezoidal. The hemelytra have a distinctive membrane with four to five parallel-sided cells. Wing polymorphism is prevalent, with macroptery, submacroptery, brachyptery, coleoptery and microptery known (Polhemus 1985). The metathoracic scent gland has a median reservoir and a median osteole opening on the metasternum. The legs are relatively long and adapted for jumping and running. The femora are narrowly fusiform and lack long spines. The tibiae are linear and strongly spinose. The tarsi are 3-segmented. The male phallus has a complex internal reel system and is differentiated into a phallosoma, conjunctiva and vesica. The females have a laciniate ovipositor with well-developed and serrate valvulae (Slater 1982, Polhemus 1985).

Polhemus (1985) reviewed the biology of Saldidae in great detail, providing information on life histories, temperature adaptations, diapause, species distributions, habitats, food selection and flight. Saldids are either predaceous or saprophagous. Most saldids are littoral and encountered in damp places or near watercourses, by both fresh and salt water. The Holarctic species, Saldula pallipes (Fabricius), is known to cope with submergence by high tides. Slater (1982) records saldids from mud flats, salt marshes, rocks in streams, dam walls, sandbars and intertidal flats. Polhemus (1988) reports that a few species occur in dry land far from water. Dolling (1991) suggests that bare ground is the favoured habitat of saldids as they are active predators that need clear areas to hunt. Saldids are very agile and difficult to capture. Females show variable oviposition behaviour: eggs are laid amongst moss or in the tissues of plants. Polhemus (1988) suggests that most species lay their eggs at the bases of grass blades or insert them into grass tissues.

Cobben (1959) provided a modern classification of the Saldidae, recognising three subfamilies—Aepophilinae, Chiloxanthinae and Saldinae, on the basis of characters of the head, and male and female genitalia. Schuh & Polhemus (1980) raised the extralimital Aepophilinae to family level. This classification is followed in the Catalogue.

The Chiloxanthini is a homogeneous subfamily comprising four genera recognised by a long embolar fracture and five membrane cells. The chiloxanthines are known from the Palaearctic, Oriental, Nearctic, Neotropical and Australasian regions. The most speciose genus, Pentacora Reuter, predominates in the Western Hemisphere, and has a few representatives in the Indo-Malayan region and Australia. Cobben (1985) recognised two Saldinae tribes: Chartoscirtini and Saldini. Polhemus (1985) revised the tribal classification, identifying three tribes—Saldini, Saldoidini (= Chartoscirtini) and Saldunculini, all of which have lateral larval glands, a short embolar fracture and the hemelytral membrane has four cells. The Saldini have three genera which are found in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. The Saldoidini are the most speciose saldid group and presently comprise 16 genera, mostly found in the Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions, with a few species of Saldoida Osborn and Saldula Van Duzee occurring in the Oriental and Australasian regions. The Saldunculini are monogeneric, with Salduncula Brown, comprising seven species, mostly found in the palaeotropics (Schuh et al. 1987, Polhemus 1991).

Cobben (1960) gave a detailed account of the eastern Palaearctic saldid fauna. Lindskog (1975) reviewed various species groups of Saldula in the Palaearctic Region. Cobben (1980) reviewed the Hawaiian Saldula fauna, recognising eight species and proposed three independent invasions of the archipelago. Polhemus (1985) revised the Saldidae of Middle America giving detailed descriptions of the genera and species, keys, distribution maps and illustrations. Cobben (1985) reviewed the Eurasian saldid fauna and described 14 new species. Cobben (1987) described numerous species from the Afrotropical Region. Polhemus & Chapman's (1979) review of the Californian Saldidae is also relevant to the remainder of the Nearctic fauna. Polhemus (1988) catalogued the Nearctic fauna and listed the significant literature for that region. Other significant literature for the Saldidae includes the detailed work of Parsons (1962–1965) on the morphology of Saldula pallipes, and the world catalogue of Schuh et al. (1987). Schuh and Polhemus (2009) revised the genus Pseudosaldula Cobben which has an Andean distribution.

The Australian saldid fauna comprises three genera and 10 species: Pentacora Reuter (three species), Saldula (five species) and Salduncula (one species). Rimes (1951) revised the Australian saldid fauna, describing four new species. The Saldidae are recorded from all mainland states and territories. Semmens et al. (1992) recorded Saldula saltatoria (Linnaeus) from Tasmania. This is the first record of this species from Australia; it is considered a misidentification and is excluded from the Catalogue. Polhemus (pers. comm.) has indicated that Saldoida armata Horváth, Saldula niveolimbata (Reuter) and Saldula ornatula (Reuter) all occur in Australia. These species, however, have not been recorded formally from Australia and have not been examined by the authors. Therefore, they are not included in the Catalogue.

General References

Cobben, R.H. 1959. Notes on the classification of Saldidae with the description of a new species from Spain. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 36: 303-316

Cobben, R.H. 1960. Die Uferwanzen Europas. Hemiptera-Heteroptera Saldidae. pp. 209-263 in Stichel, W. (ed.). Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen II. Europa (Hemiptera Heteroptera Europae). Berlin : W. Stichel Vol. 3.

Cobben, R.H. 1980. On some species of Pentacora, with the description of a new species from Australia (Heteroptera, Saldidae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 55: 116-126

Cobben, R.H. 1985. Additions to the eurasian saldid fauna, with a description of fourteen new species (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 128: 215-270

Cobben, R.H. 1987. New African Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera: Saldidae, Omaniidae, Leptopodidae), with an annotated checklist of Saldidae from Africa. II. New taxa of Saldidae (except the genus Saldula), Omaniidae, Leptopodidae, and a checklist of African shorebugs. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 101: 3-30

Dolling, W.R. 1991. The Hemiptera. Oxford : Oxford University Press ix 274 pp.

Lindskog, P. 1975. Taxonomy and systematics of some species groups of Saldula Van Duzee, with a discussion of riparian-terrestrial shifts in the Salidae (Heteroptera). Zoologica Scripta 4: 159-174

Parsons, M.C. 1962. Skeleton and musculature of the head of Saldula pallipes (F.) (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 114: 97-130

Parsons, M.C. 1963. Thoracic skeleton and musculature of adult Saldula pallipes (F.) (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 115: 1-37

Parsons, M.C. 1965. Clypeal modification in some littoral and aquatic Heteroptera. Canadian Journal of Zoology 43: 161-166

Polhemus, J.T. 1985. Shore Bugs (Heteroptera Hemiptera; Saldidae). A world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms. Englewood, Colorado : The Different Drummer v 252 pp.

Polhemus, J.T. 1988. Family Saldidae Amyot and Serville, 1843: the shore bugs. pp. 665-681 in Henry, T.J. & Froeschner, R.C. (eds). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. Leiden : E.J. Brill xix 958 pp.

Polhemus, J.T. 1991. Three new species of Salduncula Brown from the Malay Archipelago, with a key to the known species (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 39: 153-160

Polhemus, J.T. & Chapman, H.C. 1979. Family Mesoveliidae/water treaders. pp. 39-42 in Menke, A.S. (ed.). The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera). Berkeley : University of California Press.

Rimes, G.D. 1951. Some new and little-known shore-bugs (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Australian region. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 74: 135-145

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406

Schuh, R.T. & Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Zoology 29: 1-26

Semmens, T.D., McQuillan, P.B. & Hayhurst, G. 1992. Catalogue of the Insects of Tasmania. Tasmania : Department of Primary Industry 104 pp.

Slater, J.A. 1982. Hemiptera. pp. 417-447 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw Hill Book Co.

History of changes

History of changes

• Pentacora Reuter, O.M. 1912. Zur generischen Teilung der paläarktischen und nearktischen Acanthiden. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 54(12): 1-24 [10].

  Type species:

   Acanthia signoreti Guérin-Méneville, 1857 by original designation.
• Pelachoris Drake, C.J. 1962. Synonymic data and two new genera of shore-bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 115-124 [116].

  Type species:

   Pentacora leucographa Rimes, 1951 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Cobben, R.H. 1980. On some species of Pentacora, with the description of a new species from Australia (Heteroptera, Saldidae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 55: 116-126 [119]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Palaearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions.

IBRA

NT, Qld: Darwin Coastal (DAC), Gulf Plains (GUP) ; Qld, SA: Flinders Lofty Block (FLB) ; WA: Northern Kimberley (NK)

Distribution References

General References

Brooks, A.R. & Kelton, L.A. 1967. Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Hemiptera). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 51: 1-92 [58] (description)

Drake, C.J. 1961. Insects of Micronesia. Hemiptera: Saldidae. Honolulu : Bishop Museum Vol. 7(6) 287-305 pp. [301] (synonymy, distribution)

Drake, C.J. & Hoberlandt, L. 1951. Check list and distributional records of Leptopodidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 26(373): 1-5 [5] (catalogue)

Polhemus, J.T. 1972. Notes concerning Mexican Saldidae, including the description of two new species (Hemiptera). Great Basin Naturalist 32: 138-153 [138] (morphology)

Polhemus, J.T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.). pp. 225-262 in Cheng, L. (ed.). Marine Insects. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Co. [232] (diagnosis)

Polhemus, J.T. 1985. Shore Bugs (Heteroptera Hemiptera; Saldidae). A world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms. Englewood, Colorado : The Different Drummer v 252 pp. [114] (description, middle America; phylogeny)

Polhemus, J.T. 1988. Family Saldidae Amyot and Serville, 1843: the shore bugs. pp. 665-681 in Henry, T.J. & Froeschner, R.C. (eds). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. Leiden : E.J. Brill xix 958 pp. [667] (Nearctic Region)

Polhemus, J.T. & Chapman, H.C. 1979. Family Saldidae/shore bugs. pp. 16-33 in Menke, A.S. (ed.). The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera). Berkeley : University of California Press. [20] (diagnosis, California)

Schuh, R.T. & Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Zoology 29: 1-26 [19] (phylogeny, habitat)

Van Duzee, E.P. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications in Entomology. Technical Bulletin 2: xiv 1-902 [439] (Nearctic Region)

History of changes

• Pentacora grossi Cobben, R.H. 1980. On some species of Pentacora, with the description of a new species from Australia (Heteroptera, Saldidae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 55: 116-126 [119].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♂, Normanton, QLD.
  Paratype(s) AM; BMNH; CPOLH; RMNH (Institution uncertain); SAMA 43 specimens.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

QLD—Mornington, NT—Darwin.

IBRA

NT, Qld: Darwin Coastal (DAC), Gulf Plains (GUP)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, littoral, predator, riparian, volant.

General References

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [270] (catalogue)

History of changes

• Pentacora leucographa Rimes, G.D. 1951. Some new and little-known shore-bugs (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Australian region. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 74: 135-145 [136].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♂, Port Adelaide River Basin, SA.
  Paratype(s) SAMA 3♂ 2♀.

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia

IBRA

Qld, SA: Flinders Lofty Block (FLB)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, inland salt marsh, predator, riparian, volant.

General References

Cobben, R.H. 1968. Evolutionary Trends in Heteroptera. Part I. Eggs, architecture of the shell, gross embryology and eclosion. No. 151. Wageningen : Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Mededeling 475 pp. [7] (egg structure)

Cobben, R.H. 1980. On some species of Pentacora, with the description of a new species from Australia (Heteroptera, Saldidae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 55: 116-126 [117] (distribution)

Drake, C.J. 1962. Synonymic data and two new genera of shore-bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 115-124 [117, fig. 2] (nov. comb. as Pelachoris leucographa)

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [271] (catalogue)

History of changes

• Acanthia salina Bergroth, E. 1893. On two halophilous Hemiptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 2 4: 277-279 [278].

  Type data:

   Lectotype UZMH 15565 ♂, Admiralty Gulf, WA (as Admiralty Gulf, NW Australia).
  Paralectotype(s) UZMH 2♂ 3♀.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Cobben, R.H. 1980. On some species of Pentacora, with the description of a new species from Australia (Heteroptera, Saldidae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 55: 116-126 [116].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Northern Kimberley (NK)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, littoral, predator, riparian, volant.

General References

Drake, C.J. & Hoberlandt, L. 1951. Catalogue of genera and species of Saldidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 26(376): 1-12 [5] (catalogue)

Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. 1896. Catalogue Général des Hémiptères. Tome III. Hétéroptères Tingidae, Phymatidae, Aradidae, Hebridae, Hydrometridae, Henicocephalidae, Reduvidae, Saldidae, Apophilidae, Ceratocombidae, Cimicidae, Anthocoridae. Berlin : R. Friedländer & Fils 275 pp. [222] (nov. comb. as Salda salina)

Rimes, G.D. 1951. Some new and little-known shore-bugs (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Australian region. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 74: 135-145 [136] (diagnosis)

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [270] (catalogue)

History of changes

History of changes

History of changes

• Saldula Van Duzee, E.P. 1914. Nomenclatorial and critical notes on Hemiptera. The Canadian Entomologist 46: 377-389 [387].

  Type species:

   Cimex saltatorius Linnaeus, 1758 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IBRA

NSW: Sydney Basin (SB) ; NSW, Qld, SA: Flinders Lofty Block (FLB) ; SA: Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP) ; WA: Jarrah Forest (JF)

Distribution References

General References

Brooks, A.R. & Kelton, L.A. 1967. Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Hemiptera). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 51: 1-92 [64] (description, key)

China, W.E. 1943. The Generic Names of British Insect. Prepared by the Committee on Generic Nomenclature of the Royal Entomological Society of London with the assistance of the Department of Entomology of the British Museum of Natural History. Part 8. The generic names of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera, with a check list of the British species. London : Royal Entomological Society of London 211-342 pp. [278] (list, synonymy)

Cobben, R.H. 1980. The Saldidae of the Hawaiian Archipelago (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Pacific Insects 22: 1-34 [3] (key, Hawaii)

Drake, C.J. 1961. Insects of Micronesia. Hemiptera: Saldidae. Honolulu : Bishop Museum Vol. 7(6) 287-305 pp. [292] (synonymy, diagnosis, distribution)

Péricart, J. 1990. Hémiptères Saldidae et Leptopodidae d'Europe occidentale et du Maghreb. Faune de France 77: 1-238 [144] (description, Palaearctic Region)

Polhemus, J.T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.). pp. 225-262 in Cheng, L. (ed.). Marine Insects. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Co. [237] (distribution, habitat)

Polhemus, J.T. 1985. Shore Bugs (Heteroptera Hemiptera; Saldidae). A world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms. Englewood, Colorado : The Different Drummer v 252 pp. [165] (description, phylogeny, middle American species)

Polhemus, J.T. 1988. Family Saldidae Amyot and Serville, 1843: the shore bugs. pp. 665-681 in Henry, T.J. & Froeschner, R.C. (eds). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. Leiden : E.J. Brill xix 958 pp. [676] (Nearctic Region)

Polhemus, J.T. & Chapman, H.C. 1979. Family Saldidae/shore bugs. pp. 16-33 in Menke, A.S. (ed.). The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera). Berkeley : University of California Press. [23] (diagnosis, key, habitat)

Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D. 1959. Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles. London : Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd xi 436 pp., 32 col. pls, 31 monotone pls. [327] (British species)

Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Insects of Hawaii. Heteroptera. Honolulu : Univ. Hawaii Press Vol. 3 255 pp. [221] (Hawaii)

History of changes

• Saldula brevicornis Rimes, G.D. 1951. Some new and little-known shore-bugs (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Australian region. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 74: 135-145 [141].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♂, Wilson, SA (type label given as Hawker, SA).
  Paratype(s) SAMA 5♂ ♀.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, SA: Flinders Lofty Block (FLB)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, predator, riparian, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Near pools and streams.

General References

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [327] (catalogue)

History of changes

• Saldula coorongensis Rimes, G.D. 1951. Some new and little-known shore-bugs (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Australian region. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 74: 135-145 [139].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♂ (possibly lost), McGrath's Flat, Coorong, SA.
  Paratype(s) SAMA ♀ (possibly lost).

Distribution

States

South Australia

IBRA

SA: Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, predator, riparian, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Near pools and streams.

General References

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [327] (catalogue)

History of changes

• Acanthia cygni Kirkaldy, G.W. 1899. Sur quelques Hémiptères aquatiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Revue Française d'Entomologie 18: 85-96 [94].

  Type data:

   Holotype BPBM, Australia.

Distribution

Recorded from "Australia".

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, predator, riparian, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Near pools and streams, from base of waterfall.

General References

Drake, C.J. & Hoberlandt, L. 1951. Catalogue of genera and species of Saldidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 26(376): 1-12 (description, nov. comb. as Salduncula cygni)

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [334] (catalogue)

History of changes

• Salda nicholsoni Hale, H.M. 1924. Two new Hemiptera from New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 49: 461-467 [465].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♂, Sprayed Rocks Waterfall, Wentworth Falls, NSW.
  Paratype(s) SAMA ♀.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: Sydney Basin (SB)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, predator, riparian, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Near pools and streams.

General References

Drake, C.J. & Hoberlandt, L. 1951. Catalogue of genera and species of Saldidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 26(376): 1-12 [8] (catalogue, nov. comb. as Saldula nicholsoni)

Rimes, G.D. 1951. Some new and little-known shore-bugs (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Australian region. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 74: 135-145 [139] (description)

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [334] (catalogue)

History of changes

• Saldula psammobia Rimes, G.D. 1951. Some new and little-known shore-bugs (Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the Australian region. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 74: 135-145 [140].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♂, Port Adelaide River Basin, SA (as St Kilda, SA on type specimen label).
  Paratype(s) SAMA 5♂ ♀.

Distribution

States

South Australia

IBRA

SA: Flinders Lofty Block (FLB)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, predator, riparian, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Near pools and streams.

General References

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [349] (catalogue)

History of changes

• Acanthia reuteriella Kirkaldy, G.W. 1899. Sur quelques Hémiptères aquatiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Revue Française d'Entomologie 18: 85-96 [94].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) WAM, Albany, WA; BPBM, Albany, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Jarrah Forest (JF)

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, predator, riparian, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Near pools and streams.

General References

Drake, C.J. & Hoberlandt, L. 1951. Catalogue of genera and species of Saldidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 26(376): 1-12 [10] (catalogue, nov. comb. as Saldula reuteriella)

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [349] (catalogue)

History of changes

History of changes

• Salduncula Brown, E.S. 1954. A new genus and species of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from the Séychelles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12 7: 854-856 [854].

  Type species:

   Salduncula seychellensis Brown, 1954 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Afrotropical Region—Madagascar, Seychelles; Palaearctic Region—Japan; Micronesia—Guam; Polynesia—Samoa.

Distribution References

General References

Drake, C.J. 1961. Insects of Micronesia. Hemiptera: Saldidae. Honolulu : Bishop Museum Vol. 7(6) 287-305 pp. [291] (diagnosis)

Polhemus, J.T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.). pp. 225-262 in Cheng, L. (ed.). Marine Insects. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Co. [237] (diagnosis)

Schuh, R.T. & Polhemus, J.T. 1980. Analysis of taxonomic congruence among morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data sets for the Leptopodomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Zoology 29: 1-26 [19] (phylogeny)

History of changes

• Saldula swezeyi Usinger, R.L. 1946. Hemiptera Heteroptera of Guam. pp. 11–103 in, Insects of Guam, II. Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 189. [101].

  Type data:

   Holotype BPBM ♀, Tarague, Guam.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Micronesia—Guam.

Ecological Descriptors

Arthropod-feeder, littoral, predator, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Intertidal zone.

General References

Drake, C.J. 1961. Insects of Micronesia. Hemiptera: Saldidae. Honolulu : Bishop Museum Vol. 7(6) 287-305 pp. (nov. comb. as Salduncula swezeyi)

Drake, C.J. & Hoberlandt, L. 1951. Catalogue of genera and species of Saldidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 26(376): 1-12 [11] (catalogue)

Polhemus, J.T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.). pp. 225-262 in Cheng, L. (ed.). Marine Insects. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Co. [238] (note)

Schuh, R.T., Galil, B. & Polhemus, J.T. 1987. Catalog and bibliography of Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 185: 243-406 [354, 356] (catalogue)

History of changes