Schleiden, M.J. (1839), Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde: 391 [tax. nov.]

• Type: Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden

Mueller, F.J.H. von (1882), Systematic Census of Australian Plants: 121 [taxonomic synonym]

taxonomic synonym of: Lemna L. legitimate

Black, J.M. (1922), Cyatheaceae - Orchidaceae. Flora of South Australia 1: 99 [secondary reference]

Black, J.M. (1943), Flora of South Australia Edn. 2, 1: 172 [secondary reference]

• Etymology: "Greek speira, a coil, twist; delos, conspicuous; on account of the spiral vessels in the structure of the plant"

Burbidge, N.T. & Gray, M. (1970), Flora of the Australian Capital Territory: 91 [secondary reference]

Hartog, C. den & Plas, F. van der (1970), A synopsis of the Lemnaceae. Blumea 18(2/2): 358-360 [secondary reference]

Plas, F. van der (1971), Lemnaceae. Flora Malesiana Series I 7(1): 223-226 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Lemna sect. Spirodela Coss. & Germ. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Lemna subg. Spirodela Peterm. legitimate

Aston, H.I. (1973), Aquatic Plants of Australia: 252-254 [secondary reference]

Cronquist, A.J. (1981), An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants: 1099, 1100 [secondary reference]

Jacobs, S.W.L. & Pickard, J. (1981), Plants of New South Wales: 24 [secondary reference]

Rye, B.L. in Marchant, N.G., Wheeler, J.R., Rye, B.L., Bennett, E.M., Lander, N.S. & Macfarlane, T.D. (1987), Lemnaceae. Flora of the Perth Region 2: 735 [secondary reference]

Stanley, T.D. in Stanley, T.D. & Ross, E.M. (1989), Lemnaceae. Flora of South-eastern Queensland 3: 273 [secondary reference]

Rye, B.L. in Wheeler, J.R. (ed.) (1992), Lemnaceae. Flora of the Kimberley Region: 984 [secondary reference]

Conn, B.J. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1993), Lemnaceae. Flora of New South Wales 4: 36-37 [secondary reference]

Conn, B.J. in Walsh, N.G. & Entwisle, T.J. (ed.) (1994), Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta). Flora of Victoria Edn. 1, 2: 170 [secondary reference]

Landolt, E. in Kubitzki, K. (ed.) (1998), Lemnaceae. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants 4: 269, Fig. 68A-C [secondary reference]

Cowie, I.D. in Cowie, I.D., Short, P.S. & Osterkamp Madsen, M. (2000), Lemnaceae. Floodplain Flora. A flora of the coastal floodplains of the Northern Territory, Australia: 217 [secondary reference]

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2008), Australian Plant Census: - APC [secondary reference]

• APC Dist.: WA (naturalised), NT, Qld, NSW, Vic

Mabberley, D.J. (1 May 2008), Mabberley's Plant-Book Edn. 3: 814 [secondary reference]

Landolt, E. in Wilson, A.J.G. (ed.) (2011), Lemnaceae. Flora of Australia 39: 275-276 [secondary reference]

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