Tenore, M. (1836), Flora Napolitana ossia Descrizione delle Piante indigene del Regno di Napoli 5: 209 [comb. nov.]

basionym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate

Black, J.M. & Robertson, E.L. (1957), Flora of South Australia Edn. 2, 4: 933, Fig. 1237 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg. common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. & Carolin, R.C. (1962), Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the Sydney District and Blue Mountains: 379 [secondary reference]

common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Curtis, W.M. (1963), Angiospermae: Lythraceae to Epacridaceae. The Student's Flora of Tasmania 2: 376-377 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg. common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Burbidge, N.T. & Gray, M. (1970), Flora of the Australian Capital Territory: 392, Fig. 391. [secondary reference]

common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Cunningham, G.M., Mulham, W.E., Milthorpe, P.L. & Leigh, J.H. (1981), Plants of Western New South Wales: 723 [secondary reference]

common name: Scotch Thistle [n/a] common name: Bull Thistle [n/a] common name: Black Thistle [n/a] common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Jacobs, S.W.L. & Pickard, J. (1981), Plants of New South Wales: 75 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg.

Jessop, J.P. in Jessop, J.P. (ed.) (1981), Compositae (Asteraceae) - most genera. Flora of Central Australia: 412, Fig. 532 [secondary reference]

common name: Spear thistle [n/a]

Green, J.W. (1985), Census of the Vascular Plants of Western Australia Edn. 2: 165 [secondary reference]

Gray, M. & Michael, P.W. (1986), List of plants collected at the old Flemington Saleyards, Sydney, New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 1(4): 137 [secondary reference]

common name: Spear thistle [n/a]

Stanley, T.D. in Stanley, T.D. & Ross, E.M. (1986), Asteraceae. Flora of South-eastern Queensland 2: 582, Fig. 82C [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cnicus lanceolatus (L.) Willd. legitimate common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Lander, N.S. in Marchant, N.G., Wheeler, J.R., Rye, B.L., Bennett, E.M., Lander, N.S. & Macfarlane, T.D. (1987), Asteraceae. Flora of the Perth Region 2: 670-671 [secondary reference]

common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Murray, L. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1992), Cirsium. Flora of New South Wales 3: 322, pl.11 [secondary reference]

common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Green, P.S. in Wilson, A.J.G. (ed.) (1994), Norfolk Island & Lord Howe Island. Flora of Australia 49: 366 [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate

Hyland, B.P.M., Whiffin, T.P., Christophel, D.C., Gray, B., Elick, R.W. & Ford, A.J. (1999), Australian tropical rain forest trees and shrubs. Australian tropical rain forest trees and shrubs: 57 [secondary reference]

Jeanes, J.A. in Walsh, N.G. & Entwisle, T.J. (ed.) (1999), Asteraceae. Flora of Victoria 4: 672, Fig. 128j [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg. common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Wheeler, J.R., Marchant, N.G. & Lewington, M. (2002), Dicotyledons. Flora of the South West 2: 501 [secondary reference]

common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Hyland, B.P.M., Whiffin, T.P., Christophel, D.C., Gray, B. & Elick, R.W. (2003), Australian tropical rain forest plants. Trees, Shrubs and Vines: Code 3467 [secondary reference]

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2008), Australian Plant Census: - [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg. taxonomic synonym: Cnicus lanceolatus (L.) Willd. legitimate

• APC Dist.: WA (naturalised), SA (naturalised), Qld (naturalised), NSW (naturalised), LHI (naturalised), NI (naturalised), ACT (naturalised), Vic (naturalised), Tas (naturalised)

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2011), Australian Plant Census: - [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg. taxonomic synonym: Cnicus lanceolatus (L.) Willd. legitimate isonym: Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Airy Shaw isonym misapplication: Cirsium lanceolatum Hill nom. illeg. by Domin, K. (1930), Beitrage zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. Bibliotheca Botanica 22(89): 1241

• APC Dist.: WA (naturalised), NT (doubtfully naturalised), SA (naturalised), Qld (naturalised), NSW (naturalised), LHI (naturalised), ACT (naturalised), Vic (naturalised), Tas (naturalised)

Bean, A.R. in Wilson, A.J.G. (ed.) (2015), Asteraceae Subfam. 2. Carduoideae Trib. 1. Cardueae. Flora of Australia 37: 58-59, Plate 3 , map [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg. taxonomic synonym: Cnicus lanceolatus (L.) Willd. legitimate common name: Scotch Thistle [n/a] common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

Barrett, Russell & Tay, Eng Pin (2016), Perth Plants: a Field Guide to the Bushland and Coastal Flora of Kings Park and Bold Park Edn. 2: 268-269, photos 14-17 [secondary reference]

common name: Spear Thistle [n/a]

de Salas, M.F. & Baker, M.L. (2016), Tasmanian vascular plant census. A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 11, 12 [secondary reference]

taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate misapplication: Carduus pratensis Huds. legitimate by Rodway, L. (1903), The Tasmanian Flora: 96

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (31 July 2018), Australian Plant Census: - APC [secondary reference]

nomenclatural synonym: Carduus vulgaris Savi legitimate taxonomic synonym: Carduus lanceolatus L. legitimate taxonomic synonym: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. nom. illeg. taxonomic synonym: Cnicus lanceolatus (L.) Willd. legitimate isonym: Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Airy Shaw isonym misapplication: Carduus pratensis Huds. legitimate by Rodway, L. (1903), The Tasmanian Flora: 96 misapplication: Cirsium lanceolatum Hill nom. illeg. by Domin, K. (1930), Beitrage zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. Bibliotheca Botanica 22(89): 1241

• APC Dist.: WA (naturalised), NT (doubtfully naturalised), SA (naturalised), Qld (naturalised), NSW (naturalised), LHI (naturalised), ACT (naturalised), Vic (naturalised), Tas (naturalised)

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