Introduction

Defined as encrusting, massive, flabellate or digitate growth forms, sometimes burrowing and fistulose; ectosomal skeleton forming tangential tracts of tylotes or strongyles with microspined bases; choanosomal styles form reticulate (in massive) or plumose skeletons (in encrusting growth forms); echinating spicules present or absent; microscleres include palmate isochelae and toxas (both sometimes lost), occasionally also with other microscleres such as bipocillae, modified anisochelae, microrhabds and raphides.

Thirty two nominal genera are included here, although only 17 of these are presently considered to be valid.

Shapes in this microcionine family are varied (fistular, encrusting, lobate, branching, vase-shaped). The spiculation includes those typical of the suborder: smmooth or spined styles, palmate chelas and toxas (although these are absent in Iophon and Acanthorhabdus);sigmas are absent. Skeletal architecture in non-fistularforms is variously anisotropic, plumose, or isotropic.

This concept of a revived family was first introduced by Hajdu et al. (1994) and elaborated by Van Soest et al. (1994). The following fistular genera conform to it: Cornulum, Paracornulum, Zyzza, Acheliderma, Damiria, Melonchela, Anisotylacanthaea and Xytopsene. These genera were previously united in the subfamily Cornulinae Lévi & Lévi (1983). In addition, four non-fistular genera considered to belong in this family, viz. Iophon, Acarnus, Megeciella, and Acanthorhabdus (Desqueyroux-Faundez & Van Soest, 1996). A detailed revision of the family is in progress (Hooper, in prep.), and from preliminary re-examination of type material it is possible, although not yet corroborated, that Microtylotella should be merged in Acarnus and Tedaniophorbas should be synonymised in Megaciella.

Family reviews are in Berquist & Fromont (1988), Desqueyroux-Faundez & Van Soest (1995). Recent reviews of individual families or the genera include those of Van Soest (1984), Hooper (1987), Van Soest et al. (1991), Hiemstra & Hooper (1991),Van Soest, Zea & Kielman (1994), Hooper & Krasochin (1989).

Diagnosis

Encrusting, massive, flabellate or digitate growth forms, sometimesburrowing, many genera producing fistules. Ectosomal skeleton composed of tylotes, strongyles or modified tylote spicules bearing microspine bases forming tangential and/or paratangential tracts, often irregular or halichondroid in arrangement. Choanosomal megascleres are styles or modified styles (anisoxeas) forming reticulate structures in massive forms (isodictyal, isotropic, anisotropic or more irregular skeletons) or plumose or hymedesmioid skeletons in encrusting growth forms. Echinating spicules present or absent, consisting of acanthostyles and/or unique cladotylotes. Microscleres include palmate isochelae and toxas of various morphologies (both sometimes lost), with some genera also having other microscleres such as bipocillae, modified anisochelae, microrhabd-like spicules (modified microxeas or microstrongyles) and diamond-shaped microxeas (modified toxas).

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA
(1) Ectosomal spicules are tylotes, mostly smooth, with apical spines ---------------------------------------------------- 3
Ectosomal spicules modified ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

(2) Ectosomal tylotes modified to acanthoxeas with apical spines -------------------- Acanthorhabdus (non-fistular)
Ectosomal tylotes entirely smooth (secondary loss of spines) ------------------------- Tedaniophorbas (non-fistular)

(3) Choanosomal skeletal structure well-formed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
Choanosomal skeletal structure vestigial, consisting of single tylotes and scattered accessory spicules
(acanthoxeas) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cornulella (fistular)
(4) Choanosomal and ectosomal megascleres clearly differentiated in geometry and distribution -------------------- 6
Ectosomal tylotes form both ectosomal and choanosomal skeletal structures ------------------------------------------- 5

(5) Apically-spined tylotes form both tangential ectosomal and plumo-reticulate choanosomal skeletons
(with or without a second category of choanosomal styles) ----------------------------------------- Cornulum (fistular)
Apically-spined tylotes form both tangential ectosomal tracts and plumose ascending choanosomal tracts
(with acanthostyles echinating hymedesmioid basal skeleton) --------------------------------- Paracornulum (fistular)
Apically-spined tylotes are the only megascleres --------------------------------------------------------- Damiria (fistular)

(6) Choanosomal megascleres consist only of styles, without accessory spicules ---------------------------------------- 8
More than one category of choanosomal megascleres, one greatly modified --------------------------------------------- 7

(7) Accessory spicules consist of verticillately-spined strongyles (or strongyloxeas) ----------------- Zyzzya (fistular)
Accessory spicules consist of one or more classes of cladotylotes ------------------------------- Acarnus (non-fistular)
Accessory spicules consist of peculiar acanthostrongyles with numerous spined cladi’ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dolichacantha (non-fistular)
Accessory spicules consist of ‘plocamiform’ acanthostrongyles echinating ascending tracts of styles ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Wigginsia (non-fistular)

(8) With a regular, uni- or pauci-spicular isodictyal choanosomal reticulation of smooth or spined styles,
with or without echinating acanthostyles -------------------------------------------------------------- Iophon (non-fistular)
With confused choanosomal skeleton divided into primary ascending multispicular tracts and secondary interconnecting uni- or bispicular tracts, both cored by basally spined styles, with or without echinating acanthostyles ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Megaciella (non-fistular)
Choanosomal skeleton appears predominantly plumose due to the dominance of subectosomal tracts of ectosomal tylotes, whereas the basal choanosomal skeleton is irregularly renieroid-reticulate composed of basally spined styles forming triangular or square meshes; microscleres include elongated diamond-shaped microxeas ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Acheliderma (fistular)

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [412]

General References

Bergquist, P.R. & Fromont, J. 1988. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4 (Poecilosclerida). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 96: 1-197 pls 1-57

Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & van Soest, R.W.M. 1996. A review of Iophonidae, Myxillidae and Tedaniidae occurring in the South East Pacific (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 103: 3-79

Hiemstra, F. & Hooper, J.N.A. 1991. Additions to the Indo-Australian representatives of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30(3): 433-442

Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105

Hooper, J.N.A. & Krasochin, V.B. 1989. Redescription of the burrowing sponge Zyzzya massalis (Dendy) from the Seychelles and Houtman-Abrolhos Islands. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 6(1): 133-140

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1984. Deficient Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908, from the Curaçao Reefs, with a discussion of the phylogenetic interpretation of Sclerosponges. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 53(2): 211-219

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1984. Marine Sponges from Curaçao and other Caribbean Localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 66(199): 1-167

Van Soest, R.W.M., Zea, S., Kielman, M. 1994. New species of Zyzza, Cornulella and Damiria (Porifera: Poecilosclerida), with a review of fistular genera of Lophonidae. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 64(3): 163-192

History of changes

• Acanthorhabdus Burton, M. 1929. Porifera. Part 2. Antarctic sponges. In, British Antarctic (`Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report. Zoology. 6(4): 393–458 pls 1–5. 393-458 pls 1-5 [432].

  Type species:

   Acanthorhabdus fragilis Burton, 1929 by monotypy.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Antarctic and Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Massive non-fistulose growth form; ectosomal skeleton composed of a loose halichondroid tangential layer of acanthoxeas (acanthorhabds) with heavy spines and microspined tylote apices; choanosomal skeleton with smooth modified styles (anisoxeas) often provided with a terminal mucron, forming massive multispicular plumose and reticulate columns, with acanthoxeas dispersed between (but not echinating) fibres; microscleres palmate anisochelae with spurs.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [413]

History of changes

• Acanthorhabdus fragilis Burton, M. 1929. Porifera. Part 2. Antarctic sponges. In, British Antarctic (`Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report. Zoology. 6(4): 393–458 pls 1–5. 393-458 pls 1-5 [432].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1926.10.26.189, 406–441 m, McMurdo Sound, New Zealand Antarctic Terr. [no coords available in egaz].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1926.10.26.190–197 8 specimens, wet.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Davis Sea, Queen Mary Coast, also Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 72–560 m.

History of changes

• Acarnus Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [544].

  Type species:

   Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 by monotypy.
• Fonteia Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [544].

  Type species:

   Fonteia anomala Gray, 1867 by monotypy.
• Acanthacarnus Lévi, C. 1952. Spongiaires de la côte du Sénégal. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire 14: 34-59 [54].

  Type species:

   Acanthacarnus souriei Lévi, 1952 by monotypy.
• Microtylotella Dendy, A. 1896. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 2. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 8: 14-51 [25].

  Type species:

   Microtylotella guentheri Dendy, 1896 by monotypy.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [71]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Amphi-Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region, Japan, central and E Pacific Ocean and S Africa.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Non-fistulose, encrusting to massive growth forms; ectosomal tylotes with microspined ends, forming tangential or paratangential tracts (not brushes); choanosomal skeleton isodictyal, isotropic or anisotropic reticulate, occasionally plumo-reticulate or plumose or hymedesmioid in encrusting species; skeletal tracts cored by smooth styles, echinated by 1 or 2 (exceptionally 3) categories of cladotylotes, echinating acanthostyles present or absent; microscleres are palmate isochelae and toxas of several morphologies.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [414]

History of changes

• Acarnus bergquistae van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. 1991. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3): 49-88 [61].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM GL706 (fragment NTM Z1538 - egaz), E of Lizard Is., Great Barrier Reef, QLD [14°40'S 145°28'E].
  Paratype(s) GMNH C12/28 fragments (ZMA POR 6218, MNHN Paris LBIM DT1835).

  Type locality references:

  Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [79].

  Secondary source:

   van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. 1991. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3): 49-88 [61].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Lizard Is. region, also E and W Indian Ocean (Indonesia, India, Madagascar).

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal waters–54 m.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [79-83] (misidentified as Acarnus tortilis Topsent, 1897)

van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. 1991. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3): 49-88 [61]

History of changes

• Microtylotella guentheri Dendy, A. 1896. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 2. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 8: 14-51 [26].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NMV G2366 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.287 slide - egaz), 37 m, outside and inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1902.10.18.40 slide (egaz), 37 m, outside and inside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Type locality references:

  Wilson, J. Bracebridge 1895. List of dredging stations at and near Port Phillip Heads. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 261-263 [station 5].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Bass Strait Shelf Province (35)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 36 m.

General References

Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [103]

History of changes

• Acarnus hoshinoi van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. 1991. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3): 49-88 [76].

  Type data:

   Holotype NTM Z2234 (egaz), Dudley Point Reef, Darwin, NT [12°28'S 130°50'E].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Darwin.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Intertidal waters.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [76]

History of changes

• Acarnus tenuis Dendy, A. 1896. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 2. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 8: 14-51 [50].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1902.10.18.62 slide (primary corresponding material (NMV G2456 wet) now consists of untraceable substrate only - egaz), 10–37 m, Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1902.10.18.375 slide (corresponding material (NMV G2457 wet) now consists of untraceable substrate only); BMNH 1902.10.18.323 slide (corresponding material (RN 1072) presently missing from NMV collection).

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Port Phillip Heads.

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Bass Strait Shelf Province (35)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 11–34 m.

General References

Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [106]

Hiemstra, F. & Hooper, J.N.A. 1991. Additions to the Indo-Australian representatives of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30(3): 433-442 [434]

Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [87]

History of changes

• Acarnus ternatus Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–1882. Spongiida. (Part 1, Australian sponges). London : British Museum (Natural History) 366-482, pls 39-43. [453].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1882.23.262 wet (egaz), 12 m, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Strait [10°30'S 142°15'E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1882.23.248 wet, 2 specimens, West Is. [?]; BMNH 1882.23.249 wet, West Is. [??].

  Type locality references:

  Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [83].

  Secondary source:

   van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. 1991. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3): 49-88 [56].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Torres Strait, also Red Sea, Amirante Ils, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Tahiti.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal waters–80 m.

General References

Lévi, C. 1958. Résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Calypso. Campagne 1951–1952 en Mer Rouge. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge recueillies par la Calypso (1951–1952). Annales de l'Institut Océanographie, Monaco & Paris ns 34: 3-46 [36]

van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. 1991. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3): 49-88 [54]

History of changes

• Acarnus wolffgangi Keller, C. 1889. Die Spongienfauna des rothen Meeres (1. Hälfte). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 48: 311-405 pls 20-25 [399].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMUZ 800065 dry (egaz), Suakin, Red Sea [22°32'56"N 37°06'43"E]; ZMB No. ? wet (egaz), Suakin, Red Sea [22°32'56"N 37°06'43"E]; BMNH 1908.9.24.161 wet fragment of type (ex ZMB - egaz), Suakin, Red Sea [22°32'56"N 37°06'43"E].
• [Acarnus thielei] Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [73] [junior homonym of Acarnus thielei Lévi, 1958].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NTM Z855, Z876 (egaz), Channel Is., Darwin, NT [12°33'S 130°52'E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. 1991. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3): 49-88 [56]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

Extra Distribution Information

N Australia, also Indonesia and Red Sea.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal waters–13 m.

General References

Fromont, J. 2003. Porifera (Sponges) in the Dampier Archipelago: Taxonomic affinities and biogeography. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Marine Biological Workshop. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. 405-417 pp. [409] (Listed in this article / spelt 'wolfgangi')

Hooper, J.N.A. 1987. New records of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Australia, with a synopsis of the genus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25(1): 71-105 [73-76]

History of changes

• Fusifer Dendy, A. 1896. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 2. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 8: 14-51 [49].

  Type species:

   Fusifer fistulatus Dendy, 1896 by monotypy.
• Acheliderma Topsent, E. 1892. Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles de la Méditerranée et plus particulièrement de Banyuls. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 2 10(Notes Rev.): xvii-xxviii [24].

  Type species:

   Acheliderma lemniscata Topsent, 1892 by original designation.
• Astylinifer Topsent, E. 1927. Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique Monaco 502: 1-19 [9].

  Type species:

   Astylinifer planus Topsent, 1927 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

Victoria

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Diagnosis

Fistulose growth forms; ectosomal spicules are tylotes with microspined bases lying tangential to surface (replaced by sand in one species); choanosomal skeleton an irregular reticulation of microspined styles and echinating acanthostyles; microscleres characteristically elongated diamond-shaped microxeas and toxas;
chelae absent.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [416]

History of changes

• Fusifer fistulatus Dendy, A. 1896. Catalogue of non-calcareous sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M.A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part 2. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 8: 14-51 [49].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NMV G2356 wet (=BMNH 1902.10.18.61 slide - egaz), 38 m, inside and outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1902.10.18.373 slide (egaz), 38 m, inside and outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1902.10.18.374 slide (egaz), 38 m, inside and outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; AM G2695 slide of RN 1045 (egaz), 38 m, inside and outside Port Phillip Heads, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

  Type locality references:

  Wilson, J. Bracebridge 1895. List of dredging stations at and near Port Phillip Heads. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ns 7: 261-263 [stations 9,XB].

  Secondary source:

   Ayling, A.L., Stone, S. & Smith, B.J. 1982. Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria 1: 97-109 [102].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 16–57 m.

History of changes

• Xytopsene Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [54].

  Type species:

   Suberites fistulatus Carter, 1880 by original designation.
• Damiria Keller, C. 1891. Die Spongienfauna des rothen Meeres (2. Hälfte). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 52: 294-368 pls 16-20 [300].

  Type species:

   Damiria testis Topsent, 1928 by subsequent designation, see Topsent, E. 1928. Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Méditerranée provenant des croisières du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco 74: 1-376 11 pls [64].
• Anisotylacanthaea Vacelet, J. 1969. Eponges de la Roche du large et de l'étage bathyal de Mediterranée. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] A 59(2): 145-219 [200].

  Type species:

   Anisotylacanthea curvata Vacelet, 1969 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indian Ocean.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Fistular growth form; ectosomal skeleton with tangential crust of tylotes with microspined apices; choanosomal skeleton irregularly reticulate with tracts of larger tylotes of similar morphology as ectosomal spicules; no other megascleres; microscleres may include toxas.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [420]

History of changes

• Suberites fistulatus Carter, H.J. 1880. Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W.H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 6: 35-61, 129-156 pls 4-8 [53].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) BMNH Bowerbank Collection (from Fremantle, not found - egaz), Fremantle, WA; Gulf of Mannar, India [32°03'S 115°46'E, 8°36'39"N 78°35'27"E]; LFM (second syntype, destroyed in 1941 - egaz), Fremantle, WA; Gulf of Mannar, India [32°03'S 115°46'E, 8°36'39"N 78°35'27"E].

  Type locality references:

  Stone, S.M. 1986. Index to Important Sponge Collections. Autumn 1986. London : British Museum (Natural History) Vol. 47. [25].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Fremantle, and also Indian Ocean.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Dolichacantha Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [118].

  Type species:

   Dolichacantha macrodon Hentschel, 1914 by monotypy.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Encrusting to massive growth forms; ectosomal skeleton with long acanthostrongyles intermingled with tylotornotes arranged in bundles on the surface; choanosomal skeleton hymedesmioid with entirely spined acanthostyles and basally- or vestigially entirely spined subtylostyles embedded in the basal skeleton, standing perpendicular to the substrate, and bundles of tylotornotes and/or acanthostrongyles forming tracts more-or-less ascending through the surface; microscleres include only uncommon palmate isochelae.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [420]

History of changes

• Dolichacantha macrodon Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [118].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 4774 wet (egaz), 385 m, Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. (66º2´9˜S 89º38´E) [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.

Known only from type locality.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 385 m.

History of changes

• Iophon Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [534].

  Type species:

   Halichondria scandens Bowerbank, 1866 by subsequent designation, see Dendy, A. 1924. Porifera. Part 1. Non-antarctic sponges. pp. 269–392 pls 1–15 in, British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, Zoology Vol. 6. [347].
• Alebion Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [534] [junior homonym of Alebion Kräyer, 1863 (Crustacea)].

  Type species:

   Halichondria hyndmani Bowerbank, 1866 by monotypy.
• Pocillon Topsent, E. 1893. Nouvelle série de diagnoses d'Eponges de Roscoff et de Banyuls. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 1(1893, Notes Rev): xxxiii-xliii [xxxiv].

  Type species:

   Halichondria hyndmani Bowerbank, 1866 by subsequent designation, see Burton, M. 1932. Sponges. Discovery Reports 6: 237-392 56 figs pls 48-57 [295].
• Iophonopsis Dendy, A. 1924. Porifera. Part 1. Non-antarctic sponges. pp. 269–392 pls 1–15 in, British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, Zoology Vol. 6. [348].

  Type species:

   Halichondria nigricans Bowerbank, 1866 by original designation.
• Burtonella Laubenfels, M.W. de 1928. A new genus and species of sponge from Puget Sound. Publications Puget Sound Biological Station / University of Washington 5: 361-363 [361].

  Type species:

   Burtonella melanokhemia de Laubenfels, 1928 by original designation.
• Iophonata Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [63].

  Type species:

   Iophon aceratus Hentschel, 1914 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1932. Sponges. Discovery Reports 6: 237-392 56 figs pls 48-57 [295]
• Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. 6-116, 428-433 (systematic index), pls 1-15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2. [in Russian] [57]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Arctic, amphi-N Atlantic Ocean, N Atlantic Ocean, S and SW Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, S Africa, Southern Ocean, New Zealand, NE and SE Pacific Ocean, Antarctic and Subantarctic.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Non-fistulose, massive, branching or encrusting growth forms; ectosomal skeleton composed of tylotes with microspined bases, lying tangential to surface, intercrossing and in erect brushes; choanosomal skeleton an isodictyal rounded, triangular or square-meshed reticulation of smooth or spined choanosomal styles, arranged singly or in 2–3 per row, with (s.l.) or without (s.s.) echinating acanthostyles; microscleres inequiended bipocilla and palmate anisochelae with spurs, toxas absent.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [422]

History of changes

• Iophon aceratus Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [88].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4805 fragments, slide (egaz), 380–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Gauss Winter Station (66º2´9˜S 89º38´E), Antarctica [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Davis Sea, Queen Mary Coast, Knox Coast, Banzare Coast, and also Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 5–50 m.

History of changes

• Iophon cylindricus Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [349].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.113 wet (NMV photo 39/6 - egaz), 219 m, Twofold Bay, NSW [37°06'S 149°55'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 216 m.

History of changes

• Iophon laevistylus Dendy, A. 1924. Porifera. Part 1. Non-antarctic sponges. pp. 269–392 pls 1–15 in, British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, Zoology Vol. 6. [347].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1923.10.1.122 wet (egaz), 11 km E of North Cape, New Zealand [27°34'19"S 177°59'49"E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Macquarie Is.; off Lusitana Bay, and also New Zealand.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 69 m.

History of changes

• Iophon omnivorus Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology Zool. 20(59): 1-275 pls 1-51 [122].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1887.5.2.129 wet (=NMV photo 39/17), 219 m, Twofold Bay, NSW (36º59´S 150º20´E) [36°59´S 150°20´E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 216 m.

History of changes

• Halichondria pattersoni Bowerbank, J.S. 1866. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. London : Ray Society Vol. 2 388 pp. [255].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH (egaz - Ireland), Strangford Loch, Northern Ireland [53°12'35"N 8°03'14"W].
• Alebion proximum Ridley, S.O. 1881. Spongida. In Account of the zoological collections made during the survey of H.M.S. Alert in the Straits of Magellan and on the Coast of Patagonia. XI. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1881: 107-137, 140-141 pls 10-11 [119].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH, Strait of Magellan, Subantarctic [no coords available in egaz].

  Secondary source:

   Burton, M. 1932. Sponges. Discovery Reports 6: 237-392 56 figs pls 48-57 [297, 299 (fig. 22v), 300 (fig. 23v), 301 (fig. 24v)].
• Iophon chelifer Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [349].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1887.5.2.116 wet, 274 m, off cape of Good Hope, Southern Ocean (35º04´S 18º37´E); 567 m, off Prince Edward Is. (46º41´S 38º10´E); 1006 m, between Prince Edward and Kerguelen Ils (46º53´S 51º52´E) (lectotype locality not differentiated by author) [46°41´S 38°10´E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.157 2 specimens, wet; BMNH 1887.5.2.158 wet.
• Iophon chelifer ostiamagna Wilson, H.V. 1904. XXX. The sponges. In Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 30(1): 1-164 pls 1-26 [143].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) (MCZ?), 823 m, Gulf of Panama, Eastern Pacific (7º31´30˜N 79º14´0˜W) [7°31´30˜N 79°14´0˜W]; ZMB type slide, 823 m, Gulf of Panama, Eastern Pacific (7º31´30˜N 79º14´0˜W) [7°31´30˜N 79°14´0˜W].
• Iophon lamella Wilson, H.V. 1904. XXX. The sponges. In Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 30(1): 1-164 pls 1-26 [146].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) MCZ whereabouts unknown, 97 m, Galapagos Ils, Eastern Pacific [no coords available in egaz]; ZMB slide, 97 m, Galapagos Ils, Eastern Pacific [no coords available in egaz].
• Iophon lamella indivisus Wilson, H.V. 1904. XXX. The sponges. In Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 30(1): 1-164 pls 1-26 [149].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) MCZ whereabouts unknown, 97 m, Galapagos Ils (0º57´S 89º38´W) [0°57´S 89°38´W]; ZMB slide (egaz), 97 m, Galapagos Ils (0º57´S 89º38´W) [0°57´S 89°38´W].
• Iophon indentatus Wilson, H.V. 1904. XXX. The sponges. In Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 30(1): 1-164 pls 1-26 [151].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) MCZ, 91 m, Galapagos Is., Eastern Pacific [no coords available in egaz]; ZMB slide, 91 m, Galapagos Is., Eastern Pacific [no coords available in egaz].
• Iophon proximus reticularis Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [89].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4850 wet, Kerguelen Observatory Bay, Subantarctic.
• Burtonella melanokhemia Laubenfels, M.W. de 1928. A new genus and species of sponge from Puget Sound. Publications Puget Sound Biological Station / University of Washington 5: 361-363 [361].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, locality unknown.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Bakus, G.J. 1966. Marine poeciloscleridan sponges of the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Journal of Zoology, London 149: 415-531 2 pls [479]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Macquarie Is.; also NW, NE and S Atlantic Ocean, NE, E and SE Pacific Ocean, Subantarctic, New Zealand, S Africa and Southern Ocean.

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–990 m.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] (questions conspecificity of all these nominal species, which probably represent distinct regional sibling species)

History of changes

• Iophon radiatus Topsent, E. 1901. Notice préliminaire sur les Eponges recueillies par l'Expédition Antarctique Belge. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 3 9(Notes Rev.): 5-16 [7].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MIZL (egaz), 450 m, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica [71°23'56"S 94°29'31"W].
• Iophon pluricornis Topsent, E. 1907. Poecilosclérides nouvelles recueillies par le Français dans l'Antarctique. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 13: 69-76 [73].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) (?MNHN Paris), 20–40 m, Booth Wandel Is., Bismarck Strait, Antarctic Peninsula [no coords available].
• Iophon pluricornis trullifera Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [84].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4809 2 jars, with 1 slide, 180–209 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, (65º48´S 53º16´E) and 393 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, (65º48´S 89º49´E), Aust. Antarctic Terr. [65°48´S 53°16´E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. 6-116, 428-433 (systematic index), pls 1-15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2. [in Russian] [57]
• Boury-Esnault, N. & Beveren, M. van 1982. Les démosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comité national français des Recherches Antarctiques 52: 1-132 21 pls [92]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Enderby Land, also Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth subtidal–450 m.

History of changes

• Iophon unicornis Topsent, E. 1907. Poecilosclérides nouvelles recueillies par le Français dans l'Antarctique. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 13: 69-76 [72].

  Type data:

   Holotype (?Paris - egaz), 25 m, Anvers Is., Antarctic Peninsula [64°33'14"S 64°31'33"W].
• Iophon spatulatus Kirkpatrick, R. 1907. Preliminary report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 20: 271-291 [276].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1908.2.5.144 wet, slides, 46–55 m, Discovery winter quarters, Ross Sea, off Ross Is. (77º49´S 167º74´E) Antarctica [77°49´S 167°74´E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1908.2.5.144A 12 specimens, wet; BMNH 1908.2.5.144B wet; BMNH 1908.2.5.145 wet, slides; BMNH 1908.2.5.145A wet; BMNH 1908.2.5.146 wet, slides; BMNH 1908.2.5.147 slide with dry fragments; BMNH 1908.2.5.148–52 wet, slides.
• Iophon flabellodigitatus Kirkpatrick, R. 1907. Preliminary report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 20: 271-291 [277].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH 1908.2.5.153 wet, slides, 51–238 m, Discovery winter quarters, Ross Sea, Antarctica (off Ross island, 77º49´S 167º7´4˜E) [77°49´S 167°7´4˜E].
  Paralectotype(s) BMNH 1908.2.5.154 2 specimens, wet, slides; BMNH 1908.2.5.155.
• Iophon flabellodigitatus gaussi Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [86].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4807 3 jars one dry and 2 slides, Observatory Bay Harbour, Kerguelen, Subantarctic [no coords available].
• Iophon spatulatus gaussi Hentschel, E. 1914. Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. 15(Zool. 7):. 35-141 pls 4-8 [87].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) ZMB 4810 2 jars, 385 m, Gauss Winter Station, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. (66º2´9˜S 89º38´E) [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Koltun, V.M. 1964. Sponges of the Antarctic. Part 1. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. 6-116, 428-433 (systematic index), pls 1-15 in Pavlovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (eds). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute: Explorations of the fauna of the seas II (X). Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955–1958). Moscow : Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka' Vol. 2. [in Russian] [56]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Wilhelm II Coast, Queen Mary Coast, Knox Coast, off Cape Carr, Enderby Land, Prydz Bay, Mawson Coast, also Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 4–640 m.

History of changes

• Megaciella Hallmann, E.F. 1920. New genera of monaxonid sponges related to the genus Clathria. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 44: 767-792 3 figs pls 36-40 [772].

  Type species:

   Amphilectus pilosus Ridley & Dendy, 1886 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Southern Ocean (Marion Island, Kerguelen).

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Non-fistulose, branching, lobate, flabellate or encrusting growth forms; ectosomal skeleton composed of tangential or paratangential layer of ectosomal tylotes with microspined bases, often sinuous or curved; choanosomal skeleton reticulate or confused (hymedesmioid in encrusting species), with ascending multi- and paucispicular tracts of smooth choanosomal styles with spined bases, interconnected by secondary uni- or bispicular tracts bound together with collagen producing irregular wide meshes; echinating acanthostyles present or absent; microscleres are palmate isochelae and two morphologies of toxas.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [424]

History of changes

• Amphilectus tibiellifer Ridley, S.O. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert, 1881–1882. Spongiida. (Part 1, Australian sponges). London : British Museum (Natural History) 366-482, pls 39-43. [428].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1882.2.23.319 wet (egaz), 12 m, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Strait [10°40'S 142°10'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 13 m.

History of changes

• Paracornulum Hallmann, E.F. 1920. New genera of monaxonid sponges related to the genus Clathria. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 44: 767-792 3 figs pls 36-40 [772].

  Type species:

   Cornulum dubium Hentschel, 1912 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

S Africa and Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Encrusting-fistular growth form, with ectosomal skeleton composed of intercrossing halichondroid tracts of larger tylotes with granular or microspined apices, and choanosomal skeleton composed of similar but slightly smaller spicules forming radial or plumose tracts arising from a hymedesmioid layer of basal spongin echinated by acanthostyles perpendicular to the substrate; microscleres are palmate isochelae and toxas.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [426]

History of changes

• Cornulum dubium Hentschel, E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwämme der Aru- und Kai Inseln. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 294-448 pls 13-21 [346].

  Type data:

   Holotype SMF 964 wet (egaz - Arafura), 15 m, off Mimien, Aru Ils, Arafura Sea [9°00'S 133°00'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

North Direction Is., and also Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 15–36 m.

History of changes

• Paracornulum fistulosum Sutcliffe, P.R., Hooper, J.N.A. & Pitcher, C.R. 2010. The most common sponges on the Great Barrer Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera). Zootaxa 2616: 1-30 [23].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G329109 wet, Seabed near Arlington Reef, Cairns, 47m depth, epibenthic sled, 30 ix. 2003, coll. RV Lady Basten [16°42′17″S, 146°07′30E].
  Paratype(s) QM G329280 wet, seabed between mainland and Gould Reef (No. 1), 45 m depth, epibenthic sled, 28 xi. 2005, coll. RV Lady Basten [19°37′30″S, 148°05′05E]; QM G329191 wet, Seabed near Noddy Reef No. 3, Cape York, 31m depth, epibenthic sled, 8 ii.2005, coll. RV Lady Basten [13°37′30″S, 143°53′42E].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from depths greater than 30 m in the central and northern Great Barrier Reef

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40)

History of changes

• Tedaniphorbas Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [95].

  Type species:

   Amphilectus ceratosus Ridley & Dendy, 1886 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Diagnosis

Massive, lobate growth form; ectosomal skeleton detachable, composed of scattered smooth tylotes, singly or in bundles, forming a tangential skeleton; choanosomal skeleton well developed, reticulate, composed of horny spongin fibres lacking coring or echinating spicules, but with ectosomal tylotes scattered between fibres and aggregated into loose wispy tracts near the periphery; microscleres are palmate isochelae; toxas absent.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [426]

History of changes

• Amphilectus ceratosus Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 18: 325-351, 470-493 [350].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1887.5.2.130 wet (egaz), 12 m, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Port Jackson and Botany Bay.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 13–42 m.

History of changes

• Zyzzya Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [64].

  Type species:

   Plocamia massalis Dendy, 1922 by original designation.
• Damirina Burton, M. 1959. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the John Murray Expedition 10(5): 151-281 41 figs [240].

  Type species:

   Damirina verticillata Burton, 1959 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Bergquist, P.R. & Fromont, J. 1988. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4 (Poecilosclerida). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 96: 1-197 pls 1-57 [56]

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Mauritius, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Madagascar, New Zealand and Western Australia.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Massive, burrowing, fistulose or cryptic encrusting growth form with solid apical fistules or blind papillae; ectosomal skeleton thick detachable crust of tangentially orientated tylotes with
microspined bases; choanosomal skeleton with distinctive irregular or plumose multispicular, widely spaced tracts ascending to the surface cored by the same tylotes, interspersed with a unispicular, irregular isodictyal reticulation of verticillately-spined strongyles (or strongyloxeas); microscleres if present are palmate isochelae and toxas.

ID Keys

See Family Acarnidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Hooper, J.N.A. 2002. Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. pp. 412-431 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [430]

History of changes

• Zyzzya criceta Schönberg, C.H.L. 2000. Bioeroding sponges common to the central Australian Great Barrier Reef: descriptions of three new species, two new records and additions to two previously described species. Senckenbergiana Maritima 30(3/6): 161-221 [184].

  Type data:

   Holotype QM G313370 preserved (egaz), Little Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef [18°37'S 146°30'E].
  Paratype(s) QM G313379 preserved (egaz), Little Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef [18°37'S 146°30'E]; QM G317005 preserved (egaz), Little Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef [18°37'S 146°30'E].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Aquatic, benthic, filter-feeder.

General References

Schönberg, C.H.L. 2001. Induced colonization of corals by a clionid bioeroding sponge. Coral Reefs 20: 69-76 [69]

History of changes

• Suberites fuliginosus Carter, H.J. 1879. Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 3: 284-304, 343-360 pls 25-29 [347].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 1846.8.5.8 dry (NMV photos 46/26,27 - egaz), Torres Strait [10°25'S 142°10'E].

Generic Combinations

• Zyzzya fuliginosum (Carter, 1879). —
  Van Soest, R.W.M., Zea, S., Kielman, M. 1994. New species of Zyzza, Cornulella and Damiria (Porifera: Poecilosclerida), with a review of fistular genera of Lophonidae. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 64(3): 163-192
• Paracornulum fuliginosum (Carter, 1879). —
  Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1–620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [139]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

History of changes

• Plocamia massalis Dendy, A. 1922. Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H.M.S. Sealark in the Indian Ocean. In Report of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. Vol. 7. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2nd Series Zoology 18: 1-164 pls 1-18 [78].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1921.11.7.67 (egaz), 200 m, off Mauritius, Indian Ocean [20°13'19"S 57°35'34"E].
• Damirina verticillata Burton, M. 1959. Sponges. Scientific Reports of the John Murray Expedition 10(5): 151-281 41 figs [240].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1936.3.4.510 (egaz), 113 m, Pemba Channel, off Tanga, Zanzibar [5°18'35"S 39°18'43"E].
• Paracornulum atoxa Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Lévi, C. 1976. Spongiaires de la pente externe des récifs coralliens de Tuléar (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] ns A 49: 1-116 78 figs pls 1-10 [59].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHN Paris LBIM DJV E611a (egaz), 5.5 m, south of Grande Passe d'Ifaty, off Tuléar, Madagascar [19°05'55"S 46°38'00"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. & Krasochin, V.B. 1989. Redescription of the burrowing sponge Zyzzya massalis (Dendy) from the Seychelles and Houtman-Abrolhos Islands. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 6(1): 133-140 [133]

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Pelsart Ils, Houtman Abrolhos, also circum-Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 18–20 m.

General References

Fromont, J. 1999. Demosponges of the Houtman Abrolhos. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 175-184 [177] (Listed in this article)

Schönberg, C.H.L. 2000. Bioeroding sponges common to the central Australian Great Barrier Reef: descriptions of three new species, two new records and additions to two previously described species. Senckenbergiana Maritima 30(3/6): 161-221 [188]

History of changes