Linnaeus, C. (1763), Species Plantarum Edn. 2, 2: 1400 [tax. nov.]

• Type: "Habitat in China, Japonia, Zeylona."

Black, J.M. (1916), Additions to the Flora of South Australia. No 9. Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 40: 77 [secondary reference]

Cunningham, G.M., Mulham, W.E., Milthorpe, P.L. & Leigh, J.H. (1981), Plants of Western New South Wales: 727 [secondary reference]

common name: European Cocklebur [n/a] common name: Californian Burr [n/a]

Jacobs, S.W.L. & Pickard, J. (1981), Plants of New South Wales: 88 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Xanthium californicum Greene legitimate

Murray, L. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1992), Xanthium. Flora of New South Wales 3: 270 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Xanthium californicum Greene legitimate common name: California Burr [n/a]

Jeanes, J.A. in Walsh, N.G. & Entwisle, T.J. (ed.) (1999), Asteraceae. Flora of Victoria 4: 982-983, Fig. 201a [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Xanthium californicum Greene legitimate pro parte taxonomic synonym: Xanthium strumarium L. legitimate common name: European Cockleburr [n/a] common name: Californian Burr [n/a]

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2008), Australian Plant Census: - [taxonomic synonym]

taxonomic synonym of: Xanthium strumarium L. legitimate

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2011), Australian Plant Census: - [taxonomic synonym]

taxonomic synonym of: Xanthium strumarium L. legitimate

Orchard, A.E. in Wilson, A.J.G. (ed.) (2015), Asteraceae Trib. Heliantheae Subtrib. 7. Ambrosiinae. Flora of Australia 37: 570-571, Fig. 84E, map [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Xanthium californicum Greene legitimate taxonomic synonym: Xanthium 'pennsylvanicum complex' [n/a] common name: European Cockleburr [n/a] common name: Californian Burr [n/a]

Tomasello, S. (2018), How many names for a beloved genus? – Coalescent-based species delimitation in Xanthium L. (Ambrosiinae, Asteraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 143, Fig. 1 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Xanthium chinense Mill. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Xanthium occidentale Bertol. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Xanthium italicum Moretti legitimate taxonomic synonym: Xanthium cavanillesii Schouw legitimate

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (31 July 2018), Australian Plant Census: - APC [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Xanthium californicum Greene legitimate taxonomic synonym: Xanthium 'pennsylvanicum complex' [n/a] pro parte misapplication: Xanthium strumarium L. legitimate by Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2008), Australian Plant Census: - pro parte misapplication: Xanthium strumarium L. legitimate by Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2011), Australian Plant Census: -

• APC Comment: Xanthium orientale is included in the circumscription of X. strumarium in SA.
• APC Dist.: NSW (naturalised), Vic (naturalised)

---