History of changes

Introduction

The Eosentomidae is a large, cosmopolitan family. The body form is elongate and the mouth-parts are fairly broad and sturdy. Lacinia of maxillae are hook-shaped. Tracheae and thoracic spiracles are present or, rarely, reduced.
The family erected by Berlese (1909), is represented in Australia by two genera and nine species, six of which are endemic.

General References

Berlese, A. 1909. Monografia dei Myrientomata. Parte I. Sistematica e mofologia esterna. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 6: 1-182

History of changes

• Eosentomon Berlese, A. 1908. Nuovi Acerentomidi. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 5: 16-19 pl. I [18].

  Type species:

   Eosentomon transitorium Berlese, 1908 by original designation.

Excluded Taxa

Misidentifications

Eosentomon tankoktongi Imadaté, 1964 — Tuxen, S.L. & Imadaté, G. 1975. Corrections to S.L. Tuxen's "Australian Protura" (1967). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 193-195 [195]

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.

IBRA

ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal
  • South Australia: Lake Eyre basin, Murray-Darling basin, S Gulfs
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Western Australia: N coastal, NW coastal, SW coastal
• Solomon Islands
• Vanuatu

Distribution References

History of changes

• Eosentomon affine Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [11].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀ ("holotypus" on slide label, but 2♀ on slide and holotype not indicated), Coogee, WA.

Distribution

States

South Australia, Western Australia

IBRA

SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Central Kimberley (CK), Dampierland (DL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Northern Kimberley (NK), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Western Australia: N coastal, SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

History of changes

• Eosentomon millsi australica Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [289].

  Type data:

   Lectotype SAMA I22255 ♀, Onkaparinga River, Noarlunga, SA (misspelled as Kapringa).

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [122].

  Type locality references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [6].

Distribution

States

South Australia, Victoria

IBRA

SA, Vic: Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Riverina (RIV), Victorian Midlands (VM)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

General References

Bernard, E.C. 1976. Observations on the eggs of Eosentomon australicum (Protura: Eosentomidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 95: 129-130 (species observed was subsequently described as Eosentomon snideri Bernard in Bernard, E.C. 1990. New species, clarifications, and changes in status with Eosentomon Berlese (Hexapoda: Protura: Eosentomidae) from the United States. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103: 861–890, E.C. Bernard, pers. comm.)

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [122] (redescription)

History of changes

• Eosentomon bornemisszai Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [9].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, Mt Toolbrunup, Stirling Ranges, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Eucalyptus litter and moss.

History of changes

• Eosentomon imadatei Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [12].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♀, Mt Toolbrunup, Stirling Ranges, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Eucalyptus litter and moss.

History of changes

• Eosentomon oceaniae Tuxen, S.L. & Imadaté, G. 1975. The Protura of the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 31: 331-375 [350] [type data information in description gives collection date of holotype as 'II.ii.1966'; on the slide the date is given as 24/10/1964; a note on obverse of slide, however, states: 'This slide is the holotype in spite of the wrong date in the description page 352 April 5, 1978 SL Tuxen'].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 15430 ♀, Mt Austen, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ils.
  Paratype(s) BMNH 15064a–1 ♂♀; BMNH 16579 ♂; BMNH 17620–1 maturus junior; BMNH 17620–3 ♂; BMNH 17118 maturus junior; BMNH 21170–4 ♂; BMNH 21170–8 ♀; BMNH 21838–19 ♂; BMNH 21838–20 ♂; BMNH 21838–69 ♂; BMNH 23543–1 ♂; ZMUC.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Bismark Archipelago.

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal
• Solomon Islands
• Vanuatu

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [6] (misidentified as Eosentomon tankoktongi Imadaté, 1964)

Tuxen, S.L. & Imadaté, G. 1975. Corrections to S.L. Tuxen's "Australian Protura" (1967). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 193-195 [195]

History of changes

• Eosentomon swani Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 [75].

  Type data:

   Lectotype SAMA I22246 ♀, Crawley, WA.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [69].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

Temperate, rain forest, sclerophyll woodland, leaf litter of Eucalyptus and Acacia, dry soil and moss on rocks.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [132]

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [9] (taxonomy, distribution)

Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [287] (redescription)

History of changes

• Eosentomon westraliense Womersley, H. 1932. A preliminary account of the Protura of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 69-75 [73].

  Type data:

   Lectotype SAMA I22247 ♂, Kings' Park, Perth, WA.
  Paralectotype(s) SAMA ♀.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [68].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Carnarvon (CAR), Central Kimberley (CK), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Dampierland (DL), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Western Australia

Ecological Descriptors

Litter.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [118]

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [5] (distribution)

Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [287] (description, as Eosentomon westraliense)

History of changes

• Eosentomon womersleyi Bonet, F. 1942. Sobre algunos Prouros de Mexico (Nota preliminar). Ciencia (Mexico) 3: 14-17 [16] [nom. nov. for Eosentomon millsi Womersley, 1939].
• Eosentomon millsi Womersley, H. 1939. Protura. pp. 279-289 in Womersley, H. (ed.). Primitive Insects of South Australia. Silverfish, springtails and their allies. Adelaide : Frank Trigg, Government Printer. [287] [junior primary homonym of Eosentomon millsi Womersley, 1938, an American species, see Womersley, H. 1938. On two new species of Protura from Iowa, U.S.A. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 33: 219–223 (221)].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA I22239 ♂, Brown Hill Creek, Adelaide, SA.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

See Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1–53.

IBRA

ACT, NSW, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • South Australia: S Gulfs
  • Victoria: Murray-Darling basin, SE coastal
  • Western Australia: SW coastal

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Litter, terrestrial.

Extra Ecological Information

In leaf litter of Eucalyptus, Callitris, fig, tree-fern and Acacia in temperate rain forest, sclerophyll woodland, mainly wet, even very wet (coastal sand), but also dry soil and moss on rocks.

General References

Tuxen, S.L. 1961. Re-examination of the species Protura described by H. Womersley. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 14: 63-106 [72] (taxonomy, description, type)

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [134]

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [7] (taxonomy, distribution)

History of changes

• Isoentomon Nosek, J. 1978. Key and diagnoses of Proturan genera of the world. Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae, Bratislava 122: 1-59 [16].

  Type species:

   Eosentomon atlanticum Condé, 1947 by original designation (=Isoentomon atlanticum (Condé, 1947)).
• Isoentomon Nosek, J. 1975. Isoentomon, a new genus within the Eosentomoidea (Protura: Eosentomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 6: 89-101 [89] [nom. nud., ICZN Art. 13b].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Europe, Africa.

IBRA

ACT: Australian Alps (AA), South Eastern Highlands (SEH)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin

Neotropical Region

• Brazil
• Mexico

Palaearctic Region

Distribution References

History of changes

• Eosentomon pseudosaharense Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [16].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC ♂, Mt McDonald, Cotter Reserve, ACT.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IBRA

ACT: Australian Alps (AA), South Eastern Highlands (SEH)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin

Ecological Descriptors

Rotting wood.

Extra Ecological Information

In decaying trunks of Xanthorrhoea australis [Xanthorrhoeaceae].

History of changes

Introduction

The Protentomidae is a cosmopolitan family. The body form is stout and mouth-parts are relatively sturdy. Lacinia of maxillae are slightly hook-shaped or straight. Tracheae and thoracic spiracles are absent.

The family was erected by Ewing (1936) after Mills (1932) and restored the genus name Protentomon and replaced the subfamily name Meroentominae (as Meroentomoninae) with Protentominae (as Protentomoninae). Tuxen & Yin (1982) presented a revised subfamily classification and defined Fujientominae Tuxen & Yin, Hesperentominae Tuxen, Condeellinae Tuxen & Yin and Protenominae Ewing. Yin (1984), however, raised Fujientominae and Hesperentominae to family status.

Only one species is known from Australia and this probably introduced.

General References

Ewing, H.E. 1936. Synonymy and synopsis of the genera of the order Protura. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 49: 156-166

Mills, H.B. 1932. Catalogue of the Protura. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 27: 125-130

Tuxen, S.L. & Yin, W.Y. 1982. A revised subfamily classification of the genera of Portentomidae (Insecta: Protura) with description of a new genus and a new species. Steenstrupia 8: 229-249

Yin, W.Y. 1984. A new idea on phylogeny of Protura with approach to its origin and systematic position. Scientia Sinica B 27(2): 149-160

History of changes

• Protentomon Ewing, H.E. 1921. New genera and species of Protura. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 23: 193-202 [29 Nov. 1921] [195].

  Type species:

   Protentomon transitans Ewing, 1921 by original designation.
• Meroentomon Womersley, H. 1927. Notes on the British species of Protura, with description of new genera and species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 63: 140-148 [145] [unnecessary nom. nov. for Protentomon Ewing, 1921; Womersley believed that Protentomon was already occupied by Paul Mayer's hypothetical insect, see Imms, A.D. 1930. A General Textbook of Entomology including the anatomy, physiology, development and classification of insects. 2nd edn. (3)].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Europe, Mediterranean, Africa, Madeira and N and S America.

IBRA

ACT: Australian Alps (AA), South Eastern Highlands (SEH)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• Madagascar

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin

Nearctic Region

Neotropical Region

Palaearctic Region

Distribution References

History of changes

• Acerentulus perpusillus Berlese, A. 1909. Monografia dei Myrientomata. Parte I. Sistematica e morfologia esterna. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 6: 1-182 [Pt I pp. 1-59 29 May 1909; Pt II pp. 60-182 14 Aug. 1909] [48].

  Type data:

   Holotype IEA ♀, San Vincenzo, Piza, Italy.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Europe and N America.

IBRA

ACT: Australian Alps (AA), South Eastern Highlands (SEH)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory: Murray-Darling basin

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Woodland.

Extra Ecological Information

Dry woodland, brown coarse sand.

General References

Nosek, J. 1973. The European Protura. Their taxonomy, ecology and distribution with keys for determination. Geneva : Museum d'Histoire Naturelle 345 pp. [166] (taxonomy, distribution)

Paclt, J. 1955. Protura. Genera Insectorum 211: 1-123 [10] (as Microentomon perpusillum = Microentomon minutum Ewing)

Sarmiento, J.V. & Najt, J. 1971. Aportes al concocimiento de los proturos de Argentinia 5. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 33: 87-92 [88] (taxonomy)

Tuxen, S.L. 1956. Neues ueber die von Berlese beschriebenen Proturen. Redia. Giornale di entomologia, Firenze 41: 227-258 [249]

Tuxen, S.L. 1960. Ergänzendes über die von Silvestri und Berlese beschriebenen Proturen. Entomologiske Meddelelser 29: 294-303 [302]

Tuxen, S.L. 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Actualités Sci. Industr. No. 1311 Problèmes d'écologie. Paris : Hermann 360 pp. [193] (taxonomy)

Tuxen, S.L. 1967. Australian Protura, their phylogeny and zoogeography. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 5: 1-53 [17] (also [50]; taxonomy, status of Australian record, distribution)

History of changes