Miller, P. (1768), The Gardeners Dictionary Edn. 8: no. 2 [tax. nov.]

• Type: (not cited).

Anonymous (1916), An alien weed: a warning to settlers on the River Murray. Journal of the Department of Agriculture South Australia 19: 898-900 [secondary reference]

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2011), Australian Plant Census: - [taxonomic synonym]

taxonomic synonym of: Xanthium strumarium L. legitimate

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2019), Australian Plant Census: - APC [secondary reference]

• APC Comment: Recorded by an anonymous author, J. Dept. Agric. S. Australia 19: 898 (1916), and listed in synonymy of Xanthium strumarium L. by various authors. The name Xanthium strumarium is now considered to have been misapplied to a complex of several Xanthium species in Australia.

---