Vickery, J.W. (1952), Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) n. comb., and some records of New South Wales grasses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 62: 69 [comb. nov.]

basionym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate

Specht, R.L. in Specht, R.L. & Mountford, C.P. (ed.) (August 1958), The Gymnospermae and Angiospermae collected on the Arnhem Land Expedition. Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land No. 3 Botany and Plant Ecology: 192 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Poir. legitimate

Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. & Carolin, R.C. (1962), Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the Sydney District and Blue Mountains: 527 [secondary reference]

common name: Mud Grass [n/a] common name: Floating Couch Grass [n/a]

Eichler, Hj. (1965), Supplement to J.M.Black's Flora of South Australia (Second Edition, 1943-1957): 47 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate nomenclatural synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Poir. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Panicum asperum J.Koenig nom. illeg. taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis aspera Pilg. legitimate

Chippendale, G.M. (17 April 1972), Check List of Northern Territory Plants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 96(4): 223 [secondary reference]

Vickery, J.W. (1975), Gramineae. Flora of New South Wales, National Herbarium of New South Wales 19(2): 211-213 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate nomenclatural synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Poir. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Panicum abortivum R.Br. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis abortiva (R.Br.) Poir. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis spinosa Roem. & Schult. nom. inval., pro syn. taxonomic synonym: Orthopogon abortivus (R.Br.) Spreng. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis aspera Nees legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens var. parvispicula Benth. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis aspera Pilg. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis abortiva (R.Br.) Pilg. legitimate common name: Spiny Mud Grass [n/a]

Cunningham, G.M., Mulham, W.E., Milthorpe, P.L. & Leigh, J.H. (1981), Plants of Western New South Wales: 136 [secondary reference]

common name: Mud Grass [n/a] common name: Water Couch Grass [n/a] common name: Floating Couch Grass [n/a] common name: Spiny Mud-grass [n/a]

Jacobs, S.W.L. & Pickard, J. (1981), Plants of New South Wales: 52 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate

Lazarides, M. in Jessop, J.P. (ed.) (1981), Gramineae (Poaceae). Flora of Central Australia: 482, Fig. 611 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis abortiva (R.Br.) Pilg. legitimate common name: Spiny mud-grass [n/a]

Green, J.W. (1985), Census of the Vascular Plants of Western Australia Edn. 2: 37 [secondary reference]

Dunlop, C.R. (1987), Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Northern Territory. Technical Report: Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory 26: 66 [secondary reference]

Webster, R.D. (1987), The Australian Paniceae (Poaceae): 198-199 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate

Stanley, T.D. in Stanley, T.D. & Ross, E.M. (1989), Poaceae. Flora of South-eastern Queensland 3: 214, Fig. 34E [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate nomenclatural synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Poir. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens var. parvispicula Benth. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis aspera Pilg. legitimate common name: Spiny Mudgrass [n/a]

Macfarlane, T.D. in Wheeler, J.R. (ed.) (1992), Pseudoraphis. Flora of the Kimberley Region: 1212 [secondary reference]

common name: Spiny Mudgrass [n/a]

Jacobs, S.W.L. & Hastings, S.M. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1993), Pseudoraphis. Flora of New South Wales 4: 490, pl. 27 [secondary reference]

common name: Spiny Mudgrass [n/a]

Hyland, B.P.M., Gray, B. & Elick, R.W. in Cooper, W.E. & Cooper, W.T. (1994), Appendix I: Provisional Species List. Fruits of the Rainforest: 310 [secondary reference]

Walsh, N.G. in Walsh, N.G. & Entwisle, T.J. (ed.) (1994), Poaceae. Flora of Victoria Edn. 1, 2: 610-611, Fig. 124a-b [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate common name: Moira-grass [n/a] common name: Spiny Mudgrass [n/a]

Kenneally, K.F., Edinger, D.C. & Willing, T. (1996), Broome and Beyond. Plants and people of the Dampier Peninsula, Kimberley, Western Australia: 223 [secondary reference]

common name: Spiny Mudgrass [n/a]

Short, P.S. in Cowie, I.D., Short, P.S. & Osterkamp Madsen, M. (2000), Poaceae. Floodplain Flora. A flora of the coastal floodplains of the Northern Territory, Australia: 321, Pl. 5, Fig. 83 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis aspera Pilg. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis abortiva (R.Br.) Pilg. legitimate doubtful taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis minuta (Mez) Pilg. legitimate

Jacobs, S.W.L., Whalley, R.D.B. & Wheeler, D.J.B. (2008), Grasses of New South Wales Edn. 4: 358 (fig.) [secondary reference]

common name: Spiny Mudgrass [n/a]

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2009), Australian Plant Census: - APC [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Panicum spinescens R.Br. legitimate nomenclatural synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Poir. legitimate nomenclatural synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Poir. var. spinescens legitimate nomenclatural synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Benth. isonym taxonomic synonym: Panicum asperum J.Koenig nom. illeg. taxonomic synonym: Panicum abortivum R.Br. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis abortiva (R.Br.) Poir. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Orthopogon abortivus (R.Br.) Spreng. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Oplismenus abortivus (R.Br.) Desv. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis aspera Nees legitimate taxonomic synonym: Chamaeraphis spinescens var. parvispicula Benth. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis abortiva (R.Br.) Pilg. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Pseudoraphis aspera Pilg. legitimate

• APC Comment: A.D.Chapman, Austral. Pl. Name Index 2601 (1991) stated that Poiret did not validly make the combination Chamaeraphis spinescens. However, under ICN Art. 35.2 (Melbourne Code, 2012) this name is considered to be validly published.
• APC Dist.: WA, NT, SA, Qld, NSW, Vic

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